机考PP语法讨论专帖

us007

Today I asked my English prof @ MCGILL about the question, she answered: "sugar" in this sentense means a practical thing, representing the "Lactose, however, you should use "a kind of" or "a type of" prior to the "sugar". On the other hand, you must use "present" , which is an adjective here to represent the status, that is, such sugar exists in the milk. It is NOT a verb.

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-7 6:38:44编辑过]

困难是弹簧

Lactose,( a) sugar( present) in milk, is  one ( of simple) sugars used in (food)
   preparations for infants.

呵呵，这题去年激烈的争论过。问题就在是A，还是C。
1、主张A的人觉得：应该是 A KIND OF， 表示一种
2、主张C的人觉得：：应该是 one of the simple sugars

此题至今没结果

偶倾向于选C ，因为SAMPLE SUGARS 后面有短语修饰它，所以应该用THE 来表特指。这里的sugar是用作可数名词的，从未划线部分的sugars就可以推断。

欢迎继续讨论！

ivory

听版主话，把俺的pp难题贴在这里（另附上toefl_2003MM的解答）：
pp
test_1

4. perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the
  decentralization of cities throughout the united states,
  _________ when massive highway-building programs
  permitted greater suburban growth.

       and accelerated a phenomenon  
       a phenomenon that accelerated  
       accelerating a phenomenon which,  
       the acceleration of which phenomenon  
好像两个句子中间没有连词吧？perhaps能当连词用吗？

8. in instrumentalist philosophy, ideas and knowledge are
exclusively functional processes: they are of significance
only _________ instrumental in the development of
experience.

              as they are  
              are they  
              there are  
              are  
这是个什么用法啊？ of significance only___，**语感答的，但不明白怎么回事？

13. _________ the percentage of individuals with similar
   traits in succeeding generations, geneticists use
   the theory of probability.

              the calculation of  
              to calculate  
              is calculating  
              calculated  
主要是b和d，看后面句子的主语，如果被动就是过去分词，主动是不定式对吗？

31. all the major cities of the united states, ________ the
   cities of the great lakes and the gulf of mexico, began
   as centers of trade.

                   and to include  
                   which including  
                   included  
                   including  
问一下c与d的区别：

38. chaparral consists of _________ stunted by short,
   wet winters followed by long, dry summers.

             are trees and shrubs  
             how trees and shrubs  
             trees and shrubs have  
             trees and shrubs  
为什么不是c呢？

46. in 1966 only 60 percent of all five year olds in the
   united states attended kindergarten, _________ in
   1985 almost 82 percent did so.

                   with  
                   which  
                   whether  
                   while  
是什么用法呢？

47. _________ industries, inventions, and communal
   endeavors of the shakers, the best known is
   their fine furniture.

                of the many  
                their many  
                are the many  
                many of the  
这道题最糊涂：为什么不是d呢？逗号前也不是完整句。

52. the franklin stove, invented around 1742, ________,
    originally with a partially open front, and was designed
    to fit into a fireplace.

               was made of cast iron  
               cast iron was made of  
               cast of iron was made  
               was of iron made cast
这里的invented作什么成分啊？

57. with _________ formal art training and largely
   self-educated, anna mary moses, known as
   grandma moses, began to paint rural scenes
   at the age of seventy-eight.

                  not  
                  no  
                  neither  
                  never
formal是形容词啊，为什么还要用no（形容词）
去修饰，而不是not（副词）

61. at the time of columbus' voyages, native americans
   used an astounding diversity of languages, ________
   the diversity used by europeans.

                   the greatest by far  
                   by far than greater  
                   by far the greatest  
                   greater by far than  
选d感觉很怪啊

71. the coal industry is important to (every) industrial
   nations (because) most (other) industries are directly
   or indirectly (dependent) on it.
答案是a，是否改成each呢，还有every 与each 的区别是什么啊？

72. the (brightly) colored kingfisher (that perches) until it sights a fish, then dives into (the water)
   to catch (its) prey.
b怎么错了呢？

75.a (single) bacterium has the (potential) to (produce) 16 million copies of (themselves )in a day.
应该是选d吧，改成：iteself ?

