GWD7-Q22 to Q25

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这篇文章我真是没看懂，能帮忙大致解释下意思吗？？还有，我碰到这类地质，生物类的文章就废了，NN们能给点建议啊？？

      Earth’s surface consists of rigid

       plates that are constantly shifting and

       jostling [C1] one another.  Plate movements

Line       are the surface expressions of motions

  (5)      in the mantle—the thick shell of rock

that lies between Earth’s crust and its

metallic core.  Although the hot rock of

the mantle is a solid, under the tre-

mendous pressure of the crust and

 (10)      overlying rock of the mantle, it flows like

a viscous [C2] liquid.  The mantle’s motions,

analogous to those in a pot of boiling

water, cool the mantle by carrying hot

material to the surface and returning

 (15)      cooler material to the depths.  When

the edge of one plate bends under

another and its cooler material is con-

sumed in the mantle, volcanic（火山的） activity

occurs as molten lava（熔岩） rises from the

 (20)      downgoing plate and erupts（喷出，爆发） through the

       overlying one.

             Most volcanoes（火山） occur at plate

boundaries.  However, certain “mis-

placed” volcanoes far from plate

 (25)      edges result from a second, indepen-

dent mechanism that cools the deep

interior of Earth.  Because of its prox-

imity to[C3]  Earth’s core[C4] , the rock at the

base of the mantle is much hotter than

 (30)      rock in the upper mantle.  The hotter the

mantle rock is, the less it resists flow-

ing.  Reservoirs of this hot rock collect

       in the base of the mantle.  When a

reservoir is sufficiently large, a sphere

 (35)
                    of this hot rock forces its way up

through the upper mantle to Earth’s

surface, creating a broad bulge [C5] in the

topography[C6] .  The “mantle plume[C7] ” thus

      formed, once established, continues to

 (40)     channel hot material from the mantle

base until the reservoir is emptied.

The surface mark of an established

plume is a hot spot—an isolated

region of volcanoes and uplifted terrain

 (45)      located far from the edge of a surface

plate.[C8]   Because the source of a hot

spot remains fixed while a surface

plate moves over it, over a long period

of time an active plume creates a chain

 (50)      of volcanoes or volcanic islands, a

track marking the position of the plume

relative to the moving plate.[C9]   The natural

history of the Hawaiian island chain

clearly shows the movement of the

Pacific plate over a fixed plume[C10] .

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