七月梦之队每日进度贴＿＿Davina

davinachou

做了一个prep，模出来只有600分 数学都错了11个，从来不知道自己数学差成这样啊。

Verbal部分就更不要说了

错题主要是RC和SC，看来CR的总结还是有作用的，继续OG12的SC复习，SC的感觉越来越差了....希望只是黎明前的黑暗

不安继续，生活继续，梦想继续，执着继续

RyoKing

以下是引用davinachou在2009-7-14 17:30:00的发言：

做了一个prep，模出来只有600分 数学都错了11个，从来不知道自己数学差成这样啊。

Verbal部分就更不要说了

错题主要是RC和SC，看来CR的总结还是有作用的，继续OG12的SC复习，SC的感觉越来越差了....希望只是黎明前的黑暗

不安继续，生活继续，梦想继续，执着继续

偶模的时候数学错了17个，吼吼，Dav努力啊！

davinachou

谢谢庄王的鼓励！

正准备用你的方法把CR的错题再做一遍呢！

先贴一下前几天做的笔记！

GWD-TN CR错题分类分析

 

GWD-8-Q13:

With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

 

A.      In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than do previously established companies.

B.      The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last year.

C.      This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.

D.      Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than such companies were last year.

E.       The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost.

分析：
            ASSUMPTION

题干上说：除非今年新增加的公司数量上能有比去年多，否则总的工作机会就会比去年少。

C去掉not后：今年每家公司创造的工作比去年要多-->那就有可能：即使数量少，但创造的工作机会反而多--->削弱！

所以C。

Tip: 应将此题看作是数量和效率问题，将两个概念：number of companies和number of jobs per company区分开来，才能作对题。

取非削弱的方法，即使在做题过程中没有使用到，也要用这个方法对答案进行验证。

ASSUMPTION的方法包括：A。不是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。结合因果：或有因有果或无果无因。C。因果没颠倒。D显示因果关系的资料是准确。

 

GWD-8-Q19: GWD-2-12

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65.  Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians.  Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ________.

A.        They rely entirely on the government pension for their income

B.        Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check

C.        They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation

D.        The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high

E.         In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living

 

分析：

Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible这句是一个影响选项的前提给出，说明inflation已经不在考虑范围内了。

E选项存在阅读困难，但从选项上分析E用supplement，且补充到comfortable living，很可能构成一个补充解释。

Tip:
        解释题的正确答案只要把原因的主要部分说出即可，不需要MUST BE，其实逻辑里的MUST BE只有归纳和假设的充分类。原文还特别用in large part。

对于文章中所给前提假设的充分把握也是做对题的保证。

 

GWD-8-Q31: GWD-2-12’

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Yorco and Zortech are two corporations that employ large numbers of full-time workers who are paid by the hour.  Publicly available records indicate that Yorco employs roughly the same number of such hourly wage workers as Zortech does but spends a far higher total sum per year on wages for such workers.  Therefore, hourly wages must be higher, on average, at Yorco than at Zortech, since _____.

 

A.      Zortech spends a higher total sum per year than Yorco does to provide its hourly wage workers with benefits other than wages

B.      the work performed by hourly wage workers at Zortech does not require a significantly higher level of skill than the work performed by hourly wage workers at Yorco does

C.      the proportion of all company employees who are hourly wage workers is significantly greater at Yorco than it is at Zortech

D.      overtime work, which is paid at a substantially higher rate than work done during the regular work week, is rare at both Yorco and Zortech

E.       the highest hourly wages paid at Yorco are higher than the highest hourly wages paid at Zortech

 

分析：

Y’S No. of workers= Z’s No. of workers；Y’s Sum W for hourly worker> Z’s => Y’s TW/h >Z’s

这是要分清楚两个易混概念：number of such hourly wage worker这个数量概念和hourly wages这个效率概念。这里如果没有他因的影响，结论就成立了，所以选项也就是排除他因使结论成立的思路。

 

 

GWD-8-Q33:

In order to withstand tidal currents, juvenile horseshoe crabs frequently burrow in the sand. Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells. When fully grown, however, the crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing, and thus they acquire substantial populations of barnacles. Surprisingly, in areas where tidal currents are very weak, juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow.