87. the piano (as it) is known today represents (a long series )of experiments (extend) back
   to the year 1711, or perhaps (even earlier).
是把extend改成extending吗？

92. the major (component) of the sedimentary rock called shale is clay, an (earthy), fine-grained
   material consisting (primary) of a (particular)  group of crystalline minerals.
c怎么改啊？

96. cyclamates were introduced in the early 1950's  (as )alternative sweeteners (for) use (by individuals)
   who needed (reducing) their sugar intake for  medical reasons.
是need后面跟to do 吗？

98. the hopi, (descendants) of the (prehistoric) anasazi  people, are (a) pueblo (people who) of the southwestern
   united states.
感觉c很怪，但d怎么改啊？

108. to classical (scholar), rhetoric was (important) in   three spheres of (human interaction) : in law courts,
    in legislative assemblies, and in (public) forums.
把scholar加"s",对吗？

109. the (stark), boxy forms of european modernist   (architectural) dominated united states cityscapes in
    the (building boom) (following) the second world war.
不太明白这里architectural,应该是形容词，可后面的dominated，前面不需要用副词吗？

110. subjects of cecilia beaux's paintings included   (prominent) figures in government, the arts, and
    (financial) , but her (strongest) works are portraits (of family) members and friends.
financial是形容词啊，怎么不是按对称呢？要把c加"the"吗？

111. (by) 1920 the area of the united states (under cultivation) had (more) than doubled in just 50 years, and the
    national population (that surpassed) 100 million.
不知道d怎么错了啊？

113. in the united states, (the first roads) were paved in   colonial times, first with logs, (latest) with cobblestones
latest怎么改呢？

118. when (expelled) from the nucleus of an atom, a  neutron is (unstable) and (decay) to (form) a proton
    and an electron.
不明白c怎么错啦？

129. the (completion) of the first transcontinental railroad   in 1869 (gave) california its first (direct) rail connection
    with (a) rest of the united states.
d怎么改呢？

137. the building (knew) as the capitol (is situated) on capitol  hill in washington, d.c., (and it) houses the legislative
     branch (of the) united states government.
是改成：was knewn吗？

140. it (is said) that no potential frontier has (such) fired
    the imagination or challenged the (ingenuity) of
    humankind (as has) space.
虽然看见前面有个解答，但不明白为什么啊？

141. the congress of the united states can (initiate)
    legislation and (significantly) amend or (rejection)
    presidential (legislative proposals).
不知c错哪里了？

toefl_2003MM的解答：
4. （perhaps ）（the most significant postwar ）trend was the
  decentralization （of cities throughout the united states,）
a phenomenon（ that accelerated）  （when massive highway-building programs
  permitted greater suburban growth.）这样句子成分清晰了吧！
8. they are of significance ( only as they are  instrumental）.  be + of +n=be + a.
13. to calculate .不定式可用于主动和被动。
31. included 为被动，被动不能带宾语（除了能带双宾语的动词），including vt. 主动
38.已有动词 consists
46. while 转折关系连词＝but
47. the best know of the many .....
52. (which was) invented ... 省略的定语从句
57. no (formal) art 修饰art, 不是没有formal
61. greater (by far) than = much greater than, by far可以修饰比较级和最高级
71. every 改为all, 在toefl中你就认为一样吧。其他概念我就不混淆你了
72. 去掉that这是一个简单句
75. 87.  同意
92. primary改为adv
96. 在这是
98. 去掉who
108. 109 同意
110. finance
111. 改为： surpassed； 简单句＋ and + 简单句
113. last, 前面有first， last 和first 对应
118. decays 和 is 平行
129。固定搭配the rest of, the beginning of....用the
137。 known
140. as…as 结构,such 改为as
141. reject 和 amend平行

ivory

不好，我又贴错啦，上面是忘记打括号的，劳驾各位看这一贴吧！不好意思，再次表示感谢！

PP
Test2

1. Sand is formed by the weathering and decomposition
  of all types of rock, _________ most abundant mineral
  constituent being quartz.

