LSAT 逻辑已讨论过的题目总结[注意]

晴天猪

各位同学请注意：
    1.本帖收录所有在逻辑区被题问过过的LSAT题目，不定期更新
    2.请各位在发新贴前先看此帖中是否有你想问的问题，以节省宝贵的时间（帖首有题号列表）
    3.原则上本贴不接受跟帖
                                     谢谢大家合作！
题号列表：
    LSAT-Set1-SecI-Q2
      LSAT-Set1-SecI-Q4
      LSAT-Set1-SecI-Q6
      LSAT-Set1-SecI-5，6
      LSAT-Set1-SecI-11,12
      LSAT-Set1-SecI-14
      LSAT-Set1-SecI-16,24
      LSAT-Set1-SecIII-17,18
      LSAT-Set1-SecIV－12,14,17
      LSAT-Set1-SecIV－21
      LSAT-Set1-SecIV－22,23
      LSAT-Set2-SecII-5,7
      LSAT-Set2-SecII-11
      LSAT-Set2-SecII-17,18,24
      LSAT-Set2-SECIV-Q1
      LSAT-Set2-SECIV-8,9
      LSAT-Set2-SECIV-3,12
      LSAT-Set2-SECIV-16,21,23
      LSAT-Set3-SectI-Q12
      LSAT-Set3-SectI-Q22,23
      LSAT-Set3-SecIV-5,10
      LSAT-Set3-SecIV-Q14,19
      LSAT-Set4-SecI-Q21
      LSAT-Set4-SecIII-8,17
      LSAT-Set4-SecIII-Q12
      LSAT-Set4-SecIII-Q18,19
      LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q22
      LSAT-Set5-SecIV-Q24
      LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q9,12
      LSAT-Set6-SecII-Q5,12
      LSAT-Set6-SecII-Q25
      LSAT-Set6-SecIII-Q22
      LSAT-Set6-SecIII-Q6,10,15
      LSAT-Set7-SecI-Q12
      LSAT-Set7-SecI-Q16
      LSAT-Set7-SecIV-Q5,6
      LSAT-Set7-SecIV-Q10
      LSAT-Set7-SecIV-Q12
      LSAT-Set8-SecII-8
      LSAT-Set8-SecII-Q11
      LSAT-Set8-SecII-Q19,20
      LSAT-Set8-SecII-Q21
      LSAT-Set8-SecIV-Q9,10
      LSAT-Set8-SecIV-Q18
      LSAT-Set9-SecI-Q7,20,9
      LSAT-Set9-SecIV-11,17
      LSAT-Set10-SecII-Q22
      LSAT-Set10-SecII-Q23
      LSAT-Set11-SecI-Q1
      LSAT-Set11-SecIV-Q24
      LSAT-Set12-SecII-Q22
      LSAT-Set13-SecIV-19
      LSAT-Set15-SecIV-Q13,18
      LSAT-Set15-SecII-Q25
      LSAT-Set17-SecIII-Q19,20
      LSAT-Set18-SecII-10


Q:  LSAT上第八套第4个section.

9. Brain scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson's disease. This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson's disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to develop Parkinson's disease. (8-4)
The argument contains which one of the following reasoning errors? **************
(A) It fails to establish that other methods that can be used to diagnose Parkinson's disease are less accurate than brain scans.
(B) It overestimates the importance of early diagnosis in determining appropriate treatments for people suffering from Parkinson's disease.
(C) It mistakes a correlation between the type of brain damage described and Parkinson's disease for a causal relation between the two.
(D) It assumes that people would want to know as early as possible whether they were likely to develop Parkinson's disease.
{E} It neglects to specify how the information provided by brain scans could be used either in treating Parkinson's disease or in monitoring the progression of the disease.

答案是B，百思不得其解。为何不是C？

A: 我认为答案B有误。treatments明显与题干无关。看来lsat不能不信，亦不能全信。


Q: 请教LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q22
22. Public reports by national commissions, governors’ conference, and leadership groups have stressed the great need for better understanding of international affairs by the citizenry. If the country is to remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness, the need is undesirable. If there is such a need for the citizenry to have a better understanding of international affairs, then all of our new teachers must be prepared to teach their subject matter with an international orientation.
If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?
(A) If the country is to remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness, then new teachers must be prepared to teach their subject matter with an international orientation.
(B) If new teachers are prepared to teach their subject matter with an international orientation, then the country will remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness.
(C) If there is better understanding of international affairs by the citizenry, then the country will remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness.
(D) If the country is to remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness, then there is no need for the citizenry to have a better understanding of international affairs.
(E) Public reports from various groups and commissions have stressed the need for a more international orientation in the education of teachers.
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答案A，为何不是D？请大家指教。

A:   
记得当时也做错了,hehe。关键是undesirable的理解，如果解释为不可取的，则答案为D,但明显与客观事实不符。后来解释为不乐观的，则A就顺理成章，a-->b, b-->c, 则a-->c.

Q: 请教LSAT-Set4-SecI-Q21

21. Whenever a major political scandal erupts before an election and voters blame the scandal on all parties about equally, virtually all incumbents, from whatever party, seeking reelection are returned to office. However, when voters blame such a scandal on only one party, incumbents from that party are likely to be defeated by challengers from other parties. The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election.

If the voters' reactions are guided by a principle, which one of the following principles would best account for the contrast in reactions described above?

(A) Whenever one incumbent is responsible for one major political scandal and another incumbent is responsible for another, the consequences for the two incumbents should be the same.

(B) When a major political scandal is blamed on incumbents from all parties, that judgment is more accurate than any judgment that incumbents from only on party are to blame.

(C) Incumbents who are rightly blamed for a major political scandal should not seek reelection, but if they do, they should not be returned to office.

(D) Major political scandals can practically always be blamed on incumbents, but whether those incumbents should be voted out of office depends on who their challengers are.