 

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the surprising finding?

 

A.      Tidal currents do not themselves dislodge barnacles from the shells of horseshoe crabs.

B.      Barnacles most readily attach themselves to horseshoe crabs in areas where tidal currents are weakest.

C.      The strength of the tidal currents in a given location varies widely over the course of a day.

D.      A very large barnacle population can significantly decrease the ability of a horseshoe crab to find food.

E.       Until they are fully grown, horseshoe crabs shed their shells and grow new ones several times a year.

分析：EXPLANATION

这题做错的主要原因是过度关注没有理解的逻辑细节：thus they acquire substantial populations of barnacles，这句的理解错误使得做题的思路也乱掉了。这里的acquire不是要极力获取的意思，只是说crab上会有这么多的barnacle而已，没有必要对这个细节过度的推断和理解。

题中已经说明要排除BURROW使它们没有附着barnacle的原因。所以你要找另外原因解释。

总之是一个他因解释题，给出的解释是题干之外的。

Tip:像这种他因解释题，没看懂题基本上不太可能排除错误选项。所以做题的关键是看懂题。

 

GWD-8-Q38:

Unless tiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tigers’ habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting. Thus, if these countries can successfully enforce this legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild will be ensured.

 

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

 

A.      assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced

B.      considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other endangered animal species

C.      fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attempts to kill tigers

D.      neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting

E.       takes the removal of an impediment to the tigers’ survival as a guarantee of their survival

 

分析：指出逻辑错误题

原文推理：因为NOT EXTINCT----->HUNTING DECREASE。所以HUNTING DECREAS（BAN HUNTING成功）------>NOT EXTINCT。很容易看出逻辑错误为逆命题的错误，即将必要条件（HUNTING DECREASE）当作充分条件。即E。

Tip：指出逻辑错误题不是weaken题，但选项还是会对结论起来削弱的作用

 

GWD-8-Q40:

From 1973 to 1976, total United States consumption of cigarettes increased 3.4 percent, and total sales of chewing tobacco rose 18.0 percent. During the same period, total United States population increased 5.0 percent.

 

If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn?

 

A.      United States manufacturers of tobacco products had higher profits in 1976 than in 1973.

B.      Per capita consumption of cigarettes in the United States was lower in 1976 than in 1973.

C.      The proportion of nonsmokers in the United States population dropped slightly between 1973 and 1976.

D.      United States manufacturers of tobacco products realize a lower profit on cigarettes than on chewing tobacco.

E.       A large percentage of United States smokers switched from cigarettes to chewing tobacco between 1973 and 1976.

分析：推断题

D（profit on cigarettes，文章中没有提到）E（switched from cigarettes to chewing tobacco，选这个就是过度推断的结果，比例增长的不一样不能说明一定是使用人群的转换）

B是一个简单的比例推导。

 

GWD1-Q3:

A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.  Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.

In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

 

A.      The first is an assumption that forms the basis for a course of action that the argument criticizes; the second presents the course of action endorsed by the argument.

B.      The first is a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy; the second is a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy.

C.      The first is an assumption that has been used to justify a certain strategy; the second is a consideration that is used to cast doubt on that assumption.

D.      The first is a consideration raised in support of a strategy the argument endorses; the second presents grounds in support of that consideration.

E.       The first is a consideration raised to show that adopting a certain strategy is unlikely to achieve the intended effect; the second is presented to explain the appeal of that strategy.

分析：BF题　

重点在于文章的逻辑脉络，而不是选项中表达用的各种关键词。

A选中The first 不是 an assumption, 而是对事实的一个判断；The second 没有提出一个行动策略，而是分析前文提出的行动策略将带来的结果。因此本项错。

Tip:其实对BF题已经有详细的总结过了，这里不再赘述

 

 

GWD1-Q13:

In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, the percentage who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years.  Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, this decline is likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.      Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state.

B.      The number of people who move out of Florida to accept employment in other states has increased over the past ten years.

C.      There are far more local businesses in Florida that cater to tourists than there are local businesses that cater to retirees.

D.      The total number of people who retired and moved to another state for their retirement has increased significantly over the past ten years.