                   and its  
                   since its  
                   its  
                   it is  
and 和 since 都是连词，在这里有什么区别吗？为什么选C啊？

20. The course of the Missouri River marks the ________
   of continental glaciation.

          approximate southern limit  
          limited, approximately southern  
          southern limit and approximately  
          limit that approximately southern  
一点都不明白为什么选A， the 与 of之间不应该是名词吗，至少最后一个词应该是名词吧？

27. While the term “harmony” suggests a pleasant or
   agreeable sound, it is applied to any combination
   of notes, _________ consonant or dissonant.

                      which  
                      such  
                      neither  
                      whether  
我是排除做的D，有什么特殊用法嘛，这里？

29. Penicillin, ________, kills a broad spectrum of bacteria,
   many of which cause disease in humans.

       the first antibiotic to be discovered  
       when the first antibiotic to be discovered  
       the first antibiotic that discovered  
       was the first antibiotic to be discovered  
A与C有什么区别吗？是不是同位语从句中是不能有从句的？

32. _____ vary greatly in shape and form, depending upon
   both the growth pattern and the arrangement of polyps
   within the colony.

               Since coral colonies  
               Coral colonies that  
               Coral colonies, although they  
Coral colonies  
这句的谓语动词是哪一个啊？

43. Including land and water, the state of Alaska ________
   an area of 1,530,700 square kilometers, equal to about
   one-sixth of the size of the United States.

                  having  
                  where there is  
                  which is  
                  has
这道题选D，不就成了两个谓语动词啦？has 和 equal

50. Spurred by the phenomenal growth of the
   city of Chicago after the Civil War, Illinois
   became ________.

       that a major industrial state  
       to a major industrial state  
       a major industrial state  
       to be a major industrial state  
B和D有什么讲法吗？

53. North America displays more ________ than any other
   continent except Asia; only a true tropical environment
   is absent.

                 vary climate  
                 climate varied  
                 climatically varied  
                 climatic variation  
是特殊用法吗？

64. Developed （from） the medieval mandola, the modern
   mandolin has four pairs of （string） tuned to violin pitch
   （and produces） a clear, （bright） tone.
String改成strings，对吗？

65. Photographer Edward Steichen constantly
   （experimented new） techniques and materials
   （in） his quest （to have） photography accepted
   （as） a creative art.
A怎么改啊？

67. The area of the United States （was）
   doubled （as） （a result） of the Louisiana
   urchase,（ which made ）in 1803.
D怎么改啊？

68. Oak trees furnish more （timber annually） in the United
    States than （any of） other broad-leaved tree and are
    （second only） to conifers （in total） lumber production.
怎么改啊？

70.  Education in the United States is overseen by（local）
   school districts,（which） follow （regulations） mandated
   by their respective state （government.）
不明白D怎么错啊？

74. The （surface） of Venus is obscured （by the）
   planet's thick clouds （yet） so is invisible （to）
   optical instruments.
Yet改成什么呢？

78. Found in （wild woods） and （stony） places,
   the Canterbury bell never （flowering） until
   the second and final （summer of its） life.
C怎么改啊？

86.（The numerous） Cro-Magnon burial sites （that been）
   found reveal that these early humans, （like the）
   preceding Neanderthalers, （engaged）in various
   ritual activities.
A怎么改啊？

89. Alpha rhythm, a brain （wave） frequency of moderate
   voltage, is （characteristic） of a person （when） is awake
   but （relaxed）.
C怎么改啊？

90. The （amount ）of money generated by a nation in
   （a year） in the forms of wages, rents, （interest）,
   and profits is （known the） national income.
D是改成known for the吗？

