请问GWD32-Q25-Q28的答案，急

fangxia76

There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas (Plexiglas: n.树脂玻璃(多用以制造飞机座舱罩、镜片等)) were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.

Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.

Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.

      The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.

 

Q11.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A)   advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research

(B)    point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry

(C)   describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation

(D)   show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness（B）

(E)    encourage free-market competition among industrial giants

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Q12

According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century

(A)   were produced largely as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development

(B)    came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industries

(C)   were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams

(D)   have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates（C）

(E)    sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resources

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Q13:  It can be inferred from the passage that the author

(A) has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future

(B) would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment

(C) favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production

(D) feels that price should still be the dominant variable in the competitive process（A）

(E) believes that excessive competition is a deterrent to innovation

Q14

The passage contains information that answers which of the following questions?

I.    What portion of the research dollar in this country is spent each year by the federal government?

II.   Under what circumstances is an industrial giant likely to invest heavily in innovation?

III.  Why might a monopolistic producer want to suppress an innovation?

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) I and II only

(D) II and III only（E）

        (E) I, II, and III

jackieli007

~~

伊布拉莫维琨

amumu

Q13: 可以定位“it
would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful
expenditures on research.”

elaineyll

e错，定位最后一段第一句The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures.  强大竞争压力会促使大集团创新，第二句是举例。e说excessive competition is a deterrent竞争阻止创新，与原文相反。

-- by 会员 VivienZheng (2010/8/11 15:22:03)

注意E中说的是excessive competition. LSTX quote的那句话，我是这么理解的：因为前一段有说到in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.因此最后一段补充性地说到大企业也有没逃开竞争的时候，这种情况下他们就会大举投资研究创新了。

我认为答案应该是E，理由很简单：我们做阅读题时不能去猜测作者的想法，任何答案都要有evidence来support.

E. 是唯一可以在原文中找到supporting evidence的选项。While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about ...

A. has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future 请特别注意ability这个字，文中有说到大企业倾向于保守、不倾向于创新，这种倾向性决定了他们对创新的投入(expenditures)多少，但expenditures跟ability不能画等号！

ladyMcc

还是认为这道题选A

1。为什么不选E？
先说ls的“E. 是唯一可以在原文中找到supporting evidence的选项。While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about ...”    ls引用的这句话的意思是那些非垄断产业的manager不愿意创新，因为创新会产生更大的预算。也就是说更大的预算阻止了创新（文章第三段也说了industry的运营是价格导向的）。而E选项的意思是，过度的竞争是不利于创新的。从文章到E选项的逻辑应该是 compete——>price——>innovate
so,ls的引用不能作为E的evidence

此外，从文章的最后一段也可以推翻E
"The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures.There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.”这句话的意思是“然而大企业是完全没有竞争压力的，如果他们有了来自更牛逼企业的压力，他们将生产更多创新的产品”。


2。为什么选A？
A.has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future
支持A的有两点
1）Large—scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change  大企业倾向于保守
2）Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.  垄断工业倾向于避免（因放弃以前的技术而造成的）资金损失。
1）&2）有递进的关系，联合起来应该是：垄断企业作为大企业倾向于保守，垄断企业自身倾向于避免（因放弃以前技术而造成的）资金损失。