2009年6月梦之队 追梦者的备考过程全记录-每日更新

闲人莫入

哇。LZ好HIGH，像LZ学习~

WesternCder

倒计时 54天 4.22

终于将网线拉好了。

现在将4月21、22日的功课补上。

1.大全 1到25题

2.lsat section 1

3 GMAT阅读 passage 18和19

错题总结在下一楼，今天当做复习一遍，这两次习题正确率很低，做完之后踏踏实实总结了一遍。

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-4-22 22:29:41编辑过]

WesternCder

语法部分——大全1到25题

1.        A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.[A1] 

(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to
                dump

(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping

(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump

(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump（A）

(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities

总结：这道题目OG11 NO.62给的答案是D。
        发生在1972年的协议，与reduced过去式搭配；然后法令一直延续到现在，所以用一般现在时代替过去完成时.另外法令也倾向于用that从句而不是用v-ing形式表示动作。

这道题的错得原因是因为以为1972年的协议表示一个法令，法令要用一般现在时，所以选了C

2.        A huge flying reptile that died out with the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago, the Quetzalcoatlus had a wingspan of 36 feet, believed to be the largest flying creature the world has ever seen.

(A) believed to be（就近修饰36feet，还是the Q）

(B) and that is believed to be（that 不能单独作主语）

(C) and it is believed to have been

(D) which was, it is believed,（C）（which修饰对象错，was时态）

(E) which is believed to be（which修饰对象错）

总结：E项which就近修饰n1 OF n2结构中的中心词wingspan，逻辑上应该修饰the Q。C项正确，it 优先指代句子主语the Q

3.        A Labor Department study states that the numbers of women employed outside the home grew by more than a thirty-five percent increase in the past decade and accounted for more than sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force.

(A) numbers of women employed outside the home grew by more than a thirty-five percent increase

(B) numbers of women employed outside the home grew more than thirty-five percent

(C) numbers of women employed outside the home were raised by more than thirty-five percent

(D) number of women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent（D）

(E) number of women employed outside the home was raised by more than a thirty-five percent increase

总结：raised，grew和increase重复；参加工作的女人的数字只是一个单一的数字不用复数；没有明确动作执行者时不用被动语态。

4.        A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present but that they will, or could, be made sufficiently safe in the future.

(A) that they will, or could,

(B) that they would, or could,

(C) they will be or could

(D) think that they will be or could（D）

(E) think the power stations would or could

总结：平行结构view和think平行，动词后面加宾语必须有that；且would在这里没有虚拟语气可以表示。

5.        A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.

(A) if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify（some other 错误，there be结构可以改写成a lack is...）

(B) unless there will be another doctor to testify（条件句用一般现在时表示将来时，there be 结构不好）

(C) without another doctor’s testimony

(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctor（C）（should 没有would 暗示用虚拟语气，前半句是will）

(E) lacking another doctor to testify（修饰对象为damage，错误）

总结：在不知道哦哪个选项错在哪的情况下，或者看其来都对的情况下，选最短的那个。There be结构错误很高。

6.        A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago.

(A) supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that

(B) supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact

(C) that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact and that

(D) in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by a meteorite impact and that（B）

(E) of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and

总结：theory of 没有theory that好，优先使用动词形式。

WesternCder

倒计时54天 4.21

逻辑部分-lsat S1 T1

2.    Handwriting analysis—also known as graphology—is a poor way to predict personality types, even though it is used by 3,000 United States firms and by a majority of European companies. In a recent study, five graphologists scored no better than chance in predicting the occupations of forty professionals.

Which one of the following is an assumption necessary to the argument?

(A) People in the same occupation usually do not have the same personality type.

(B) Graphology is an effective means of predicting personality types in non-business contexts.（无关）

(C) There are more United States firms that do not use graphology than all the United States and European firms that do use it.（无关）

(D) There are several other techniques for predicting personality types that are more accurate than graphology.（E）（无关）

(E) There is a correspondence between type of personality and choice of occupation.

