快考试了，问两道逻辑题，逻辑区没人答复。谢谢！

hopefaith001

GWD-30-Q19
                    

Industrial accidents are more common when some of the people in safety-sensitive jobs have drinking problems than when none do.  Since, even after treatment, people who have had drinking problems are somewhat more likely than other people to have drinking problems in the future, any employer trying to reduce the risk of accidents should bar anyone who has ever been treated for a drinking problem from holding a safety-sensitive job.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument above?

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument above?

1. Some companies place employees who are being treated for drinking problems in residential programs and allow them several weeks of paid sick leave.
           
2. Many accidents in the workplace are the result of errors by employees who do not hold safety-sensitive jobs.
           
3. Workers who would permanently lose their jobs if they sought treatment for a drinking problem try instead to conceal their problem and continue working for as long as possible.
           
4. People who hold safety-sensitive jobs are subject to stresses that can exacerbate any personal problems they may have, including drinking problems.
           
5. Some industrial accidents are caused by equipment failure rather than by employee error.

答案是C.可是D为什么不对呢？weaken题有一种就是因果倒置啊，D就是的。

GWD-29-9

Manatees, aquatic mammals inhabiting Florida’s rivers and coastal waters, swim close to the surface and are frequently killed in collisions with boats.  To address the problem, boat traffic in manatee-populated waters is being required to maintain very low speeds.  Unfortunately, manatees are unable to hear low-pitched sounds and a boat’s sound lowers in pitch as the boat slows.  Therefore, this approach may in fact make things worse rather than better.

Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the conclusion?

1. The areas where boats would have to maintain low speeds were decided partly on the basis of manatee-population estimates and partly from numbers of reported collisions between manatees and boats.
                   
2. Because the water hyacinth that manatees feed on grows best in water that is nearly still, water hyacinth beds can be disturbed or damaged by fast-moving boat traffic.
                   
3. Over the last several decades, boat traffic in Florida’s coastal waters has been increasing almost continuously and now represents the greatest threat to the endangered manatee population.
                   
4. The sound of a boat engine generally travels much further under water than it does through the air.
5. E.When experimenters exposed manatees to the recorded sounds of boats moving at various speeds, the creatures were unable to discern the sounds over normal background noise

答案是E. 这题的推理过程是因果的。那么按照lawyer_1对于weaken题的总结，这个题是属于哪种weaken的方式呢？还是说这个题不是不属于特殊的这四类呢？

因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论的方法包括：A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。D显示因果关系的资料不准确。

嫩点儿

GWD-30-Q19

题目说有酗酒问题的人in safety sensitive jobs 发生事故要多，而经过治疗后在以后再次有酗酒问题的可能性要大于从来没有酗酒问题的人。结论是 如果想要降低事故风险，应该禁止一切治疗过酗酒问题的人参与safty sensitive jobs。

C Workers who would permanently lose their jobs if they sought treatment for a drinking problem try instead to conceal their problem and continue working for as long as possible 如果人们觉得他们接受治疗就会永远失去工作，他们就会隐瞒他们的酗酒问题而不去治疗。 

连治疗都不治疗，如何禁止治疗过的人呢？我认为这是断桥型削弱。

D  People who hold safety-sensitive jobs are subject to stresses that can exacerbate any personal problems they may have, including drinking problems   People in safety-sensitive jobs承受着压力，这种压力会加重任何他们可能有的personal problem包括酗酒问题。   这有点像加强啊，工作会加重症状，所以禁止有这些症状的人就可以达到降低事故的目的。

Furthermore, 因为结论说的是禁止有过酗酒问题治疗的员工。treatment这个词很关键，削弱结论的话应该从这里入手。

GWD-29-9

E 选项也为断桥削弱，M这种东西在水中的嘈杂环境中分辨不了船的声音，即切断了船的声音大小对M的影响。

另外，我没有看出来这题是因果结构的题目啊。还请nn指点。

shirley8707

gwd29-09

这道题目是因果型结论,所以应该注意因果的关系,这道题目其实是断了因果的关系,说水牛本来就无法区分船的声音.也就无所谓是否声音小与大.

原文的大意:行船速度会影响海牛被撞的机会，因此提议降低速度。但有人反对，降速后行船的声音小了，海牛听不见船来了，将撞的更多。

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-6-10 21:38:49编辑过]

hopefaith001

gwd29-09

这道题目是因果型结论,所以应该注意因果的关系,这道题目其实是断了因果的关系,说水牛本来就无法区分船的声音.也就无所谓是否声音小与大.
            

原文的大意:行船速度会影响海牛被撞的机会，因此提议降低速度。但有人反对，降速后行船的声音小了，海牛听不见船来了，将撞的更多。

首先谢谢嫩点儿mm， shirlymm.

shirly, 这个题是割断因果关系的。 但是是属于有果无因么？

还有上面的那道题，D我觉得就是因果倒置呢。你帮着再看一眼。

谢谢啦！

shirley8707

有果无因，可以这么认为吧。这个果实被撞倒，无因是对声音的识别能力。

我看看第一题，d不是因果倒置

原文：safety-sensitive job___> more have drinking problems

d没有任何因果倒置，还是先到了，是先到了职位上，然后开始引起酗酒的，你说呢？

hopefaith001

29-9的D我还是不能理解。

原文推理说，因为酗酒的人即使治疗后仍然容易出错，所以减少错误率的话就应该禁止这些人从事那些工作。

D说得是因为从事那些工作压力大，恶化了酗酒。

D我能想到不对的唯一解释就是它说的是恶化，不是导致。如果改成这些工作导致酗酒，就是正确的答案了。不知道这样理解对不对？

shirley8707

1. People who hold safety-sensitive jobs are subject to stresses that can exacerbate any personal problems they may have, including drinking problems.
           

请仔细读这句话，这句话不是因果倒置，be subjescted to 是注定的意思，这个话的逻辑时间关系是hold sensitive jobs ---〉（be subjected to ) stresses,这表明由stress产生的drinking problems 还是在hold jobs 之后的。

hopefaith001

经mm这么说我恍然大悟，多谢了。快考试了，就是逻辑最差了

mm你也早点休息吧。谢谢啦！！！

shirley8707

以下是引用hopefaith001在2008-6-11 1:05:00的发言：

经mm这么说我恍然大悟，多谢了。快考试了，就是逻辑最差了

mm你也早点休息吧。谢谢啦！！！

好的，刚i才就等你了。我刚才法帖问了问斑竹，让他过来看看这个贴，不会的就问，只有问才可以进步！加油/

hopefaith001

真是太谢谢mm了。