(E) When major political scandals are less the responsibility of individual incumbents than of the parties to which they belong, whatever party was responsible must be penalized when possible.
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答案E,不明白,谁能解释一下E的逻辑关系.谢谢!

A: 这类型在GMAT中就是解释题，LSAT却总喜欢给它戴个帽子，如principle 等等，实在有点绕人。题干现象：在职者常常会因其政党的丑闻影响连任。选项E主句提供解释或原因，丑闻政党应尽可能地受到惩罚。E中的WHEN从句是LSAT追求逻辑严密性的表现，即限定了丑闻与个人无关，仅与政党有关。有点混淆视听，与题干似乎无关。但其实其限定了主句的适用范围，更为严谨。在GMAT中，这种WHEN,IF的条件句往往也是答案的标志，可以优先选择，有时其具体内容甚至可忽略。
另外，就各选项而言，A,C,D明显过于绝对（SHOULD)，而B无关比较，也说反了。E中的when possible语气最好。

Q: 谢谢shany版主详细解释，题干中最后一句The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election. 是无关句？我以为是找能解释这最后一句的选项，其实题目问的是解释前面的差异。不太习惯这种文法，犯晕了。
A: 我还真没有注意到这个句子，只盯着结构词去了，应该是无关。其他朋友有何看法？


Q: 请教LSAT-Set5-SecIV-Q24
24. It has been claimed that an action is morally good only if it benefits another person and was performed with that intention; whereas an action that harms another person is morally bad either if such harm was intended or if reasonable forethought would have shown that the action was likely to cause harm.

Which one of the following judgments most closely confirms to the principle cited above?

(A) Pamela wrote a letter attempting to cause trouble between Edward and his friends; this action of Pamela’s was morally bad, even though the letter, in fact, had an effect directly opposite from the one intended.
(B) In order to secure a promotion, Jeffery devoted his own time to resolving a backlog of medical benefits claims; Jeffrey’s action was morally good since it alone enabled Sara’s claim to be processed in time for her to receive much-needed treatment.
(C) Intending to help her elderly neighbor by clearing his walkway after a snowstorm, Teresa inadvertently left ice on his steps; because of this exposed ice, her neighbor had a bad fall, thus showing that morally good actions can have bad consequences.
(D) Marilees, asked by a homeless man for food, gave the man her own sandwich; however, because the man tried to talk while he was eating the sandwich, it caused him to choke, and thus Marilees unintentionally performed a morally bad action.
(E) Jonathan agreed to watch his three-year-old niece while she played but, becoming engrossed in conversion, did not see her run into the street where she was hit by a bicycle; even though he intended no harm, Jonathan’s action was morally bad.
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答案E,看晕了,A,C,D为何错?请大家指教.

A:
C 无关(consequence)
D （个人认为）unintentionally是关键词，不满足intened或reasonable forethought两条件，故应排除。
A 好像题目强调的是letter,不是action

笨猪愚见~大牛指教

Q: 请教LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q9,12
Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer’s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon.

9. Manufacturers of coffee lighteners based on coconut oil claim that their products usually cause the typical consumer’s blood cholesterol to rise to a lower level than does the use of whole milk as a lighteners. Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the manufacturers’ claim?

(A) Consumers of lighteners made with coconut oil who avoid other high-cholesterol foods and exercise more than average tend to have lower-than-average blood cholesterol levels.
(B) Coffee is frequently consumed with pastries and other rich desserts that themselves result in high blood cholesterol levels.
(C) One popular nondairy coffee lightener that is not based on coconut oil has reduced its fat content by 20 percent while keeping its cholesterol content at zero.
(D) Consumers typically add to their coffee substantially smaller quantities of coconut-oil-based lighteners than of whole milk.
(E) Most consumers are convinced that whole dairy products increase blood cholesterol and that nondairy coffee lighteners do not.
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答案D，提干说同样数量lighteners和milk比较，lighteners使cholesterol 升的更高,选项D说lighteners用得比milk少来支持结论。我认为不确定。只有提干说同样数量的lighteners 和whole milk效果一样raise the level of cholesterol, 选项D才能支持结论。A为何错，请大家指教。

12. Photovoltaic power plants produce electricity from sunlight. As a result of astonishing recent technological advances, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic power plants, allowing for both construction and operating costs, is one-tenth of what it was 20 years ago, whereas the corresponding cost for traditional plants, which burn fossil fuels, has increased. Thus, photovoltaic power plants offer a less expensive approach to meeting demand for electricity than do traditional power plants.  

The conclusion of the argument is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?

(A) The cost of producing electric power at traditional plants has increased over the past 20 years.
(B) Twenty years ago, traditional power plants were producing 10 times more electric power than were photovoltaic plants.
(C) None of the recent technological advances in producing electric power at photovoltaic plants can be applied to producing power at traditional plants.
(D) Twenty years ago, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants was less than 20 times the cost of producing power at traditional plants.
(E) The cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants is expected to decrease further, while the cost of producing power at traditional plants is not expected to decrease.
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答案D，小于20倍不一定能推出结论，如果小于等于10倍才行，为什么选D？
C，E错在哪里？请多指教。

A:
1.选项A错在who从句的表达，作为限定性从句，其缩小了consumers的范围，不能代表general consumers.如果改成非限定性从句，可以加强。
  选项D中有substantially smaller ，意即〉2/7，所以可以支持the manufacturers’ claim。

2. 题干关注的是成本的比较，并没有否认traditional plants同样有技术革新，所以C取非后无法削弱，不能作假设。E为将来状态，与当前的结论无关。我认为D中的20倍有误，应该为10倍，才是正确答案。

Q:
谢谢版主解答，12题查了黄皮书D应为10杯，ELSAT打错了。
9题"选项D中有substantially smaller ，意即〉2/7"还是没明白,
我是觉得用量少不等于功效小.(相同数量A比B高)好像推不出(减少数量A比B低).
请版主不吝赐教.
A:
Sorry,没认真看清数字。选项D的substantially smaller ，指oil lighteners用量小于milk用量的1/7,所以不会造成更高的blood cholesterol levels。