文章类型：结论-字迹分析预测人的性格效果不好。证据-字迹分析家没能预测40个专家的职业

答案: 假设-职业跟性格有联系。

Questions 3-4

The simple facts are these: the number of people killed each year by grizzly bears is about the same as the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses. And the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is about the same as the number of people electrocuted by electric blenders. All the horrible myths and gruesome stories aside, therefore, a grizzly bear is in fact about as dangerous as an electric blender or a game of golf.

4.    Which one of the following, if true, would most effectively undermine the author’s argument?

(A) Although the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is very small, the total number of lightning fatalities is many times greater.（死亡总数无关）

(B) Electric blenders are among the safest household appliances; were the author to compare fatalities from electrical appliances in general, she would get a much higher figure.（与其他家用电器比较无关）

(C) Most people would rather take their chances with blenders and golf games than with grizzly bears.（人的意愿无关）

(D) Bears in general—including black, brown, and cinnamon bears, as well as grizzly bears—kill many more people than do electric blenders.（杀了更多的人不能说明更加危险，无关）（E）

 (E) Statistics show that the number of times people use electric blenders each year exceeds the
            number of times people play golf each year, which in turn far exceeds the number of
            contacts people have with grizzly bears each year.

文章类型：证据-每年被灰熊杀的人与被闪电杀的人一样多。每年被闪电杀的人又与电力搅拌器一样多。结论：灰熊和闪电或者电力搅拌器一样多。

答案：削弱-接触电力搅拌器的人的总数很多。所以危险性增加。

7.    If Sarah were a concert pianist for a major orchestra, she would be famous. She is not a concert pianist since she is not famous.

The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider that

(A) Sarah could be a famous actress.

(B) Sarah could be a harpist for a major orchestra.

(C) Sarah could be a pianist with a rock group.

(D) Sarah could be a concert pianist with a minor orchestra.（D）

(E) Sarah could be famous for another reason.

文章：原则-如果S是音乐会的主管弦，S非常有名。结论-因为她不著名，所以她不是音乐会的钢琴手。

答案：flaw-S可以是音乐会的小管弦。

思维：不是所有音乐会的钢琴手都有名，如果是音乐会大主管弦肯定有名，如果是音乐会的小管弦就不一定了。

9.    Free public education is the best form of education there is. Therefore, we must fight to ensure its continued existence; that is, we must be ready to defend the principle of equality of educational opportunity. Because this principle is we worth defending, it is clear that free public education is better than any other form of education.

Which one of the following illustrates the same weak reasoning as found in the passage?

(A) I love music, and that’s why I listen to it constantly. I have my stereo or radio on every
            waking minute. Since I play music all the time, I must really love it.

(B) Books are my most valuable possessions. My books are like my friends—each pleases me in different ways. Just as I would give up everything to save my friends, so too with my books.

(C) I would much rather be poor and respected than be rich and despised. To have the respect of others is far more valuable than to have millions of dollars.

(D) I have never been betrayed by any of my friends. They have been true to me through good times and bad. Therefore I will never betray any of my friends.（A）

(E) Because every plant I have ever seen has green leaves, I have concluded that all plants must have green leaves. This looks like a plant but it does not have green leaves, so it cannot be a plant.

文章：证据-免费公众教育是最好的教育形式。结论1-我们必须要保证它的持续存在。即我们必须保护我们的平等的受教育的机会。证据-因为这个值得我们保卫，结论2-免费公众教育比其他教育形式要好。

Flaw-循环论证

答案：A。我喜欢音乐，所以我经常听音乐，我经常播放音乐，我肯定非常喜欢音乐。

11.  Hanifah: A recent survey shows that there are fewer people who drive only on weekends than there are people who drive to work each weekday. As a result, weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted so that rates would be significantly higher for the regular commuters.