95. The peccary, an American mammal, is
   （closely related） to （the） swine family （and）
   fills （an ecological similar） role.
D怎么改啊？


102. Socialization, (which begins) in (child), is a process by
    which people become members of a society, learning
    (its) norms, customs, laws, and (ways) of living.
B是改成the children 吗？

108. The (proportion) of United States households (owning)
    television receivers (rose) from 0.4 percent in 1948
    (of) 23.5 percent in 1951.
D怎么改啊？

110. A drought is (a period of) dry weather that (lasts too long)
  enough (to cause) a (serious imbalance) in the water cycle.
B怎么改啊 ？

111. Cotton (crop) failures and a plague of boll weevils
    (at) the beginning of the twentieth century forced
    (the diversification) of Alabama's (the agriculture).
D怎么改呢？

112. (Although) absolute zero cannot (actually) be reached,
    approximations of (less than) 0.001 degrees Celsius
    above absolute zero have been (created) the laboratory.
偶觉得D并没有错啊？

119.( Although) copper was hammered into tools
    and ornaments (by) some early inhabitants
    of North America, the smelting and casting
    of copper (were) unknown (between) them.
不知道D怎么错啦？

132. The concept (of folk) music, (though) generally
    understood by (most) people, has (not) simple,
    widely accepted definition.
D是改成no吧

134. Independence Hall (in) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
    is (where) the Declaration of Independence (also) the
United States Constitution( were signed)
C怎么改呢？

137. Working (by) chemical reaction, and being
    (independence) of atmospheric oxygen, rockets are
    used (to power) interplanetary (space) vehicles.
B怎么改呢？

困难是弹簧

偶先来做几道
1. Sand is formed by the weathering and decomposition
  of all types of rock, _________ most abundant mineral
  constituent being quartz.

                   and its  
                   since its  
                   its  
                   it is  
and 和 since 都是连词，在这里有什么区别吗？为什么选C啊？

*****
and 和 since 都是连词，但语义不一样，一般来说，and表并列，since 表因果。连词要求连接相同成分，这里应接句子。然而，逗号后不是句子，所以不用连词。

20. The course of the Missouri River marks the ________
   of continental glaciation.

          approximate southern limit  
          limited, approximately southern  
          southern limit and approximately  
          limit that approximately southern  
一点都不明白为什么选A， the 与 of之间不应该是名词吗，至少最后一个词应该是名词吧？
******
你的思路正确。limit  在这里是N，是界限的意思。答案是A

27. While the term “harmony” suggests a pleasant or
   agreeable sound, it is applied to any combination
   of notes, _________ consonant or dissonant.

                      which  
                      such  
                      neither  
                      whether  
我是排除做的D，有什么特殊用法嘛，这里？
********
whether A or B 无论A或B
neither ....nor ....既不。。。也不。。。

29. Penicillin, ________, kills a broad spectrum of bacteria,
   many of which cause disease in humans.

       the first antibiotic to be discovered  
       when the first antibiotic to be discovered  
       the first antibiotic that discovered  
       was the first antibiotic to be discovered  
A与C有什么区别吗？是不是同位语从句中是不能有从句的？

*******
同位语可被从句修饰，此题在于C中逻辑混乱，成了antibiotic discovered....

困难是弹簧

32. _____ vary greatly in shape and form, depending upon
   both the growth pattern and the arrangement of polyps
   within the colony.