Q:
想明白了，不过我觉得此题还需2个假设才比较完善，
1.saturated fat 是造成the level of cholesterol升高的最主要原因如果不是唯一原因，
2. substantially smaller一定表示小于1/7.
多谢版主指教.
A:
1.saturated fat 是造成the level of cholesterol升高的最主要原因如果不是唯一原因，

你的分析有道理，但其实这属于某种常识，公认事实，不必质疑。gmat，lsat内这种公理用得很多。

2. substantially smaller 指相对可忽略，所以不用担心比例问题。

Q:  请教Set6-SecII-Q5,12
5. The museum's night security guard-maintains that the thieves who stole the portrait did not enter the museum at any point at or above ground level. Therefore, the thieves must have gained access to the museum from below ground level.

The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?

(A) The rules stipulate the participants in the contest be judged on both form and accuracy. The eventual winner was judged highest in neither category , so there must be a third criterion that judges were free to invoke.
(B) The store's competitors claim that the store in selling off the shirts at those prices, neither made any profit nor broke even. Consequently, the store's customers must have been able to buy shirts there at less than the store's cost.
(C) If the census is to be believed, the percentage of men who are married is higher than the percentage of women who are married. Thus, the census must show a higher number of men than of women overall.
(D) The product label establishes that this insecticide is safe for both humans and pet. Therefore, the insecticide must also be safe for such wild mammals as deer and rabbits.
(E) As had generally been expected, not all questionnaires were sent in by the official deadline. It follows that plans must have been made for the processing of questionnaires received late.
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答案B，不过我没看出有什么The flawed pattern of reasoning，好像逻辑没问题呀？
请大家指教。

12. By dating fossils of pollen and beetles, which returned after an Ice Age glacier left an area, it is possible to establish an approximate date when a warmer climate developed. In one glacial area, it appears from the insect record that a warm climate developed immediately after the melting of the glacier. From the pollen record, however, it appears that the warm climate did not develop until long after the glacier disappeared.

Each one of the following, if true, helps to explain the apparent discrepancy EXCEPT:

(A) Cold-weather beetle fossils can be mistaken for those of beetles that live in warm climates.
(B) Warm-weather plants cannot establish themselves as quickly as can beetles in a new environment.
(C) Beetles can survive in a relatively barren postglacial area by scavenging.
(D) Since planes spread unevenly in a new climate, researchers can mistake gaps in the pollen record as evidence of no new overall growth.
(E) Beetles are among the oldest insect species and are much older then many warm-weather plants.
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答案E,不明白，C维和部队？请指教

A:
1.在作文argument中，有既得利益的驳斥法。与本题类似，结论都依赖于利害关系人的claim,故flawed.

2. Answer C means that beatles lived longer than plants after the glacier disappeared(postglacial ), and there was a relative shorter period from  extinction of cool beatls to thriving of warm ones than what happened to different plants.

Q: 请教Set6-SecII-Q25
25. Certain governments subsidize certain basic agricultural products in order to guarantee an adequate domestic production of them. But subsidies encourage more intensive farming, which eventually leads to soil exhaustion and drastically reduced yields.  
The situation above is most nearly similar to which one of the following situations with respect to the relationship between the declared intent of a government practice and a circumstance relevant to it?

(A) Certain governments subsidize theaters in order to attract foreign tourists. But tourists rarely choose a destination for the theatrical performances it has to offer.
(B) Certain governments restrict imports in order to keep domestic producers in business. But, since domestic producers do not have to face the full force of foreign competition, some domestic producers are able to earn inordinately high profits.
(C) Certain governments build strong armed forces in order to maintain the sort of discipline and morale that keeps armed forces strong, those forces must be used in actual combat periodically.
(D) Certain governments reduce taxes on business ventures are not always as successful as their owners hoped.
(E) Certain governments pass traffic laws in order to make travel safer. But the population-driven growth in volumes of traffic often has the effect of making travel less safe despite the passage of new traffic laws.
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答案C，不明白，A维和部队？请大家指教。

A:
I prefer Answer E to C, because it points out that the government's action is counterproductive, same problem to the title question. Like A, C doesnot mention unexpected negative results.

Q: 小兵张嘎逻辑难题之四
LSAT上册第10套第二个section

22. Politician: From the time our party took office almost four years ago the number of people unemployed city-wide increased by less than 20 percent. The opposition party controlled city government during the four preceding years, and the number of unemployed city residents rose by over 20 percent. Thus, due to our leadership, fewer people now find themselves among the ranks of the unemployed, whatever the opposition may claim. （10-2）***************
The reasoning in the politician’s argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that
(A) the claims made by the opposition are simply dismissed without being specified
(B) no evidence has been offered to show that any decline in unemployment over the past four years was uniform throughout all areas of the city
(C) the issue of how much unemployment in the city is affected by seasonal fluctuations is ignored
(D) the evidence cited in support of the conclusion actually provides more support for the denial of the conclusion
(E) the possibility has not been addressed that any increase in the number of people employed is due to programs supported by the opposition party.

A:
I prefer D. 其他几项多多少少都显得无关。


笨猪愚见~大牛指教


Agree to Piggy.How can the politicion conclude that fewer people are unemployed, in the case that the unemployment number keeps rising, even in a moderate rate.

Q: 请教LSAT-Set6-SecIII-Q22
22. The true scientific significance of a group of unusual fossils discovered by the paleontologist Charles Walcott is more likely to be reflected in a recent classification than it was in Walcott's own classification, Walcott was, after all, a prominent member of the scientific establishment. His classifications are thus unlikely to have done anything but confirm what established science had already taken to be true.

Which one of the following most accurately describes a questionable technique used in the argument?