Katsu: I can’t agree with your conclusion. The same study also showed that, although weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents, when considered on the basis of accidents-per-mile-driven their records are worse than those of regular commuters. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted to increase the rates of weekend-only drivers over those of regular commuters.

In the conversation above, Katsu does which one of the following?

(A) Katsu disagrees with each of the premises of the argument that Hanifah offers.

(B) Katsu cites additional evidence stating that weekend-only drivers are actually involved in a
            greater number of accidents than regular commuters.

(C) Katsu accuses Hanifah of using inaccurate statistical information.

(D) Katsu proves that Hanifah didn’t read the entire report that was cited.（E）

(E) Katsu disagrees with Hanifah over how accident records are to be evaluated for insurance
            rates.

文章：H-周末驾车的人比平常驾车上下班的人要少。中间结论-周末驾车的人涉及到的交通事故要少。结论-平常驾车上下班的人的保险费率要提高。

K-同样的调查表明，如果考虑每公里事故次数的话，周末驾车的人的记录要比平常驾车上下班的人要差。结论-周末驾车的人的保险费率要提高。

答案：MOR-提出事故记录的评价标准不一样。

13.  Top college graduates are having more difficulty demonstrating their superiority to prospective employers than did the top students of twenty years ago when an honors degree was distinction enough. Today’s employers are less impressed with the honors degree. Twenty years ago no more than 10 percent of a given class graduated with honors. Today, however, because of grade inflation, the honors degree goes to more than 50 percent of a graduating class. Therefore, to restore confidence in the degrees they award, colleges must take steps to control grade inflation.

Which one of the following is an assumption that, if true, would support the conclusion in the passage?

(A) Today’s students are not higher achievers than the students of twenty years ago.

(B) Awarding too many honors degrees causes colleges to inflate grades.（因果倒置，是因为学分膨胀而导致honors degrees 增多）

(C) Today’s employers rely on honors ranking in making their hiring decisions.

(D) It is not easy for students with low grades to obtain jobs.（A）

(E) Colleges must make employers aware of the criteria used to determine who receives an honors degree.

文章：证据-顶级学院学生现在比20年前的学生的更难证明他们的优越性。现在的雇主很少注意名誉学位，20年前仅有10%的人获得名誉学位，现在有多于50%。结论-为了恢复对学校授予的学位的信心，学院应该采取措施控制学分膨胀。

答案：假设-今天的学生与过去二十年相比不是更高的有成就的人。

18.  Brushing your teeth regularly, no matter which toothpaste you use, will reduce your chances of tooth decay. Scientists have concluded that, when you brush, you reduce tooth decay by removing the film of plaque that forms on teeth and gums. So, you can forget about fluorides: brush your teeth carefully and say goodbye to cavities.

Which one of the following is a criticism of the reasoning in the argument?

(A) Brushing with fluoride toothpaste has been shown to reduce tooth decay.

(B) The fact that brushing will reduce tooth decay does not show that fluorides are of no value.

(C) Few people adequately remove plaque by brushing.

(D) People have plaque on their teeth most of the time.（B）

(E) Scientists have been wrong about fluorides.

文章：证据-刷牙减少蛀牙，科学家证实，刷减少牙斑，从而减少蛀牙。结论-氟化物是没用的

答案：flaw-刷牙不能证明氟化物没有用。

19.  Some good cooks are gourmet cooks who pride themselves on always using extravagantly rich ingredients in elaborate recipes. Some good cooks can be characterized as fast-food cooks. They may use rich ingredients as long as the recipes are easy to follow and take little time. Other good cooks are health food enthusiasts, who are concerned primarily with the nutritional value of food. But even though not all good cooks are big eaters, they all enjoy preparing and serving food.

If the information in the passage is true, which one of the following CANNOT be true?

(A) Most good cooks do not use extravagantly rich ingredients.

(B) Everyone who enjoys preparing and serving food is a good cook.

(C) More good cooks who use extravagantly rich ingredients are big eaters than are good cooks who do not use such ingredients.