E.       The number of people who left Florida when they retired to live in another state was greater last year than it was ten years ago.

分析：WEANKEN

做题时，在retired to Florida这个表达上纠结了，其实从文章分析句意只能是去F。

C是他因削弱，表明得出economic effect的因素不仅是文中所说的一个，还有另一些个，而那些能使得结论中的结果不出现。

另一个解题思路：

percentage decreased-->many businesses cater to retirees-->negative effect on these businesses.

hidden assumption:　percentage decreased = the number decreased.

weaken:the number=total * percentage,[ total increased, percentage decreased-> the number not decreased]

特别要注意到的是，文中隐藏的逻辑假设：percentage decreased = the number decreased，这里的weaken其实也是对逻辑的一种补充。

Tip:这个思路代表了很大一个题群，就是percentage和number的区别变化，牢记公式the number=total * percentage，对于其中任一个因素的重新解释都会影响公式结果的变化。

  

GWD1-Q14:

That the application of new technology can increase the productivity of existing coal mines is demonstrated by the case of Tribnia’s coal industry.  Coal output per miner in Tribnia is double what it was five years ago, even though no new mines have opened.

Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statement about coal output per miner in the passage?

A.      If the number of miners working in Tribnian coal mines has remained constant in the past five years, Tribnia’s total coal production has doubled in that period of time.

B.      Any individual Tribnian coal mine that achieved an increase in overall output in the past five years has also experienced an increase in output per miner.

C.      If any new coal mines had opened in Tribnia in the past five years, then the increase in output per miner would have been even greater than it actually was.

D.      If any individual Tribnian coal mine has not increased its output per miner in the past five years, then that mine’s overall output has declined or remained constant.

E.       In Tribnia the cost of producing a given quantity of coal has declined over the past five years.

分析：推断题

其实A选项就是对主要公式的重述。对下面的公式没有意识这种题就非常难做对。

Tip:此题属于Total=Number*Per这个题群

 

GWD1-Q15:

In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new variety of sweet potato called SPK004 that is rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A.  The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple of the region’s diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed?

A.      The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions in which SPK004 can flourish.

B.      The flesh of SPK004 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes in color and texture, so traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPK004.

C.      There are no other varieties of sweet potato that are significantly richer in beta-carotene than SPK004 is.

D.      The varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region contain some important nutrients that are lacking in SPK004.

E.       There are other vegetables currently grown in the region that contain more beta-carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do.

分析：加强题

C说没有比SPK004含更丰富的beta-carotene的其他种存在，这个东东，对于原文的推理没有任何的影响（原文要说计划会成功，C选项的存在并不能说明计划会成功或者失败）这个我觉得对原文的假设进行了不必要的补充，如果说是影响需要则是一种过度推断，而且这种推断还不是必然的。

A没选出的原因很可能是单词的原因。简单的单词不认识会花掉多余的思考时间，很不划算。

davinachou

GWD1-Q17:

The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance.  Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?

 

A.      Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.

B.      No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.

C.      The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.

D.      Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.

E.       The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.

分析：加强题

B选项中No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.只说明了NC是这个乐器最早可追溯的时期，但并没有说明其与现代乐器的联系。结论中并没有强调最早追溯到哪年，所以这个选项是错的。

E用乐器的制品搭建了古与今的联系。

 

GWD1-Q22:

City Official:  At City
                Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.  Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are not receiving proper medical care.  However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.  Careful investigation has recently shown two things:  insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.

In the city official’s argument, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?

 

A.      The first states the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second provides support for that conclusion.

B.      The first is used to support the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second states that conclusion.

C.      The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second states the position that the city official’s argument opposes.

D.      The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second provides support for the conclusion of the city official’s argument.

E.       The first states the position that the city official’s argument opposes; the second states the conclusion of the city official’s argument.

分析：BF题

注意这段话中各种人扮演的角色：City Official和Critics of the hospital的观点要区分开来，另外，整话的陈述人是City Official，所以主要的观点是City Official的，这个一定要注意。

选项一定要看完

 

GWD1-Q39:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage below?

