小结：循环论证

rpch2004

补充：今天又发现一题

大全-3-20

20. The following proposal to amend the bylaws of an organization was circulated to its members for comment.

When more than one nominee is to be named for an office, prospective nominees must consent to（同意） nomination and before giving such consent must be told who the other nominees will be.

Which of the following comments concerning the logic of the proposal is accurate if it cannot be known who the actual nominees are until prospective nominees have given their consent to be nominated?

(A) The proposal would make it possible for each of several nominees for an office to be aware of who all of the other nominees are.

(B) The proposal would widen the choice available to those choosing among the nominees.

(C) If there are several prospective nominees, the proposal would deny the last nominee equal treatment with the first.

(D) The proposal would enable a prospective nominee to withdraw from competition with a specific person without making that withdrawal known.（E）
            

(E) If there is more than one prospective nominee, the proposal would make it impossible for anyone to become a nominee.

以下来自携隐：

解释一下那个proposal：

当不止一个人被提名为某个office的负责人的时候，潜在的提名者必须首先同意自己被提名（然后才能成为一个被提名者），且在他说同意之前，必须告诉他其他的被提名者是谁。

问题：如果在被提名者同意之前，我们都不知道哪些人会最终被提名，那么，以下哪个答案符合原文的逻辑？

原文有一个条件：被提名者必须知道其他的提名人是谁，才能同意自己被提名。而问题中又有一个条件：在被提名者同意之前，我们不可能知道哪些人最终会被提名。也就是说，条件一中的那个条件，变成了条件二中的结果，而条件二中的结果，就是条件一中的条件，这是一个死循环，如果要同时遵循这两个条件的话，唯一的结果就是，谁也不可能被提名，因为谁也不知道其他的提名者，于是就不可能同意自己被提名。答案E正确。

rpch2004

以下关于循环论证部分摘自lawyer的文章：FLAW IN THE REASONING QUESTIONS

 

3. CIRCULAR REASONING（the premise and the conclusion are identical in meaning）

Assumes as true what is supposed to be proved.

It assumes what it seeks to establish

Argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises

Presupposes the truth of what it sets out to prove

The argument assumes what it is attempting to demonstrate

It takes for granted the very claim that it sets out to establish

It offers, in place of support for its conclusion, a mere restatement of that conclusion

rpch2004

今天又发现一题，不过是充要条件，贴出来以区别：

大全Text-7-20:

20.   One analyst predicts that Hong Kong can retain its capitalist ways after it becomes part of mainland China in 1997 as long as a capitalist Hong Kong is useful to China; that a capitalist Hong Kong will be useful to China as long as Hong Kong is prosperous; and that Hong Kong will remain prosperous as long as it retains its capitalist ways.

If the predictions above are correct, which of the following further predictions can logically be derived from them?

(A) If Hong Kong fails to stay prosperous, it will no longer remain part of mainland China.

(B) If Hong Kong retains its capitalist ways until 1997, it will be allowed to do so afterward.

(C) If there is a world economic crisis after 1997, it will not adversely affect the economy of Hong Kong.

(D) Hong Kong will be prosperous after 1997.（B）

(E) The citizens of Hong Kong will have no restrictions placed on them by the government of mainland China.

capitalist Hong Kong is useful—>Hong Kong can retain its capitalist ways

Hong Kong is prosperous—>a capitalist Hong Kong will be useful

it retains its capitalist ways—>Hong Kong will remain prosperous

综合起来：

prosperous—>retains capitalist

prosperous<—retains capitalist，即

prosperous<—>retains capitalist，互为充要条件。

所以，如果到97年为止能保持资本主义，那么HK就会持续繁荣；持续繁荣又导致能够保持资本主义。所以选B。

星星考鸡麦

rpch2004 发表于 2008-5-7 23:35
补充：今天又发现一题大全-3-2020. The following proposal to amend the bylaws of an organization was c ...

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