(D) There are fewer good cooks who enjoy serving and preparing food than there are good
            cooks who are big eaters.（D）

(E) Gourmet cooks, fast-food cooks, and cooks who are health food enthusiasts are all big eaters.

文章：最后一句话-但是即使不是所有的好厨师都是好吃鬼，他们都喜欢准备食物

答案：cannot be true-喜欢准备食物的好厨师比好吃鬼的好厨师要少。

23.  The function of government is to satisfy the genuine wants of the masses, and government cannot satisfy those wants unless it is informed about what those wants are. Freedom of speech ensures that such information will reach the ears of government officials. Therefore, freedom of speech is indispensable for a healthy state.

Which one of the following, if true, would NOT undermine the conclusion of the argument?

(A) People most often do not know what they genuinely want（削弱）.

(B) Freedom of speech tends ultimately to undermine social order, and social order is a prerequisite for satisfying the wants of the masses.（削弱）

(C) The proper function of government is not to satisfy wants, but to provide equality of opportunity.（不是满足需要，而是提供平等的机会，那么言论自由并不是必不可少的。）

(D) Freedom of speech is not sufficient for satisfying the wants of the masses: social order is
            necessary as well.（D）

(E) Rulers already know what the people want.（削弱）

总结：证据-1. 政府职能是满足大众的真实需要。
            2.除非政府能知道这些需求是什么，否则政府不能满足这些需要。3.言论自由使这些信息能达到政府官员的耳朵中。结论-言论自由对一个健康政府是必不可少的。

答案：NOT undermine。言论自由不够来满足大众的需要，暗示还是需要言论自由的。

一开始觉得答案D错了，但仔细排除其他选项之后发现，其他都削弱, 重新反思D发现D确实没有削弱。

24.  An unbiased observer of everyday encounters in Western societies would surely not find many instances of unkindness by people under 65 toward people over 65. There are undoubtedly incidents of unkindness based on age, and these warrant reproof（使责备变得有理有据）. However, the very fact that such reproof occurs and is generally accepted implies that our Western societies basically respect the elderly. The same conclusion can be drawn from a recent survey finding: 71 percent of the under 65 population agreed with the statement that “people over 65 receive too little respect from society”, while only 44 percent of the over-65 population, the target of the alleged irreverence agreed with it.

The author concludes that Western societies basically respect the elderly partly because

(A) people under 65 are just as kind to people over 65 as they are to people of their own age group

(B) survey data suggest that fewer people over 65 than under 65 get too little respect

(C) disrespect for the elderly does not go so far as to result in actual harm

(D) survey data suggest that people over 65 are more aware of incidents involving disrespect to the elderly than are people under 65（E）

(E) incidents of unkindness to the elderly are neither common nor generally accepted in
            Western societies

文章：65岁以下的不尊敬65岁以上老人的行为很少。确实有基于年龄上的不好的地方，并且应该要责备他们。但是这些责备正表明了我们西方社会非常尊敬老人。

答案：conclusion-不善待老人的行为很少且不广泛被接受。

WesternCder

倒计时 53天 4.23

今晚上 4.21的部分还有阅读部分没贴出来。 4.22的语法和逻辑题目都做了但是均没有进行总结，现在马上又4.23，工作没做完啊。

4.23的安排

1.  语法部分：大全76~100 做完，现总结4.23的错题，

2. 逻辑部分：完成LSAT test2-section1 ，先总结完4.23逻辑，

3. 阅读部分： GMAT阅读2篇，并按木木逻辑简图总结完发上来，lsat两篇。

4. 剩余任务：总结4.22的语法、逻辑（已整理好只分析错题）、GMAT阅读四篇，阅读LSAT四篇，任务很重，白天还要上班，太晚了，白天又起不来....尽量完成，加油！

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-4-23 1:04:29编辑过]

WesternCder

倒计时 53天 4.23

阅读部分

Passage 23 (23/63)

At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American(种族学家开始记录本地美国民族的生活故事). Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without (from without: 从...外面). In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever（原因：1. 生活故事提供信息补充他们领域内的研究，2. 印第安人的传统正在消失）.

