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GWD-10-Q9 Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?
A. SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories. B. Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40. C. Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traced of the virus. D. In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos. E. In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40. 分析：SUPPORT exposure to asbestos--> mesothelioma(这个关系是让步的) SV40 virus--> mesothelioma polio vaccine--> SV40 结论要是polio vaccine--> mesothelioma 要注意的是，中间隐含的结论的逻辑关系是
“疫苗并不是导致癌症的原因，被污染了的含病毒的疫苗才是致癌的原因” C并非只是简单的说明高亮部分，而是一个事实性的支持，请注意如下词语：recently discorvery, still, 说明被污染了的疫苗的确至今仍然具有感染性（通过研究事实证明）。 E，指出了这中间的逻辑关系，疫苗没有被感染，没有找到SV40，说明疫苗不是致癌的原因，没有被污染，就不会致癌！ E选项如同你说的没有错，但是请注意这只是在加强前面evidence的结论，而文章已经将evidence 的结论认为是定论了，而且也没有让你去加强，为无关选项。
在做题时注意两个细小概念的区别：polio vaccine和polio vaccine was contaminated，对这两个概念的区别是作对题的关键。 E选属于无关分类选项，它说到了A分类的补集，却没有直接地去说A分类，所以在支持结论时属于无关选项。
GWD-10-Q29：GWD-2-14 Smithtown
University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted. This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job. On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base. The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.
Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?
- Smithtown
University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people. - This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown
University from new donors when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before. - This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown
University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors. - The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown
University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before. - More than half of the money raised by Smithtown
University’s fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.
分析：SUPPORT 选项中C为无关项，C意思为OLD DONORS中，多数不用CONTACT便捐款。对OLD DONORS是否需CONTACTS才捐款和原文没关系（不能推出RAISERS没努力） 假设以前没有捐赠过的人是X, 从这些人这里募捐的成功率是x%; 已经捐赠过的人是Y,从这些人这里募捐成功率为y%. 那么总捐赠成功率=(X*x%+Y*y%)/(X+Y) A 说,S大学募捐人员从X这里成功的几率和别的大学一样高.那就是说x%是一样的.而我们可以从文章得出,y%差不多也很相近(因为以前募捐过的人倾向于再次募捐),并且y%远高于x%. 那么,使总成功率最大化的办法就是尽量减少X, 增加Y.(在保持X+Y不变的情况下). S大学的总成功率非常高,其原因就是在上式中,Y占的比重比较大. 由于y%比x%高,而每个大学的x%又是一样的,唯一可以解释的就是S大学的Y比别的大学Y大.才可能导致总成功率高. ？？？？还是不理解，需要重述
GWD-10-Q40 Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increase in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and being raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?
A. The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several year and is expected to continue to climb. B. Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops. C. In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton. D. Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they are now paying. E. The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants. 分析：WEAKEN 题中的over the next several years，说明这题的理由要考虑到时间变迁后对原假设产生的削弱。 B选项就是考虑到了未来，原来的假设会不成立。 Tip:这也是一类非常典型的题，“用发展的眼光来看问题”，之前用于支持结论的条件可能因为未来新出现的因素而改变，从而使得现在成立的结论，移到未来的某个时点就不成立了。
GWD7-Q5: Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years. B. Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances. C. Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. D. The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston. E. Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago. 分析：ASSUMPTION 这是一个典型的从个体proportion of schoolchildren sent to them推整体Renston’s schoolchildren的题。 C选项取非后是Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. 说明这个个体推整体是不成立的，从而削弱了。 D项是一个无关分类，取非后也不能对结论产生削弱。 这一类的题型重点都在于，取非削弱的验证和剔除无关分类。
GWD7-Q14: Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem. Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem? A. Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution. B. Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system. C. Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent. D. Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age. E. The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution. 分析：SUPPORT 其实E的意思是，废弃车不会带来什么空气的污染，这个方向不太对，应该说不会减少空气的污染，这样说才能起到加强结论的作用。
而D选项中的as they age和题干中的buying new vehicles形成了呼应的关系，说明新的解决方法带来必须结果中的新问题。 所以D是答案 Tip: 与原文有呼应的答案必然会优于其它答案，因为它更相关。
Q28: GWD-2-10Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned. Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents. So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution. Environmentalist: I disagree: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate. Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?
A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people
分析：逻辑分析 B的错选是由于没有看懂选项，将选项的意思给理解反了。 Challenging an assumption that// certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome. 按以上断句，assumption是that后跟着修饰的部分。
GWD7-Q41: Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.
Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response? A. Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book B. Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned C. Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews D. Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view E. Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes 分析：EVALUATION 原文本身就很难理解。 C：肯定回答，说明在主动寻求平衡；否定回答，说明在消极回避 D：如果原著保守，那么这家报社仍然出版两种书评；如果原著自由，那么这家报社仍然出版两种书评；有什么区别呢？ 从文章思路分析： conservative views+ liberal position，这种等待是一种平衡还是liberal bias，选项中要回答这个问题。 we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position，因为这句的结果是不定的，如果对C进行肯定的回答，说明在主动寻求平衡，如果是否定回答，则这种保守的观点可能最终都不会被刊登要，说明在消极回避保守观点，有liberal bias。 | 
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发表于 2009-7-3 23:16:00
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