(A) It draws conclusions about the merit of a position and about the content of that position from evidence about the position's source.
(B) It cites two prices of evidence, each of which is both questionable and unverifiable, and uses this evidence to support its conclusions.
(C) It bases a conclusion on two premises that contradict each other and minimizes this contradiction by the vagueness of the terms employed.
(D) It attempts to establish the validity of a claim, which is otherwise unsupported, by denying the truth of the opposite of that claim.
(E) It analyzes the past on the basis of social and political categories that properly apply only to the present and uses the results of this analysis to support its conclusion.
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答案A, 为何选A?请大家指教.

A:The title article concludes that Charles Walcott would definitely use the finding to support his own theory rather than develop a possible different theory, and thus the significance of the finding would be undermined.  Based on ungrounded personal emotion, the argment is totally flawed.The answer A expresses this opinion.

谢谢版主解答,版主说得我能理解,A中的from evidence about the position's source把我绕晕了.

~~~~~Q:请教LSAT-Set7-SecI-Q16
16. Comets do not give off their own light but reflect light from other sources, such as the Sun. Scientists estimate the mass of comets by their brightness by their brightness: the greater a comet’s mass, the more light that comet will reflect. A satellite probe, however, has revealed that the material of which Halley’s comet is composed reflects 60 times less light per unit of mass than had been previously thought.

The statements above, if true, give the most support to which one of the following?

(A) Some comets are composed of material that reflects 60 times more light per unit of mass than the material of which Halley’s comet is composed.
(B) Previous estimates of the mass of Halley’s comet which were base on its brightness were too low.
(C) The total amount of light reflected from Halley’s comet is less than scientists had previously thought.
(D) The reflective properties of the material of which comets are composed vary considerably from comet to comet.
(E) Scientists need more information before they can make a good estimate of the mass of Halley’s comet.
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答案B，我觉得B好像说翻了，C可以。请大家指教。

A: Totally a math question.
Formula: light=k * mass.
Now the value of light is constant, but k'= k/60, real mass surely should be 60 times than the estimated mass


Q: 请教 LSAT Set2 SecIV-1
A major art theft from a museum was remarkable in that the pieces stolen clearly had been carefully selected. The criterion for selection, however, clearly had not been greatest estimated market value. It follows that the theft was specifically carried out to suit the taste of some individual collector for whose private collection the pieces were destined.

The argument tacitly appeals to which one of the following principles?
(A) Any art theft can, on the evidence of the selection of pieces stolen, be categorized as committed either at the direction of a single known individual or at the direction of a group of known individuals.
(B) Any art theft committed at the direction of a single individual results in a pattern of works taken and works left alone that defies rational analysis.
(C) The pattern of works taken and works left alone can sometimes distinguish one type of art theft from another.
(D) Art thefts committed with no preexisting plan for the disposition of the stolen works do not always involve theft of the most valuable pieces only.
(E) The pattern of works taken and works left alone in an art theft can be particularly damaging to the integrity of the remaining collection.


偶选D，答案为C。想是偶将appeal to的意思弄错了？请指教。

在下以为：D是说thief偷东西是可能根本没有买主，所以偷地比较diversify. 而原
句说判断thief是为某个固定买主的品味而偷。这两者矛盾。偶以为appeal to在这
里有反对的意思，所以选D。请指教。
A1:you may find the answer,----appeal to means "诉诸"
A2: 结论：the theft was specifically carried out to suit the taste of some individual collector for whose private collection the pieces were destined.即：贼是冲着某一主题来的。
做出这一结论的唯一解释(原则、原因)是：人们可以用被偷的东西来判断贼的目的。

D直接猜测贼的情形，离题太far away。


Q: 温柔小刀求教LAST难题二
question 17-18
if the artificial is not better than the natural, to what end are all the arts of life? to dig, to plow, to build, to wear clothes—all are direct violations of the injunction to follow nature.
17. which one of the following is an assumption made by the author of the passage?
(a) the arts of life have no useful end.
(b) the artificial is not better than the natural.
(c) digging, plowing, building, and wearing clothes are better than nature.
(d) the injunction to follow nature should not be violated.
(e) the arts of life are indirect means of following nature.
violation:违背  injunction:指令,禁令
the answer is c. why not d?

18. if the author’s argument were challenged on the grounds that the construction of buildings has adverse effects on the natural environment, which of the following replies might the author use to respond to the challenge logically?
(a) there are human activities, such as making music, that are environmentally harmless.
(b) harming the environment is not an end, of purpose, of the arts of life.
(c) the construction could involve the use of natural, not artificial, materials.
(d) constructing buildings is not an “art of life.”
(e) even if the natural environment is disturbed by the construction of buildings, it is improved for human use.
the answer is e, why? i think the passage only refers following nature and does not mention human use.

A: Just my two cents. Queston 17, c is better than d, because of you remove d from the whole statement, it will still work. But if you remove assumption c from the statement, then you won't be able to reach the conclusion.

Question 18 is simple, the challenge says 'construction of buildings' is bad, you just have to find a good thing in answers. E says it improves human use
补充一下：
题目中说建造一些建筑物对人类的自然环境有害，也就是说建造一些建筑物的不好的方面。作者要想反对这个观点必然要说出它好的方面，it is improved for human use.正是这个观点，所以应该是选择E



Q: 温柔小刀求教三
19. there are at least three people in the room. at most two people in the room recognize each other. at least one person in the room recognizes everybody else in the room.