There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information（反对这种记录生活故事的方法）. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable（引用FB和PR专家的观点）.

Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research (field research: 实际教学, 现场调查研究) on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers（反对记录生活故事的，用even more importantly递进）. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories（总结，）.

Despite all of this,
                autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture（转折，指出自传方法仍然不失为一个有用的工具）.

逻辑简图：

1.          种族学家开始注意记录生活故事的方法，理由为：作为一种有用信息补充他们的研究，该生活方式快消失了

2.          引用观点反驳, BF-有限价值和主要对记忆的真实性研究有用和RP-与本地居民相处的时间很少，所以中间夹杂了自己的观点

3.          进一步反驳，distort the meaning of the life stories

4.          转折，指出该方法比起盲目揣测还是要有用

1.    Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled.

(B) The validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared.

(C) The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed.

(D) The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are
                    discussed.（D）

(E) A research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for its adaptation to other subject areas are discussed.

2.    Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?

(A) A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence.

(B) A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future
                    increase in a stock’s value.

(C)
                    A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.

(D) A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert.（C）

(E) A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.

这道题目错的原因，是因为题目没有看懂，没有看到editing of the life stories of NA.其实这只是部分原因，最重要的还是没有看明白文章。阅读时不仔细，没有一个字一个字的去理解。起步的时候应该仔细的理解每一个词，这是基础，基础牢了，对句子的理解自然会加快的。所以以后力求对文章和题目及选项的没一个词要理解通顺。第一遍不要计时间，如果计时间凭空增加压力，而且达不到打好基础的效果。

3.    According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because

(A) life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who
                    are not members of that culture

(B) life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations

(C) ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose

(D) life stories make it easy to distinguish between the important and unimportant features of a culture（A）

(E) the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator

4.    Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?

(A) Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theory

(B) Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant

(C) Translating the informant’s words into the researcher’s language

(D) Reducing the number of questions and carefully specifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informant（E）

(E) Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator’s personal opinion about its intrinsic value

5.    The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to

(A) question an explanation

(B) correct a misconception

(C) critique (transitive verb REVIEW, CRITICIZE) a methodology

(D) discredit an idea（C）

(E) clarify an ambiguity

这道题目在选的时候，我考虑过C,但是后来最终选了E.我以为文章不只是在批评一个方法论，因为作者最后还是提到了该方法仍然是一种有用的方法。似乎作者在试图从正反两方面来评价该方法。在对C和E的理解上面存在问题，critique意思是评论一个方法论。E是澄清模糊处。这道题有点错的不应该，从此间可见我的基础有多么不牢固了。

6.    It can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on Native Americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the following?(answer: they were after linguistic or anthropological data)

(A) Investigators familiar with the culture under study

(B) A language other than the informant’s for recording life stories

(C) Life stories as the ethnologist’s primary source of information

(D) Complete transcriptions of informants’ descriptions of tribal beliefs（B）

(E) Stringent guidelines for the preservation of cultural data

这道题目after language …暗示了答案，特殊语法现象。当时有点不理解。定位很重要啊。

7.    The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists’ transcriptions（抄写，转录） of life stories?

(A) The informants’ social standing within the culture

(B) The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the research

(C) The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under study

(D) The number of life stories collected by the researchers（C）

(E) The verifiability of the information provided by the research informants

没定位准，transcription是抄写摘录的意思，也就是文章record of life stories。在第二段，提出对该方法的批评的时候，引用RP的话，得出结论说investigator得出与NA相处的时间很少。暗示答案。引用举例出处经常出题

8.    It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the usefulness of life stories as a source of ethnographic information?

(A) They can be a source of information about how people in a culture view the world.

(B) They are most useful as a source of linguistic information.

(C) They require editing and interpretation before they can be useful.

