这个月就要考了，求教JJ题号

je_sais_pas

raiden_lee大侠提到了有3篇GWD原文的RC JJ，分别如下：

GWD-24-Q30 ~ 37

T-9-Q20-Q23：GWD-13-34~37

T-4-Q24~27: TS-7-33～36

这都是什么版本的啊？我怎么找不到。我现在手头有GWD24套和31套两个版本。

我6月18号就要考了，非常着急。哪位好心人指点个方向，不胜感谢！！！

je_sais_pas

自己顶一下，没人帮忙吗？好心的XDJM们，帮帮忙啊！

啻魅

T-9-Q20-Q23：GWD-13-34~37

      A small number of the forest species of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies, which exist as caterpillars during most of their life cycle) exhibit regularly recurring patterns of population growth and decline—such fluctuations in population are known as population cycles.  Although many different variables influence population levels, a regular pattern such as a population cycle seems to imply a dominant, driving force.  Identification of that driving force, however, has proved surprisingly elusive despite considerable research. The common approach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites, has been unproductive in the case of lepidoptera.  Moreover, population ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles by changing the caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar (25) populations have not succeeded. In short, the evidence implies that these insect populations, if not self-regulating, may at least be regulated by an agent more intimately connected with the insect than are predatory birds or parasites. (30)

      Recent work suggests that this agent may be a virus.  For many years, viral disease had been reported in declining populations of caterpillars, but population ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributed to the decline once it was underway rather than to have initiated it. The recent work has been made possible by new techniques of molecular biology that allow viral DNA to be detected at low concentrations in the environment.  Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses are hypothesized to be the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera in part because the viruses themselves follow an infectious cycle in which, if protected from direct sun light, they may remain virulent for many years in the environment, embedded in durable crystals of polyhedrin protein. Once ingested by a caterpillar, the crystals dissolve, releasing the virus to infect the insect’s cells. Late in the course of the infection, millions of new virus particles are formed and enclosed in polyhedron crystals. These crystals reenter the environment after the insect dies and decomposes, thus becoming available to infect other caterpillars.

      One of the attractions of this hypothesis is its broad applicability. Remarkably, despite significant differences in habitat and behavior, many species of lepidoptera have population cycles of similar length, between eight and eleven years.  Nuclear polyhedrosis viral infection is one factor these disparate species share.

 

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T-9-20:GWD-13-34:

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

A.      New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.

B.       New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.

C.      Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera.

D.      Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles.

E.       Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.

 

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T-9-21:GWD-13-35:

It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to

             

A.      develop an explanation for the existence of lepidoptera population cycles

B.       identify behavioral factors in lepidoptera that affect survival rates

C.      identify possible methods for controlling lepidoptera population growth

D.      provide evidence that lepidoptera populations are self-regulating

E.       determine the life stages of lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest

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T-9-22:GWD-13-36:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

             

A.      describe the development of new techniques that may help to determine the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera

B.       present evidence that refutes a particular theory about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera

C.      present a hypothesis about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera

D.      describe the fluctuating patterns of population cycles in Lepidoptera

E.       question the idea that a single driving force is behind population cycles in Lepidoptera

 

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T-9-23:GWD-13-37:

According to the passage, before the discovery of new techniques for detecting viral DNA, population ecologists believed that viral diseases

 

A.      were not widely prevalent among insect populations generally

B.       affected only the caterpillar life stage of lepidoptera

C.      were the driving force behind lepidoptera population cycles

D.      attacked already declining caterpillar populations

E.       infected birds and parasites that prey on various species of lepidoptera

啻魅

我明天考，北京下午的~~楼主呢？

啻魅

T-4-Q24~27: TS-7-33～36

       Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pin-nipped family, use a different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals and      sea lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocids species, by contrast, use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However, recent studies on harbor seals, a phocids species, found that lactating females commenced foraging approximately 6 days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period.

The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may have to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller than many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids. In addition, there is already some evidence suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocids species that is similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a maternal foraging strategy.

 

 

T-4-24:T-733

It can be inferred from the passage that the females of all phocids species differ from the females of all otariid species in that the female phocids

A.      have shorter lactation periods

B.       consume more food during lactation

C.      consume a higher proportion of fat stores

D.      forage for food occasionally during their lactation periods

E.       deplete a smaller percentage of their fat stores during their lactation periods

 

T-4-25:T-7-34

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.      present evidence that several phocids species use the maternal fasting strategy

B.       explain why the maternal strategy typically used by phocids is different from the maternal strategy used by otariids

C.      argue that zoologists’ current understanding of harbor seals’ maternal strategy is incorrect

D.      describe an unexpected behavior observed in harbor seals and propose an explanation that may account for the behavior

E.       describe evidence concerning the maternal strategy of the harbor seal and suggest that the harbor seal belongs to the otariid rather than to the phocids family

 

T-4-26:T-7-35

According to the passage, until recently zoologists believed which of the following about all phocids mothers?

