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找到了这篇GWD的阅读 帮大家节省时间 唉，我都考到GWD的阅读了，怎么verbal只有25啊…(中文翻译出自carolinelmf整理的GWD RC无私的奉献) By the sixteenth century, the Incas 16世纪时，南美印加人统治着沿着太 of South America ruled an empire that 平洋延伸，从今天的厄瓜多尔到智利 extended along the Pacific coast and 中部的安第斯高地的一个帝国。 Line Andean highlands from what is now (5) Ecuador to central Chile. While most 虽然大部分印加人是自给自足的农 of the Incas were self-sufficient 业户，居住于高地盆地9000尺以 agriculturists, the inhabitants of the 上的人民可种的农作物是有限的。 highland basins above 9,000 feet were constrained by the kinds of crops they (10) could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent 虽然95%的安第斯首要食物可以在 of the principal Andean food crops can 3000尺以下垦殖，只有20%可以在 be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only 9000尺以上存活。 20 percent reproduce readily above 9,000 feet. Given this unequal 面对不平衡的资源分配，高地印加 (15) resource distribution, highland Incas 人为了扩充他们食物的种类和数量， needed access to the products of 需要得到低暖地区的产品。 lower, warmer climatic zones in order to enlarge the variety and quantity of their foodstuffs. In most of the prein- 在大部分的前工业化社会，资源配置 (20) dustrial world, the problem of different 差异的问题是通过终端消费者极难 resource distribution was resolved by 控制的远距离贸易网络解决的。 long-distance trade networks over which the end consumer exercised little control.
Although the peoples 虽然安第斯高地的人民参与这种网 (25) of the Andean highlands participated 络，他们还是主要依靠维护尽量多 in such networks, they relied primarily 的生态区域里的自治生产力量。 on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible. The 区域所产的商品被提炼加工运送， (30) commodities produced in these 这些全部由一个单独团体的成员 zones were extracted, processed, 去做。 and transported entirely by members of a single group.提出问题及解决方案
This strategy of direct access 这种由一个单独团体直接掌握最 (35) to a maximum number of ecological 多的生态区域的策略叫做垂直经 zones by a single group is called 济。 vertical economy. Even today, 时至今天，你可以看到安第斯社区 one can see Andean communities 同时保持着12000尺以上牧场， maintaining use rights simultaneously 9000尺以上盆地薯田，及6000尺 (40) to pasturelands above 12,000 feet, to 以下温暖农地的使用权力。 potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet, and to plots of warm-land crops in regions below 6,000 feet. This 这个策略有两个主要变量。 strategy has two principal variations. (45) The first is “compressed verticality,” 第一个叫扁平垂直，即一个独立村 in which a single village resides in 庄住在容易控制附近生态区的地方。 a location that permits easy access to closely located ecological zones. Different crop zones or pasturelands 不同的农业区域或牧场与父系社区 (50) are located within a few days walk of 都近在咫尺。 the parent community. Community 社区成员可能临时住在其中一个低 members may reside temporarily 的区域以管理家里无法获得的产品 in one of the lower zones to manage 的提炼。 the extraction of products unavailable (55) in the homeland. In the second variation, 第二个叫垂直群岛，即村庄在广泛 called the “vertical archipelago,” 分布的地方开发资源，构建一系列 the village exploits resources in widely 独立的生产“岛屿”。 dispersed locations, constituting a series of independent production (60) “islands.” In certain pre-Columbian 在某些前哥伦比亚印加社会中，各 Inca societies, groups were sent from 团体离开家园，被派往遥远的热带 the home territory to establish permanent 森林或沿岸地区建立永久卫星社区 satellite communities or colonies 或殖民地。 in distant tropical forests or coastal (65) locations. There the colonists grew 在那里这些殖民家种植农作物， crops and extracted products for their 提取自用和运给高海拔同胞的产品。 own use and for transshipment back to their high-altitude compatriots. In contrast to the compressed 相对于扁平垂直系统，群岛系统里 (70) verticality system, in this system, 是商品而非人在群岛里流通。 commodities rather than people circulated through the archipelago.具体介绍解决方案 问题解决 逻辑简图： 1P: 16C, Incas lived above 9000feet, whereas,.. unequal resources distribution… problem resolved by trade network exercised little control. Although, relied on primarily…. 2P: strategy called vertical economy. Two principle variations: compressed verticality(temporarily); vertical archipelago(permanent).. In contrast to…. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q4: According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?
A. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.反 B. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands. In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different
resource distribution was resolved by
long-distance trade networks over
which the end consumer exercised
little control. C. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.文中没有,自己推出来的 D. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations. E. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q5: According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?
A. Following self-sufficient agricultural practices B. Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basins C. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networks D. Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlands E. Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communities While most
of the Incas were self-sufficient
agriculturists, they relied primarily
on the maintenance of autonomous
production forces in as many ecological
zones as possible. 第二段论述这个strategy的两种形式都是e中所指的 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q6: The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed
A. commodities to reach the end consumer faster B. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer C. a single group to maintain control over the production process D. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones E. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques This strategy of direct access
to a maximum number of ecological
zones by a single group is called
vertical economy. Given this unequal
resource distribution, highland Incas
needed access to the products of
lower, warmer climatic zones in order
to enlarge the variety and quantity of
their foodstuffs. In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different
resource distribution was resolved by
long-distance trade networks over
which the end
consumer exercised
little control.
Although the peoples
of the Andean highlands
participated
in such networks, they relied primarily
on the maintenance of
autonomous
production forces in as many ecological
zones as possible. The
commodities produced in these
zones were extracted, processed,
and transported entirely by members
of a single group. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q7: The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations?
A. The village’s location is such that it is difficult for the village to participate in long-distance trade networks. B. The village does not have the resources to establish permanent satellite communities in production zones beyond the home community. C. The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village are all below 6,000 feet. D. The location of the village does not provide ready access to an adequate variety of ecological zones. E. The nearest crop production zones are located below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village. The first is “compressed verticality,”
in which a single village resides in
a location that permits easy access
to closely located ecological zones.
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发表于 2008-10-9 20:58:00
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