(D) They are most useful as a source of information about ancestry.（A）

(E) They provide incidental information rather than significant insights into a way of life.

WesternCder

倒计时 53天 4.23

阅读部分

Passage 24 (24/63)

All of the cells in a particular plant start out (start out: 开始, 着手) with the same complement（补充的，互为补充的） of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and form structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a small subset（子集） of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified: auxin, abscisic acid (abscisic acid: [生化]脱落酸), cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.

Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific; that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five has so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular（脉管的，血管的） system, to form lateral roots, and to produce ethylene.

The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (pituitary gland: n.[解]脑下垂体) to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex (adrenal cortex: 肾上腺皮质). These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for example, another the ovarian follicle (ovarian follicle: 卵泡) cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones. Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharins are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosaccharins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall.

逻辑简图：

1.     树的不同部分都是由基因相同细胞发展而来的。原因是化学分子系统的控制，其中含有的几种化学分子荷尔蒙和调控分子O

2.     pleiotropy荷尔蒙的特点，与O对比，举AUXIN的例子说明

3.     通过动物荷尔蒙的对比，引出荷尔蒙等级体系。同时指出植物也有。

1.    According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because

1.    According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because

(A) it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perform

(B) each hormone has various effects on plants

(C) none of the hormones can function without the others

(D) each hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants（B）

(E) each hormone works on only a small subset of a cell’s genes at any particular time

2.    The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?

(A) Plant cell walls

(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell

(C) A subset of a plant cell’s gene complement

(D) The five major hormones（D）

(E) The oligosaccharins

这篇文章错的那个叫惨啊。7道题错了五个。晕死。文章不能说完全没读懂吧，这短一篇，读的时候还自我感觉良好，真是无语了，网上有过说法，短文章出的难，长文章出的简单。不过错了不要紧，咱又不要求现在做的全对，哪怕考试前一天全错只要到考试那天能作对就行，所以也没什么大不了的。剩下的要做的是好好总结。哈哈。

这题目是个类比题。前面一篇考过的一个与文章中描述editor行为一样的。此题是要求找出跟H荷尔蒙在荷尔蒙等级制度中一样位置的植物中的荷尔蒙。考查对最后一段的理解。

3.    The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin?
  （对比处常出题）

(A) To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system

(B) To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins

(C) To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls

(D) To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell（A）

(E) To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells

这道题开始选的时候选A，但受in a particular plant cell的影响选了D，也没有仔细看duplicate the gene complement这样的明显错误。对比处常出题，通过比较推出另一比较对象的特点

4.    The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate the（例子作用题，例子处常考）

(A) point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful

(B) way in which hormones are produced by plants

(C) hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones

(D) differences among the best-known plant hormones（E）

(E) concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by plant hormones

5.    According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?

(A) Regulating the daily functioning of a plant’s cells

(B) Interacting with one another to produce different chemicals

(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls

(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions（E）

(E) Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’
   genes

这道题有多处考点。现在发现自己在压力下，不能迅速读懂文章，搞清楚文章的结构和内容。而且不能想当然的认为文章提到过某些单词或词组就意味那个选项是正确答案。要搞清楚文章的逻辑关系。像这个题目chemical messengers是由enzymes释放出来的，而且O本身就是molecular messenger。