Heavy rains during Centralia’s corn planting season prevented some farmers there from planting corn.  It is now the planting season for soybeans, another of Centralia’s principal crops, and those fields originally intended for corn are dry enough for planting.  Nonetheless, even though soybean prices are unusually high at present, the farmers will leave most of these fields empty rather than plant them with soybeans, since ‗‗‗‗‗‗.

 

A.      the extensive rains have led to an increase in the price of corn

B.      some Centralian farmers anticipate serious financial losses due to the extremely wet spring planting season

C.      chemicals that were used to prepare the fields for corn planting would stunt the growth of soybeans

D.      the majority of Centralia’s corn farmers were able to plant corn as they had intended, despite the wet planting season

E.       many Centralian farmers grow both corn and soybeans

分析：COMPLEMENT

可以先将文中给出的前提分类：使corn不能种的原因是Heavy rains；想种soybean的原因是the planting season，dry enough for planting及prices are unusually high。

现在要在不违反前提假设下对突变的结论进行逻辑延续：

所以答案选C

 

GWD3-Q17:

Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.

Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.

Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?

A.      Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.

B.      A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.

C.      A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.

D.      It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.

E.       Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.

分析：WEAKEN

选项还是要反驳criticism的观点。这题是针对C的观点提出的反驳，C中主要是针对expense和save less than twenty dollars展开的，那么选项中有关成本、收入和费用的他因应首先关注

 

rebut [用户词典]

v   past tense and past participle  rebutted present participle  rebutting  [T] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: reboter, from  boter;   BUTT2]//   formal to prove that a statement or a charge made against you is false//   refute//  -- rebuttal n  [U and C] //  --his firm rebuttal of the accusations//

 

GWD3-Q32:

Newspaper editorial:

In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.      Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.

B.      Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.

C.      The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.

D.      Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.

E.       The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.

分析：ASSUMPTION

首先可以用无关相关等排除和确定一些选项，然后用取非削弱来验证。C取非后The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.说明课程对降低犯罪率没有作用，选课的罪犯本来就犯罪率低。取非后属于他因的削弱。

A选项取非后Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is not unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed. 这里的主要问题是分类错误，因为Not being able to take college-level courses并不是在文章所讨论的东西，不能由这个分类推断出另一个分类。

关键细节是deny inmates the access和inmates who had taken such courses

Tip:凡是不是必然的推断都是过度推断，比如这里的跨分类推断就是过度推断。

inmate [用户词典]

n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: in +  mate]//  someone who is being kept in a prison//

 

GWD3-Q40:

Two centuries ago, Tufe
                    Peninsula became separated form the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe
                        Island a population of Turfil sunflowers.  This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland.  Tufe
                    Island is significantly drier than Tufe
                        Peninsula was.  So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. There are no types of vegetation on Tufe
                           Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.
2. There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe
                       Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe
                           Island today.
3. The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.
4. The soil on Tufe
                           Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.
5. The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe
                           Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.

分析：ASSUMPTION

注意事例中的两面A is 40 centimeters shorter than B,那么在变化中，A可能变长，B可能变短。

这里有一个概念理解的错误：文中所说的Tufe Island是Tufe Peninsula从mainland分离后形成的。

将C取非后，The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago. 说明是M的变化使 M的sunflower变化，进而导致与Turfil的差异，而不是Turfil的环境变化导致的差异，所以对结论进行了削弱。即C就是答案

将D取非后，The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, not lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment. 对结论并没有削弱，因为只是补充说明了survive and grow tall的一些必要条件important nutrients。

 

Tip: 在文中可能会有意想不到的指代，在大小概念或相似概念出现后，应特别关注到是新的概念还是另种指代。这题中没有用到这个经验，以后会用到的。

davinachou

T-3-Q3.
            

Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers’ report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.

 

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?

 

A.      Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton seed had ever tried growing other crops from genetically modified seed.

