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文件上传不了 In this conclusion, the author concludes that...... The author's line of reasoning is that...... The evidence cited is that......At first glance, the argument appears to be somewhat plausible, but further reflection reveals that it suffers from at least 3 flaws in logic. In conclusion, the argument is not as persuasive as it stands. To strengthen the conclusion, the author would have to provide evidence that......To better accept the argument, we will need more information concerning...... In conclusion, the argument is not as persuasive as it stands. Each of the studies cited by the author bases its finds on ......don't similar to each other. For this reason, neither premise of this argument is a reliable generalization. Consequently, I am not convinced that...... Misapplied Generalization In the first place, the argument assumes that......is a typical of the national trend in general. While the reasoning sounds in a commen sense, there is, however, no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Just as likely, lacking this assumption, the expectation of… is entirely unfounded. Hasty Generalization Finally, even if it is granted that.....but the most evident reasoning error in the argument is the underlying assumption operative in this inference-- ......is representative of all....... In addition, one example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. In fact, in the face of such limited evidence It is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. False Analogy Finally, even if I concede that......but it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from ......is analogous to......The differences between......clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly suspect. It quite possible that......but are absent in......In other words, there may be relevant differences between......that preclude them from having a similar efffect on......
All things are equal The author's conclusion depends on the questionble assumption that the conditions listed by the author have remained unchanged in...... since the survey was conducted...years ago. Admittedly, had ... years elapsed the argument would be even weaker. Yet ... years is sufficient time for a significant change in the over all economy...... for whatever reason. Since the argument fails to account for possibilities such as these, I have doubts that ...... Causal Oversimplicfication In the first place, the author assumes that…… This assumption is questionable, while the factor is an important contributing factor to…… but it is not only such factor(by itself it is not a sufficient factor/condition). The argument overlooks a number of other factors that might have contributed to …… For example……
These are just a few of the factors that could help explain…… As it stands, the author’s conclusion is based upon an oversimplified analysis of the issue, the author fails to eliminate these possibilities, thus, making the assumption logically unsounded. Fallacy of “After this, therefore because of this” In the first place, this argument is a classic instance of “after this, therefore because of this” reasoning. The mere fact that the ……preceded…..(什么导致什么)is insufficient to conclude that it was the cause of these events. No additional evidence linking the two events is offered in the argument, thus leaving open the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated. Many other factors could bring about this same result. For example…… Lacking a detailed analysis of the ……It would be sheer folly to attribute … to…. (什么导致什么) Fallacy of Concurrence In the first place, the author has engaged in the fallacy of concurrence”. The author assumes that …was responsible for…. A mere positive correlation between…and…does not necessarily prove a casual relationship. While temporal precedence is one of the conditions required to estabilish the general casual connection between two/these events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition. Consequently, it is possible that (the fact) was unrelated to the (result) in the manner requried by the author’s argument.
False dilemma In addition, the author unfaily assumes that (one method) and (the other method) are mutually exclusive alternatives. The argument suffers from a false dilemma by imposing an either-or choice, adjusting/implementing (one method) and (the other method) might produce better results. However, what if the author is wrong in this assumption, then the most effective solution might include a complex of methods such as …… One-sideness Lastly, the author assumes….(不是坏处就是好处), but the author fails to consider ….. disadvantages/damages/advantages/benefits ….. might bring. For example…… It may turn out that the advantages/disadvantages of ….is far outweigh the disadvantages/advantages. Furthermore, the arguments that bypass relevant, complex reasoning in favor of stirring up (negative/positive) emotions do nothing to establish the conclusions. The author’s argument lacks a complete analysis of the situation, thus, it cannot be taken seriously. Information too vague (suit for survey, statistics) Finally, the poll/survey cited by the author is described in the vaguest possible terms. The ad does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded or how the poll was conducted. Until these questions are answered, the survey results are worthless as evidence for…. the conclusion of the argument is distorted. Unwarrented Assumption First, the author assumes that….will necessarily result in …. While this is a reasonable assumption, it is by no means a certainty. For example…. Even it’s granted that …… 直接攻研究末必属实
（通用方法） Finally, the firm unjustifiably relies on the studies that ….. but the firm doesn’t provide evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies. Moreover, while the phrase “Studies suggest” may appear to lend credibility to these claims, the phrase is vague enough to actually render the claims worthless, in the absence of any information about them. | 
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发表于 2009-6-30 01:27:00
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