6.    The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to（比较处常考）

(A) trace the passage of chemicals through the walls of cells

(B) pinpoint functions of other plant hormones

(C) artificially control specific aspects of the development of crops

(D) alter the complement of genes in the cells of plants（C）

(E) alter the effects of the five major hormones on plant development

这个题目的考点跟第三题的考点相同，但是问法不同。都是考察对比较处的理解和推理。定位准了的话，仔细理解可以做出来的。

7.    The author discusses animal hormones primarily in order to

(A) introduce the idea of a hierarchy of hormones

(B) explain the effects that auxin has on plant cells

(C) contrast the functioning of plant hormones and animals hormones

(D) illustrate the way in which particular hormones affect animals（A）

(E) explain the distinction between hormones and regulatory molecules

这道问题我选得答案，有很大迷惑性。选项C说对比植物荷尔蒙和动物荷尔蒙的作用。既然是对比，文章肯定会比较两者的不同或者相同或者不同和相同。但是文章没有，相反通过in other words引出植物中也有一个荷尔蒙等级系统。没有定位。如果定位的话，那就要超时了啊。所以做题的时候就凭着自己的感觉来做了。现在不知道速度和质量孰轻孰重…如果是目前这个做题正确率的话，应该是质量要紧，应该每一个题目都要回文章定位，如果定位超过两分钟，就随便选一个，做放弃打算。一定要树立出时间的概念。把每一题的做题时间估计好。

（LSAT阅读加班做晚了 。正确率还可以。逻辑性强，结构清晰。易读懂. 睡觉去了 困死了...）

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-4-24 1:42:31编辑过]

WesternCder

倒计时53 天 4.23

语法部分- 25题错5题

1.        Although aspirin irritates the stomach, it can be avoided if the aspirin tablet is given a coating that will not dissolve until the tablet reaches the intestine.

(A) Although aspirin irritates the stomach, it

(B) The irritation of the stomach caused by aspirin

(C) The fact that aspirin causes irritation of the stomach

(D) Aspirin causes stomach irritation, although it（B）

(E) Aspirin irritates the stomach, which

总结：

A.    it无指代

B.     正确

C.     the fact can be avoided 意思错

D.    it 无指代

E.     句子重心改变

2.        Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends.

(A) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are

(B) Although dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups,

(C) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various
                ethnic groups, but there are

(D) Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various
                ethnic groups, and there are also（D）

(E) Devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, dozens of New York’s small museums and also

总结：

A.    Either …or…结构对称. There are 结构啰嗦

B.     Either…or…结构不完整 sentence fragment

C.     BUT句子意思无转折

D.    正确

E.     Sentence fragment

3.        Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.

(A) they had in their previous campaigns

(B) their previous campaigns had had

(C) they had for any previous campaign

(D) in their previous campaigns（E）

(E) for any previous campaign

总结：they/their 应为it/its  in应为for。时态应为过去完成时。

A.    They 指代错误，后半句it指代前半句主语army，时态错误，应用过去完成时态。

B.     They指代错误，

C.     They无指代

D.    Their 无指代
            

E.     正确

4.        Although some officials noted that using machines for farming in China costs more than traditional hand cultivation, the mechanization of farming in the village of Long Bow doubled the corn yield while the previous year’s costs were cut in half.

(A) mechanization of farming in the village of Long Bow doubled the corn yield while the previous year’s costs were cut in half

(B) mechanization of farming in the village of Long Bow doubled the corn yield
                while cutting costs to half those of the previous year

(C) mechanization of farming in the village of Long Bow doubled the corn yield as cost were cut to half of the previous year’s

(D) farming mechanization in the village of Long Bow doubled the corn yield as
                it cut in half the previous year’s costs（B）

(E) farming mechanization in the village of Long Bow doubled the corn yield while costs were cut to half that of the previous year

总结：

A.    比较对象不对等，被动语态不优选

B.     正确

C.     被动语态错误

D.    It

E.     比较对象不对等，被动语态不优选

A) while the previous year’s costs were cut in half意思错：不应是先前年份的成本被砍掉一半, 而是成本消减到只有先前年份的一半。

此时in half可换成by half. Cut in half的另一意思：

Longman: cut something in half/in two

Cut the orange in half.
B) correct.“do something while doing something”常见表达。
C) cost were主谓不一致。被动意思表达不全。
D) 同A. as不如while。
E) that指代错，被动不好，farming mechanization不如mechanization of farming后者固定表达。

Gmat中while用作used to emphasize the difference between two situations, activities etc为多。

6.       Although the manager agreed to a more flexible work schedule, he said that it must be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone is assigned to do.