which one of the following is not consistent with the above?
(a) four people are in the room
(b) no two people in the room recognize each other.
(c) at most one person in the room recognizes everybody else in the room.
(d) anyone in the room who recognizes any other person in the room is also recognized by that person..
(e) two people in the room recognize every one else in the room.
d is right. but what is the meaning of b?

20. abolish taxes, and real taxpayers would find that their disposable incomes have increased. abolish taxes, and public employees would find that their incomes have disappeared.
which one of the following is a logical conclusion that depends on information in both of the statements above?
(a) public offices should be abolished so that disposable incomes will rise.
(b) the only real taxpayers are those who would have more to spend if they did not pay taxes.
(c) public employees are not real taxpayers.
(d) public employees’ incomes should not be taxed since they come from taxes.
(e) if there were no taxes, then public employees could not be paid.
the answer is c. 似乎太过简单?可能不可能一个人既是real taxpayers又是public employees?
A: 1。房间里没有人彼此认识对方
2。减税后，一个人不可能同时收入增加和减少，只能二者中取一种。
2. 确实简单。狒狒有句话有道理：作逻辑时要降低智商。把握题干即可，不必追究其是否不合情理。


Q: 温柔小刀求教四
22. it is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. this is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(a) an anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. i would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children’s hospital.
(b) the radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(c) the tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. it must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(d) the city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(e) if i heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. if i heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. therefore, if i heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate
the answer is b.
提干翻译:

question 23-24
just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may one’s carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of one’s mind.
23. which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(a) just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one’s time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection
(b) just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one’s rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(c) just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one’s heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation
(d) just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one’s career falter at certain times of the year
(e) just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one’s personal concerns stand in the way of professional success
b is right. what is the translation?


A: 2。就象传送带转的过快，一个人粗略关注几个问题可能会妨碍得出问题的解决方案
1，通过在一定情况下的一种已知结果去得到其他的结果是不合逻辑的，错误的原因在于某些不同未知的因素在整个事件中导致已知结果的作用比已知因素重要。
22探讨：我觉得答案是E。我的理解是：题干中讲一种原因会推出一种特别的结论，而这种结论可以完全解释这个原因，所以从这种原因中再推出别的结论就不对了。其实，结果对于原因只是必要性而已，而原因对结果是充分性的，所以错误在于忽略了一个原因可以导致若干个结果，每个结果只是必要而已，即把必要性当做充分性了。选项中ACD不对是显然的，B中辐射是导致基因突变的原因而基因突变导致胎儿畸形，辐射看起来是充分条件。只有E是把必要条件当作充分条件了。

Q: 两道lsat了！
test3 section iv14. consumer advocate: tropical oils are high in saturated fats, which increase the risk of heart disease fortunately, in most prepared food tropical oils can be replaced by healthier alternatives without noticeably affecting taste. therefore, intensive publicity about the disadvantage of tropical oils will be likely to result in dietary changes that will diminish many people’s risk of developing heart disease

nutritionist: the major sources of saturated fat in the average north american diet are meat, poultry, and dairy products, not tropical oils. thus, focusing attention on the health hazards of tropical oils would be counterproductive, because it would encourage people to believe that more substantial dietary changes are unnecessary.

which one of the following is a point at issue between the nutritionist and the consumer advocate?

(a) whether a diet that regularly includes large quantities of tropical oil can increase the risk of heart disease

(b) whether intensive publicity campaigns can be effective as means of changing people’s eating habits

(c) whether more people in north american would benefit from reducing the amount of meat they consume than would benefit from eliminating tropical oils from their diets.

(d) whether some people’s diets could be made significantly healthier if they replaced all tropical oils with vegetable oils that are significantly lower in saturated fat

(e) whether conducting a publicity campaign that by focusing on the health hazards of tropical oils persuades people to replace such oils with healthier alternatives is a good public-health strategy
好长啊！我选了b，可是却错了！答案是e啊！怎么想啊？？
19. smith: meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. after all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do?

which one of the following is a flaw in smith’s reasoning?

(a) attacking the opponents’ motives instead of their argument

(b) generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of a typical cases

(c) assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning

(d) appealing to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advice about an issue

(e) taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest
这道题我选了c可是c是什么意思呢？？答案 是e
刚刚开始两lsat的逻辑真是困难啊！！大家多多帮帮我吧！！谢谢了！！

A: 14实际上，nutritionist在说publicity不好。b却在讨论改变习惯。不同话题地说。
19偶也被陷，不过陷在d。我觉得主要问题是没读懂e。上来一个take for granted吓了一跳，接着一个act counter to what，好像有语法错误，接着就没仔细看他到底再说什么。翻译出来就觉得当然是e而不是其他了。

我的看法：
1、（1）consumer advocate：支持 publicity
  (2)nutritionist：publicity是无效的，给了一些理由
所以，他们共同讨论的是a publicity campaign 是否a good public-health strategy

2、为了通过推理确定，smith在一开始就假定他的论点的主张

第一题：消费者说油是罪魁，所以要通过一个广泛宣传运动来消除人们的无知进而人们改变食物结构，减小人们生病的危险，医生的意思是其实油没事，是肉，所以如果通过宣传让人们只看油不看肉，食谱的改变不彻底，就不对了。选项B的意思是广泛宣传是否是改变食谱的有效方式，和文中的意思明显有偏差呀！
第二题：C的意思是“在开始就假定论证要证明的东西是正确的”

Q: 再来两个对话考题！（lsat8的第二section）
11. Civil libertarian: The categorical prohibition of any nonviolent means of expression inevitably poisons a society's intellectual atmosphere Therefore, those advocating censorship of all potentially offensive art are pursuing a course that is harmful to society.