B.      Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops.

C.      Whether for most farms who grow cotton it is their primary crop

D.      Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.

E.       Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.

分析：EVALIATION

B选项否定回答后是：the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend not to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops. 这就是对原文的结论起到了加强的作用。

现在留下的问题是B中的other crops 能否包括modified cotton（注意只要包括就可以）。我认为应该包括。other 修饰的crops用复数，other在这里的意思为：the rest。 used to refer to all the people or things in a group apart from the one you have already mentioned or the one that is already known about. 即除你已知道或提到的之外的全部。对B选项已经提到的是ordinary cotton，除ordinary cotton之外的全部庄家，当然应该包括modified cotton。其实B要表达的意思是ordinary cotton用的农药是最贵的，直接告诉你比modified cotton太便宜你，这不是ETS的风格，他们总要绕着说。

Tip: EVALIATION题型对答案的相反的回答能对原文结论起WEAKEN或SUPPORT作用，首先也是要能过有关无关选出选项，再用否定回答的方法确定答案。这类题型是比较绕的。

 

 

T-3-Q8.
            

The number of applications for teaching positions in Newtown’s public schools was 5.7 percent lower in 1993 than in 1985 and 5.9 percent lower in 1994 than in 1985. despite a steadily growing student population and an increasing number of teacher resignations, however, Newtown does not face a shortage in the late 1990’s.

Which of the following, if true, would contribute most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy above?

A.      Many of Newtown’s public school students do not graduate from high school

B.       New housing developments planned for Newtown are (shared) for occupancy in 1987 and are expected to increase the number of elementary school students in Newtown’s public

C.       The Newtown school board does not contemplate increasing the ratio of students to teachers in the 1990’s.

D.      Teachers’colleges in and near Newtown produced lower graduates in 1994 than in 1993

E.       In 1993 Newtown’s public schools received 40 percent more applications for teaching positions than there were positions available.

分析：EXPLANATION

这也是典型的就是percentage和number的区别变化，牢记公式the number=total * percentage，换种说法，percentage小不一定number会小，因为和total在其中做调整。

这里一个概念的区分是：applications for teaching positions和a shortage(of teachers)，注意这两个概念是不对等的，前者的减少不一定会产生后者，因为，前者的基数过大时，后者就不会产生。

Tip:可以把这个题划成供求类型的题，就是说，供过大时，供在某一个程度内减少也不会引起供不应求的现象。

 

T-3-Q13.

The traditional treatment of strep infections has been a seven-day course of antibiotics, either penicillin or erythromycin. However, since many patients stop taking those drugs within three days, reinfection is common in cases where these drugs are prescribed. A new antibiotic requires only a three-day course of treatment. Therefore, reinfection will probably be less common in cases where the new antibiotic is prescribed than in cases where either penicillin or erythromycin is prescribed.

 

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

 

A.      Some of people who are allergic to penicillin are likely to be allergic to the new antibiotic.

B.      A course of treatment with the new antibiotic costs about the same as a course of treatment with either penicillin or erythromycin.

C.      The new antibiotic has been shown to be effective in eradicating bacterial infections other than strep.

D.      Some physicians have already begun to prescribe the new antibiotic instead of penicillin or erythromycin for the treatment of some strep infections

E.       Regardless of whether they take a traditional antibiotic or the new one, most patients feel fully recovered after taking the drug for three days.

分析：SUPPORT

E选项是需要往后推一步才能得出的答案，这题的陷阱出得很妙！

E的支持较复杂。原文说旧药疗程7天，有些病人才吃3天，所以reinfection较普遍（这句话要表达的意思reinfection是没完成疗期之故），新药疗程只要3天（言下之意吃完3天药，reinfection就少，加强不需要充分性，所以这点意思不需要明确从原文说出）。得出结论说吃旧药reinfection比吃新药普遍。E说不管吃旧药新药，多数病人吃三天就觉得好了。言下之意就是多数吃三天就不吃啦，这样就导致结论情况的出现，所以加强结论。

这题普遍认为应该用排除法来做，把E做成不定选项，将其它选项肯定地排除掉(这个难度很大)。

这题如何分类，还没想清楚

 

T-3-Q16.

In response to mounting public concern, an airplane manufacturers implement a program with well-publicized goal of reducing by half the total yearly amount of hazardous waste generated by its passenger-jet division. When the program began in 1994, the division’s hazardous waste was 90 pounds per production worker, last year it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturer’s program has not met its goal are false.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

A.      the amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jet division has not increased significantly since 1994

B.      at least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as had been produced in 1994

C.      since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions in hazardous waste output that are at least equal to that achieved in the passenger-jet division.