(A) he said that it must be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone is

(B) he said it had to be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor knows what everyone is

(C) he said that they would have to post the assignments on the bulletin board so that management and labor knew what everyone was

(D) he said that the schedule would have to be posted on the bulletin board so that
                            both management and labor would know what everyone was（A）

(E) saying that the schedule had to be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor would know what everyone had been

总结

A.    宾语从句的时态可与主语不一致。

B.     主谓不一致

C.     They无指代

D.    The schedule重复，would have to be  表示客观

E.     前半句无主语。

Gmat中while用作used to emphasize the difference between two situations, activities etc为多。

6.       Although the manager agreed to a more flexible work schedule, he said that it must be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone is assigned to do.

(A) he said that it must be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone is

(B) he said it had to be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor knows what everyone is

(C) he said that they would have to post the assignments on the bulletin board so that management and labor knew what everyone was

(D) he said that the schedule would have to be posted on the bulletin board so that
                    both management and labor would know what everyone was（A）

(E) saying that the schedule had to be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor would know what everyone had been

总结

A.    宾语从句的时态可与主语不一致。

B.     主谓不一致

C.     They无指代

D.    The schedule重复，would have to be  表示客观

E.     前半句无主语。

WesternCder

倒计时53天 4.23

逻辑部分- lsat 逻辑 test2-s2

10.   Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of people’s tastes and wants. There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family newspaper to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this must have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument?

(A) The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers.

(B) Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication.

(C) The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the
    changed publication, but to decrease if they withdrew.

(D) People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and violence.（C）

(E) It was expected that the changed publication would appeal principally to those
    in a different income group.

11.   “If the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction,” said the biologist.

11.   “If the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction,” said the biologist.

“So all that is needed to save the koala is to stop deforestation,” said the politician.

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the biologist’s claim but not with the politician’s claim?

(A) Deforestation continues and the koala becomes extinct.

(B) Deforestation is stopped and the koala becomes extinct.

(C) Reforestation begins and the koala survives.

(D) Deforestation is slowed and the koala survives.（B）

(E) Deforestation is slowed and the koala approaches extinction.

12.   People have long been fascinated by the paranormal. Over the years, numerous researchers have investigated telepathy only to find that conclusive evidence for its existence has persistently evaded them. Despite this, there are still those who believe that there must be “something in it” since some research seems to support the view that telepathy exist. However, it can often be shown that other explanations that do comply with known laws can be given. Therefore, it is premature to conclude that telepathy is an alternative means of communication.

In the passage, the author

(A) supports the conclusion by pointing to the inadequacy of evidence for the
    opposite view

(B) supports the conclusion by describing particular experiments

(C) supports the conclusion by overgeneralizing from a specific piece of evidence

(D) draws a conclusion that is not supported by the premises（A）

(E) rephrases the conclusion without offering any support for it

13.   If retail stores experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season, then either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford, then it must be that salaries have not kept pace with rising prices during the past year.

Assume the premises above to be true. If salaries have kept pace with rising prices during the past year, which one of the following must be true?

(A) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed.

(B) Retail stores will not experience a decrease in retail sales during this holiday season.

(C) Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can
    afford during this holiday season.

(D) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season.（C）

(E) Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season.

18.   Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?

(A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds.

(B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable(自行发育的) eggs increases with each successivetrial during the first few years of reproduction.

(C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than thatof birds nesting for the first time.

(D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.（B）

(E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.

Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms.

22.   Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argument EXCEPT:

(A) Urban populations have doubled in the past decade.

(B) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years.

(C) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen.

(D) By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures.（A）

(E) Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment.

23.   Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade.

(B) Doctors and patients generally ignore the role of allergies in asthma.

(C) Bronchial inhalers are unsafe, even when used according to the recommended instructions.

(D) The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other diseases that frequently occur among asthma sufferers and that often lead to fatal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not.（E）

(E) Increased urban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the useof bronchial inhalers are the only possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma.

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-4-24 0:18:08编辑过]