Censorship advocate: You're wrong, because many people are in agreement about what constitutes potentially offensive art.
The censorship advocate's rebuttal is flawed because it
(A) attempts to extract a general rule from a specific case
(B) extracts an erroneous principle from a commonly held belief
(C) attacks the civil libertarians character instead of the argument.
(D) relies on an irrelevant reason or rejecting the civil libertarians argument
(E) uses hyperbolic inflammatory language that obscures the issue at hand

21. Jane: Professor Harper's ideas for modifying the design of guitars are of no value because there is no general agreement among musicians as to what a guitar should sound like and. Consequently, no widely accepted basis for evaluating the merits of a guitar's sound.
Mark: What's more, Harper's ideas have had enough time to be adopted if they really resulted in superior sound. It took only ten years for the Torres design for guitars to be almost universally adopted because of the improvement it makes in tonal quality.
Which one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between Jane's argument and Mark's argument?
(A) Mark's argument shows how a weakness in Jane's argument can be overcome.
(B) Mark's argument has a premise in common with Jane's argument
(C) Mark and Jane use similar techniques to argue for different conclusions.
(D) Mark's argument restates Jane's argument in other terms.
(E) Mark's argument and Jane's argument are based on conflicting suppositions.
这个题目我选A,答案是E,这种题目如何抽象归纳呢？我好迷茫？
A: 1.the first one :my answer is d,for the advocate's remarks give no direct and logically reasonable sopport for his idea.
the second: JANE的逻辑是“由于没有对吉他声效的一致的意见，所以就没有一个统一的评价吉他声效的标准，因为无法评价，所以某教授的改进设计就是一个菜。”其实，如果没有标准，根据什么说那是一个菜呢？这才是她的逻辑缺陷。MARK的意思则是只要声效确有提高，加以时日，还是会被接受的，本质上和JANE的意思是不同的，也没有对JANE的理论缺陷给予解决。所以A 是不对的。
这是偶的理解，不知对否，至于抽象的思路，必须要shany牛牛或花栗鼠牛牛来了，呵呵。
2. 两个学者的结论是相同的，即Professor Harper's ideas are of no value。
但其论据是相反的，Jane认为不会有统一的标准，而Mark认为Torres's design被普遍接受。
我也没有特别的良方，唯尽量把握对话双方的focus。

Q: 请教LSAT-Set11-SecI-Q1
1. Educational television is a contradiction in terms. While a classroom encourages social interaction, television encourages solitude. School is centered on the development of language, but television depends upon constantly changing visual images. And in a classroom, fun is merely a means to an end, but on television it is the end in itself.
Upon which one of the following assumptions does the author rely in the passage?
(A) The classroom should not be a place where anyone has fun.
(B) Only experiences that closely resemble what takes place in the school environment can be educational.
(C) Television programs reinforce some of the values of the school environment.
(D) Educational television programs are qualitatively better than most other television programs.
(E) The potential of television as a powerful learning tool has not yet been realized.
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答案B, 我觉得E也能作为假设，为何E不对？
in a classroom, fun is merely a means to an end, but on television it is the end in itself. 这句话该如何理解？请大家指教。
A: 文中主要讲了电视教育作为一种教育的方式和课堂相比的问题。E是说电视作为可以用来进行教育的一种工具没有发挥其潜能，主体被换掉了，另外，E也只是一个结果，不是前提。
中文意思：教室中，乐趣是达到目的的一个手段，而在电视教育中，乐趣成了终极目的。

请教LSAT-Set11-SecIV-Q24
24. When the rate of inflation exceeds the rate of return on the most profitable investment available, the difference between those two rates will be the percentage by which, at a minimum, the value of any investment will decline. If in such a circumstance the value of a particular investment declines by more than that percentage. It must be true that________  
Which one of the following logically completes the argument?
(A) The rate of inflation has risen.
(B) The investment in question is becoming less profitable.
(C) The investment in question is less profitable than the most profitable investment available.
(D) The rate of return on the most profitable investment available has declined.
(E) There has been a change in which particular investment happens to be the most profitable available.
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答案C，(C不是在说废话吗？investment和 the most profitable investment 比)
提干中说的关系不太明白，谁和谁比，什么百分比？
the difference between those two rates will be the percentage by which, at a minimum, the value of any investment will decline.该怎样理解? 请大家指教.
A: 文中讲，这个pecentage最少也是通涨率超过最赚钱的投资的回报率的部分，如果一个投资的回报率少于最赚钱的回报率，则它的回报率和通涨率之间的差距一定会大于那个PECENTAGE所以跌价的幅度就更大。

Q: [求助]eLSAT-Set 4 -Section 3- Q12
12. The number of North American children who are obese-that is who have more body fat than do 85 percent of North American children their age -is steadily increasing, according to four major studies conducted over the past 15 years.  
If the finding reported above is correct, it can be properly concluded that
(A) when four major studies all produce similar results .those studies must be accurate.
(B) North American children have been progressively less physically active over the past 15 years.
(C) The number of North American children who are not obese increased over the past 15 years.
(D) Over the past 15 years ,the number of North American children who are underweight has declined.
(E) The incidence of obesity in North American children tends to increase as the children grow older.
答案為什麼是c?? 題目不是說obese的children在穩定增加嗎?
A: 这是一道数学题。占总人数15%的肥胖儿童数目增加，说明总人数增加，则占85%的非肥胖儿童亦增加。

Q: LSAT-Set12-SecII-Q22
22. Oil company representative: We spent more money on cleaning the otters affected by our recent oil spill than has been spent on any previous marine mammal rescue project. This shows our concern for the environment.  
Environmentalist: You have no such concern. Your real concern is evident in your admission to the press that news photographs of oil-covered otters would be particularly damaging to your public image, which plays an important role in your level of sales.
The environmentalist's conclusion would be properly drawn if it were true that the
(A) oil company cannot have more than one motive for cleaning the otters affected by the oil spill
(B) otter population in the area of the oil spill could not have survived without the cleaning project
(C) oil company has always shown a high regard for its profits in choosing its courses of action