D.      The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jet division was not significantly greater last year than it was in 1994.

E.       The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.

分析：ASSUMPTION

记住要取非削弱以验证

这里有一个从个体到整体的概念转换，从hazardous waste per production worker到total yearly amount of hazardous waste的转换。所以这也是假设可以基于的点，说明这种转换是可行的，是合理的。

这些选项中谈到per概念或total概念的有三个B(passenger jets) D(The average number of weekly hours per production worker)和E(The number of production workers)，按文章分析，只有E的概念是有关的。

另外，将E取非后The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.也确实对文章起到了削弱的作用。

 

T-3-Q32.
            

A theory is either true or false. Galileo’s observations of Jupiter’s satellites showed that the Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false. Therefore, since the Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic account, Galileo’s observations of Jupiter’s satellites proved the truth of the Copernican theory.

 

The argument above is open to the objection that it makes the questionable assumption that

 

A.      Whoever first observed something inconsistent with the truth of the Ptolemaic theory should be credited with having proved that theory false.

B.      There are some possible observations that would be inconsistent with the account given by the Copernican theory but consistent with the account given by the Ptolemaic theory.

C.      The Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be based on exactly the same evidence

D.      Numerous counterexamples were necessary in order to show the Ptolemaic theory to be false

E.       The Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be false.

分析：削弱

这个问题的问法很奇怪

这个结论因为做了什么错误的假设导致它会遭受攻击,
            就是说，这个argument有什么漏洞

 

GWD-10-Q9

Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.

 

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?

 

A.      SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.

B.      Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.

C.      Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traced of the virus.

D.      In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.

E.       In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40.

分析：SUPPORT

exposure to asbestos--> mesothelioma(这个关系是让步的)   SV40 virus--> mesothelioma 

polio vaccine--> SV40  结论要是polio vaccine--> mesothelioma

要注意的是，中间隐含的结论的逻辑关系是
        “疫苗并不是导致癌症的原因，被污染了的含病毒的疫苗才是致癌的原因”

C并非只是简单的说明高亮部分，而是一个事实性的支持，请注意如下词语：recently discorvery, still, 说明被污染了的疫苗的确至今仍然具有感染性（通过研究事实证明）。

E，指出了这中间的逻辑关系，疫苗没有被感染，没有找到SV40，说明疫苗不是致癌的原因，没有被污染，就不会致癌！

E选项如同你说的没有错，但是请注意这只是在加强前面evidence的结论，而文章已经将evidence 的结论认为是定论了，而且也没有让你去加强，为无关选项。

 

在做题时注意两个细小概念的区别：polio vaccine和polio vaccine was contaminated，对这两个概念的区别是作对题的关键。

E选属于无关分类选项，它说到了A分类的补集，却没有直接地去说A分类，所以在支持结论时属于无关选项。

davinachou

GWD-10-Q29：GWD-2-14

Smithtown
                University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted.  This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job.  On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base.  The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

 

Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?

 

1. Smithtown
                           University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people.
2. This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown
                           University from new donors when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before.
3. This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown
                           University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.
4. The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown
                           University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.
5. More than half of the money raised by Smithtown
                           University’s fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.

分析：SUPPORT

选项中C为无关项，C意思为OLD DONORS中，多数不用CONTACT便捐款。对OLD DONORS是否需CONTACTS才捐款和原文没关系（不能推出RAISERS没努力）

假设以前没有捐赠过的人是X, 从这些人这里募捐的成功率是x%; 已经捐赠过的人是Y,从这些人这里募捐成功率为y%. 那么总捐赠成功率=(X*x%+Y*y%)/(X+Y)

A 说,S大学募捐人员从X这里成功的几率和别的大学一样高.那就是说x%是一样的.而我们可以从文章得出,y%差不多也很相近(因为以前募捐过的人倾向于再次募捐),并且y%远高于x%. 那么,使总成功率最大化的办法就是尽量减少X, 增加Y.(在保持X+Y不变的情况下).