A.      Their fasting periods after giving birth were typically shorter than those of otariids.

B.       Their lactation periods were generally as long as those of comparably sized otariids.

C.      They acquired only moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites.

D.      They depleted less than a third of their stored body fat during lactation.

E.       The replenished their fat stores only after their lactation period ended.

 

T-4-27-T-7-36

The author of the passage mentions ringed seals most probably in order to

 

A.      provide an example of a phocid species that fasts throughout its entire lactation period

B.       provide an example of a phocid species whose maternal strategy is typical of phocid species

C.      provide an example of a phocid species that may deplete an even higher proportion of its fat stores during lactation than harbor seals do

D.      support the assertion that harbor seals are smaller than many other phocids

E.       support the assertion that harbor seals’ maternal strategy may be related to their small size

 

je_sais_pas

感谢啻魅MM。好人有好报，衷心祝你取得好成绩，顺利考上自己中意的学校！

你一定行！

PS:我18号下午考，也是北京。

啻魅

感谢你的祝愿~~~也预祝你成功哦~~~还剩下的那篇我找了半天没找着在哪儿，是讲地震那篇吗？

啻魅

晚上再说，我踩点去了……

je_sais_pas

GWD-24-Q30 ~ 37

 

     In most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain, Stress builds up until a fracture forms at a depth of a few kilometers and the crust (5) slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of (10) cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths? That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927 when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary(P) waves and the slower secondary(S)  waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds, the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or initial rupture point.

      For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter; the point on the surface where shaking is strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long even at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.

    The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones) where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.

je_sais_pas

The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true? B

A.      Deep events are far less common than shallow events.

B.       Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.

C.      Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.

D.      The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously thought.

E.       Below 650 kilometers earthquakes cease to occur.

 

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GWD-24-31.

Information presented in the passage suggests that, compared with seismic activity at the epicenter of a shallow event, seismic activity at the epicenter of a deep event is characterized by E

A.      shorter P-S intervals and higher peak intensity

B.       shorter P-S intervals and lower peak intensity

C.      longer P-S intervals and similar peak intensity

D.      longer P-S intervals and higher peak intensity

E.       longer P-S intervals and lower peak intensity.

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GWD-24-32.

The passage supports which of the following statements about the relationship between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake? D

 

A.      P waves originate at the focus and S waves originate at the epicenter.

B.       In deep events the epicenter and the focus are reversed.

C.      In shallow events the epicenter and the focus coincide

D.      In both deep and shallow events the focus lies beneath the epicenter

E.       The epicenter is in the crust, whereas the focus is in the mantle.

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GWD-24-33.

The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur? D

1. Stress must build up.

2. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.

3. A fracture must occur

A.      1 only

B.       2 only

C.      3 only

D.      1 and 3 only

E.       1, 2, and 3

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Q34：The passage is primarily concerned with D

A.      demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawed

B.       arguing that deep events are poorly understood and deserve further study

C.      defending a revolutionary theory about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting them

D.      discussing evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occur

E.       comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events

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Q35：The author uses the comparisons to porcelain and putty (lines 2 and 8) in order to E

 

A.      explain why the Earth’s mantle is under great pressure

B.       distinguish the earthquake’s epicenter from its focus

C.      demonstrate the conditions under which a Wadati-Benioff zone forms

D.      explain why S waves are slower than P waves

E.       illustrate why the crust will fracture but the mantle will not

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Q36：It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true? C

 

A.      The earthquake was a deep event.

B.       The earthquake was a shallow event.

C.      The earthquake focus was distant.

D.      The earthquake focus was nearby.

E.       The earthquake had a low peak intensity.

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Q37：The method used by Wadati to determine the depths of earthquakes is most like which of the following? C

A.      Determining the depth of a well by dropping stones into the well and timing how long they take to reach the bottom

B.       Determining the height of a mountain by measuring the shadow it casts at different times of the day

C.      Determining the distance from a thunderstorm by timing the interval between the flash of a lightning bolt and the thunder it produces

D.      Determining the distance between two points by counting the number of paces it takes to cover the distance and measuring a single pace

E.       Determining the speed at which a car is traveling by timing how long it takes to travel a known distance