(D) government would have spent the money to clean the otters if the oil company had not agreed to do it
(E) oil company's efforts toward cleaning the affected otters have been more successful than have such efforts in previous projects to clean up oil spills
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答案A, 为何C不对?A也未必能使环境学家结论成立?请大家指教.
A也未必能使环境学家结论成立?
A: 有道理。但题目问的是假设，即必要条件，不是充分条件。如果A不成立，环境雪茄的推理不可能正确。C仅是前提的改写，未能提供假设。

Q: [求助]eLSAT-Test3-SectI-Q12
12. Leachate is a solutions, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site, If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachates escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities, A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem.
(B)If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment.
(C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of handling leachate.
(D) Some landfill leachate is send to sewage treatment plants that are incapable of
handling it.
(E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill's capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded.
題目: If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachates escape into the environment 到底是
<1> leachates escape --> landfill's capacity is exceeded 還是
<2> landfill's capacity is exceeded --> leachates escape
那個是p, 那個是q??
我把它想成是<1>了. 如果<1>是真, 那麼答案(e),   非p-->非q,
   leachate 非escape  --> landfill's capacity非exceeded 為什麼對??
p-->q, 不是應該 非q-->非p  嗎?
請大俠指教這題如何解.  
A:  both 1 and 2, so E is correct.

Q: 不是只能用一個嗎? 因為如果反推 <1> & <2> 是兩個不同的答案.
<1> leachates escape --> landfill's capacity is exceeded
反推: landfill's capacity 沒有 exceeded  --->  leachates 沒有 escape
<2> landfill's capacity is exceeded --> leachates escape
反推： leachates 沒有 escape --> landfill's capacity 沒有 exceeded  (Ans. E)
我當初就是以為情況是<1>，　所以才沒選e．　
我記得有些題目就是在考p-->q概念有沒做對，　有時候p跟q弄反了，　答案就會錯．
請指教．  謝謝．
A: 2 is correct,for "if and only if ...into the environment"。那是充分条件和必要条件的区别。

Q:  请教LSAT-Set15-SecIV-Q13,18
13. "addiction" has been defined as "dependence on and abuse of a psychoactive substance" Dependence and abuse do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, cancer patients can become dependent on morphine to relieve their pain, but this is not abusing the drug. Correspondingly, a person can abuse a drug without being dependent on it. Therefore, the definition of "addiction" is incorrect.  
The relevance of the example of cancer patients to the argument depends on the assumption that
(A) cancer patients never abuse morphine
(B) cancer patients often become dependent on morphine
(C) cancer patients who are dependent on morphine are addicted to it
(D) cancer patients who abuse a drug are dependent on it
(E) cancer patients cannot depend on morphine without abusing it
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答案C, 不太明白问题的意思，好像不是问结论成立所需的假设，请大家指教。
18. According to government official involved in overseeing airplane safety during the last year, over 75 percent of the voice-recorder tapes taken from small airplanes involved in relatively minor accidents record the whistling of the pilot during the fifteen minutes immediately preceding the accident. Even such minor accidents pose some safety risk. Therefore, if passengers hear the pilot start to whistle they should take safety precautions, whether instructed by the pilot to do so or not.
The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A) accepts the reliability of the cited statistics on the authority of an unidentified government official
(B) ignores the fact that in nearly one quarter of these accidents following the recommendation would not have improved passenger' safety
(C) does not indicate the criteria by which an accident is classified as "relatively minor"
(D) provides no information about the percentage of all small airplane flights during which the pilot whistles at some time during that flight
(E) fails to specify the percentage of all small airplane flights that involve relatively minor accidents
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答案D，不知A为何错，感觉E也比D好，知道D但不知the percentage of all small airplane flights that involve relatively minor accidents，还是无法判断结论，为何选D？请大家指教。

A: 1. 既然说了cancer patient的例子反驳关于addition的定义, 其前提必然是cancer patient addited to morphine. 否则此例无效.
2. 如果90%的flight中pilot都whistle, 远结论就错. 所以此项信息于结论十分关键, 不给不行. A错在数据并不是主要问题. E无关.
Q:  1.问的是例子成立的假设?
2.为何90%的flight中pilot都whistle, 原结论就错? 知道90％航班飞行员吹口哨,但不知多少航班有事故，就不知道吹口哨在事故航班中的比例，还是无法判断结论？请多指教。

A: 1. 你对C取非,既cancer patient没有addiction, 原结论是否成立? 原结论是cancer patient的例子说明addiction不一定是abuse drug. 如果cancer patient并没有addiction, 此例作用为何?
2. 原结论为口哨导致accident. 举个例子: 一年一共10000 flights, 其中有100起minor accidents. 如果10000次飞行中, 9000次pilot都吹口哨, 原结论就不成立. 但如果就那75次accident中吹了, 原结论成立. 所以D中的information is critical in evaluating the conclusion. Without this piece of info, the conclusion is unfounded.
A: 同意你举的例子,但D只给了所有飞行吹口哨的比例,比如你例子中的9000(90％),但没有给出事故飞行的比例,比如例子中的100(1%),还是无法判断.因为我们不知道事故飞行的比例,可意是1%(100),可意是90%(9000),前者结论不成立,后者结论成立.
E倒是给出事故飞行的比例,再加上提干中的事故飞行中吹口哨的比例,可作出大致判断.
还是不明白为何选D.
谢谢mindfree的解答, 好像你马上要考试,就别浪费宝贵时间解答了,考试后有空给看看.祝考试顺利!
你解释一下E如何能推出. 你如果知道5%的flight有accident, 你的结论是什么, 吹是不是原因?  
Q: D. 如果我知道所有的flight中, 包括accident和no accident, 吹的比例是90%, 我足可以推断出吹不是原因, 否则绝大多数的flight都会出问题, 不符合common sense. 如果此比例是10%, 很有可能是主要原因.
A: 5%的flight有accident,我的结论是超过3.75%低于5％的flight有accident也有口哨,能否判断没有统一标准，自己感觉risk程度吧。 D正确是要引用common sense,飞行事故率很低，否则无法判断。
有点困惑，根据题中所给的信息作题不够，还要加上common sense? 可有时用common sense会和题中信息冲突，拿不准用common sense 尺度。
明白了，谢谢mindfree的耐心解答。

Q: 请教LSAT-Set15-SecII-Q25
25. A letter submitted to the editor of a national newsmagazine was written and signed by a Dr. Shirley Martin who, in the text of the letter, mentions being a professor at a major North American medical school. Knowing that fewer than 5 percent of the professors at such schools are women, the editor reasons that the chances are better than 19 to 1 that the letter was written by a man.  
Which one of the following involves flawed reasoning most like that used by the editor?
(A) Since 19 out of 20 home computers are purchased primarily for use with computer games, and the first computer sold today was purchased solely for word processing, the next 19 computers sold will almost certainly be used primarily for computer games.