               Since coral colonies  
               Coral colonies that  
               Coral colonies, although they  
Coral colonies  
这句的谓语动词是哪一个啊？
***********
vary
43. Including land and water, the state of Alaska ________
   an area of 1,530,700 square kilometers, equal to about
   one-sixth of the size of the United States.

                  having  
                  where there is  
                  which is  
                  has
这道题选D，不就成了两个谓语动词啦？has 和 equal
***********
equal to 中equal是形容词，若做动词它是及物动词。


50. Spurred by the phenomenal growth of the
   city of Chicago after the Civil War, Illinois
   became ________.

       that a major industrial state  
       to a major industrial state  
       a major industrial state  
       to be a major industrial state  
B和D有什么讲法吗？

***********
答案是C。 become 当变成讲时=grow to be ; change to be   但不是become to be这种用法。

ivory

弹簧版主：
我简直是佩服4你了，讲的真是清楚啊~~
要有时间请继续啊！

困难是弹簧

53. North America displays more ________ than any other
   continent except Asia; only a true tropical environment
   is absent.

                 vary climate  
                 climate varied  
                 climatically varied  
                 climatic variation  
是特殊用法吗？
*****
记住vary是V,该句不缺谓语。选D
考点：词性混用。

64. Developed （from） the medieval mandola, the modern
   mandolin has four pairs of （string） tuned to violin pitch
   （and produces） a clear, （bright） tone.
String改成strings，对吗？
*****
对

65. Photographer Edward Steichen constantly
   （experimented new） techniques and materials
   （in） his quest （to have） photography accepted
   （as） a creative art.
A怎么改啊？
****************
experimented ----->experiments.
constantly表明用现在时态

nicolas

偶也来改几题,以做参考


67. The area of the United States （was）
   doubled （as） （a result） of the Louisiana
   urchase,（ which made ）in 1803.
D怎么改啊？

--------------------------------------------------
which made  ---->  which was made

68. Oak trees furnish more （timber annually） in the United
    States than （any of） other broad-leaved tree and are
    （second only） to conifers （in total） lumber production.
怎么改啊？

-------------------------
any of ------> any

70.  Education in the United States is overseen by（local）
   school districts,（which） follow （regulations） mandated
   by their respective state （government.）
不明白D怎么错啊？

--------------------------------------------------
government ------> governments

74. The （surface） of Venus is obscured （by the）
   planet's thick clouds （yet） so is invisible （to）
   optical instruments.
Yet改成什么呢？

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
这题我不确定,但我的意见倾向与  yet ----> and, 因为两个is, is obscured与 is invisible 连接的两个分句意思相同,如果相反改为 but 也不是用 yet

78. Found in （wild woods） and （stony） places,
   the Canterbury bell never （flowering） until
   the second and final （summer of its） life.
C怎么改啊？

--------------------------------------------------------------------
flowering ----> flower   此处flower为动词原形

nicolas

欢迎大家讨论啊, 继续答题


86.（The numerous） Cro-Magnon burial sites （that been）
   found reveal that these early humans, （like the）
   preceding Neanderthalers, （engaged）in various
   ritual activities.
A怎么改啊？

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
应该是B错,that been ----> that have been, 修饰The numerous Cro-Magnon burial sites.

89. Alpha rhythm, a brain （wave） frequency of moderate
   voltage, is （characteristic） of a person （when） is awake
   but （relaxed）.
C怎么改啊？

------------------------------------------------------------------------
when----> who  , relaxed 在这里做adj.

90. The （amount ）of money generated by a nation in
   （a year） in the forms of wages, rents, （interest）,
   and profits is （known the） national income.
D是改成known for the吗？

------------------------------------------------------------------------
sure.

95. The peccary, an American mammal, is
   （closely related） to （the） swine family （and）
   fills （an ecological similar） role.
D怎么改啊？

------------------------------------------------------------------------
an ecological similar ----> a similar ecological

102. Socialization, (which begins) in (child), is a process by
    which people become members of a society, learning
    (its) norms, customs, laws, and (ways) of living.
B是改成the children 吗？

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B是改成 children , 不用定冠词the, 因为后面的 people 也是泛指

108. The (proportion) of United States households (owning)
    television receivers (rose) from 0.4 percent in 1948
    (of) 23.5 percent in 1951.
D怎么改啊？

------------------------------------------------------------------------
of ----> to,   from...to...固定搭配