S大学的总成功率非常高,其原因就是在上式中,Y占的比重比较大. 由于y%比x%高,而每个大学的x%又是一样的,唯一可以解释的就是S大学的Y比别的大学Y大.才可能导致总成功率高.

？？？？还是不理解，需要重述

 

GWD-10-Q40

Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increase in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and being raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.

 

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?

 

A.      The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several year and is expected to continue to climb.

B.      Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops.

C.      In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton.

D.      Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they are now paying.

E.       The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.

分析：WEAKEN

题中的over the next several years，说明这题的理由要考虑到时间变迁后对原假设产生的削弱。

B选项就是考虑到了未来，原来的假设会不成立。

Tip:这也是一类非常典型的题，“用发展的眼光来看问题”，之前用于支持结论的条件可能因为未来新出现的因素而改变，从而使得现在成立的结论，移到未来的某个时点就不成立了。

 

GWD7-Q5:

Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children.  Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.  Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

A.      The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.

B.      Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.

C.      Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.

D.      The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.

E.       Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.

分析：ASSUMPTION

这是一个典型的从个体proportion of schoolchildren sent to them推整体Renston’s schoolchildren的题。

C选项取非后是Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. 说明这个个体推整体是不成立的，从而削弱了。

D项是一个无关分类，取非后也不能对结论产生削弱。

这一类的题型重点都在于，取非削弱的验证和剔除无关分类。

 

GWD7-Q14:

Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality.  Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.

Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?

A.      Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.

B.      Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.

C.      Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.

D.      Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.

E.       The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution.

分析：SUPPORT

其实E的意思是，废弃车不会带来什么空气的污染，这个方向不太对，应该说不会减少空气的污染，这样说才能起到加强结论的作用。
而D选项中的as they age和题干中的buying new vehicles形成了呼应的关系，说明新的解决方法带来必须结果中的新问题。

所以D是答案

Tip: 与原文有呼应的答案必然会优于其它答案，因为它更相关。

 

Q28: GWD-2-10

Environmentalist:  The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville create sun acceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.

Milville business spokesperson:  Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville  in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents.  So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution.

Environmentalist: I disagree:  A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.

Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?

 

A.        Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances

B.        Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome

C.        Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means

D.      Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it

E.       Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people

 

分析：逻辑分析

B的错选是由于没有看懂选项，将选项的意思给理解反了。

Challenging an assumption that// certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome. 按以上断句，assumption是that后跟着修饰的部分。

 

GWD7-Q41:

Magazine Publisher:  Our magazine does not have a liberal bias.  It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position.  Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.

 

Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response?

      

A.      Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book

B.      Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned

C.      Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews

D.      Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view

E.       Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes

分析：EVALUATION

原文本身就很难理解。

C：肯定回答，说明在主动寻求平衡；否定回答，说明在消极回避

D：如果原著保守，那么这家报社仍然出版两种书评；如果原著自由，那么这家报社仍然出版两种书评；有什么区别呢？

从文章思路分析：

conservative views+ liberal position，这种等待是一种平衡还是liberal bias，选项中要回答这个问题。

we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position，因为这句的结果是不定的，如果对C进行肯定的回答，说明在主动寻求平衡，如果是否定回答，则这种保守的观点可能最终都不会被刊登要，说明在消极回避保守观点，有liberal bias。

davinachou

今天完成了OG12的SC总结，按菜鸟语法的方法弄了一个EXCEL表，总结完了好处没感受到，等等吧

PREP数学也在进行中，数学和阅读一样每天保有一定的热度才好，做了一天的数学又找回不少感觉。

明天开始要疯狂阅读了！

附上做好的OG12　SC的EXCEL表格总结，带注解

 

[此贴子已经被作者于2009/7/18 0:12:58编辑过]

floridadream

加油！

davinachou

一天就总结了五篇阅读，还是OG的。。。那个恶心，其实效率还不错，只是每一篇都要花上一个小时。

感觉，哪天能把一篇80行的文章浓缩成不超过10行的小总结，阅读就算过关了！

今天还没过完可以努力，明天还将继续，努力不止！

觉得现在的总结和前段时间对阅读的总结方向又有了改变，重点更明确的！

joymoon

lz好强大 我也在复习中怎么也形成不了这样硕大的工程