(B) Fewer than 1 in 20 of the manuscripts submitted to Argon Publishing Vo. Are accepted for publication. Since only 15 manuscripts were submitted last week, there is almost no chance that any of them will be accepted for publication.
(C) Fewer that 5 percent of last year's graduating class took Latin in secondary school. Howard took Latin in secondary school, so if he had graduated last year, it is likely that one or the other Latin scholars would not have graduated.
(D) More that 95 percent of the planes built by UBC last year met government standards for large airliners. Since small planes account for just under 5 percent of UBC抯 output last year, it is almost certain that all their large planes met government standards.
(E) Since more than 19 out of every 20 animals in the wildlife preserve are mammals and fewer than 1 out of 20 are birds, there is a greater than 95 percent chance that the animal Emily saw flying between two trees in the wildlife refuge yesterday morning was a mammal.
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答案E，不知flawed reasoning 指的是什么？请大家指教。
A:  flawed reasoning指明明Dr. 翠花 Martin是个女的,还经验老道的认为可能是个男的.
E中明明看到的是个鸟,还说可能是个非鸟.

Q: linlin的lsat（3）谢谢！
set7,sectionIV
10. Famous personalities found guilty of many types of crimes in well-publicized trials are increasingly sentenced to the performance of community service, though unknown defendants convicted of similar crimes almost always serve prison sentences. However, the principle of equality before the law rules out using fame and publicity as relevant considerations in the sentencing of convicted criminals.  
The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following conclusions?
(A) The principle of equality before the law if rigorously applied in only a few types of criminal trials.
(B) The number of convicted celebrities sentenced to community service should equal the number of convicted unknown defendants sentenced to community service.
(C) The principle of equality before the law can properly be overridden by other principles in some cases.
(D) The sentencing of celebrities to community service instead of prison constitutes a violation of the principle of equality before the law in many cases.
(E) The principle of equality before the law does not allow for leniency in sentencing.
答案是：D
我的问题：我认为C和D都对啊！！为什么C不对呢？应该是法律面前人人平等，但是对于一些famous personalities却不适用，不就是说明了the principle of the law be overridden了吗？？
12. To suit the needs of corporate clients, advertising agencies have successfully modified a strategy originally developed for political campaigns. This strategy aims to provide clients with free publicity and air time by designing an advertising campaign that is controversial, thus drawing prime-time media coverage and evoking public comment by officials.
The Statements above, if true, most seriously undermine which one of the following assertions?
(A) The usefulness of an advertising campaign is based solely on the degree to which the campaign抯 advertisements persuade their audiences.
(B) Only a small percentage of eligible voters admit to being influenced by advertising campaigns in deciding how to vote.
(C) Campaign managers have transformed political campaigns by making increasing use of strategies borrowed from corporate advertising campaigns.
(D) Corporations are typically more concerned with maintaining public recognition of the corporate name than with enhancing goodwill toward the corporation.
(E) Advertising agencies that specialize in campaigns for corporate clients are not usually chosen for political campaigns.
答案是：A
我的问题：
（1）This strategy aims to provide clients with free publicity and air time by designing an advertising campaign that is controversial, thus drawing prime-time media coverage and evoking public comment by officials. 没太看懂啊！什么意思呢？
（2）哎！看了答案也没推出来为什么选A
A: 我先说说.
1. C错在"properly". 如果原文提到目前这种判决是公正的,或是合适的, C就对了. 但是原文就判决方式的态度不是正面的.你可以从however感觉到.
2. 还是要找到题干: agency利用strategies often employed by corporations to help politicians by "drawing prime-time media coverage and evoking public comment by officials". 题目既然是undermine, 必然与passage相反. A: the usefulness ...solely on sth. different from the quote above. So A is different from the passage in that apparently "drawing prime-time media coverage and evoking public comment by officials" also help evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign.
让政客说一些有争议的话因此媒体会主动报道(不用花钱请),因而免费获得黄金时间的报道,和官员的评论.

Q: linlin的lsat（1）谢谢了！
lsat6 section 3
6.Four randomly chosen market research companies each produced population estimated for three middle-sized cities; the estimates of each company were then compared with those of the other companies. Two of the cities had relatively stable populations, and for them estimates of current population and of projected population in five years varied little from company to company. However, for the third city, which was growing rapidly, estimates varied greatly from company to company.  
6.Which one of the following, if true, would best here explain why estimates of the current population of the rapidly growing city varied more than did current population estimates for the two other cities?
(A) Population changes over time are more uniform form one district to another in the rapidly growing city than in the two other cities.
(B) The population of the rapidly growing city is increasing largely as a result of a high birth rate.
(C) The population of the rapidly growing city has a lower average age than the populations of either of the two other cities.
(D) All population estimates of the rapidly growing city were produced first by estimating the current populations of the city's districts and then by adding those estimates.
(E) Whereas the companies used different methods for estimating the current population of the rapidly growing city, the companies used the same method for the two other cities.
答案是E
这道题根本就没看懂不知道是什么意思啊？
10.
Anyone who fails to answer a patient's questions cannot be a competent physician. That is why I feel confident about my physician's competence: she carefully answers every one of my questions, no matter how trivial.
Which one of the following most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in the argument above?
(A) Anyone who grows up in a large family is accustomed to making compromises. Meredith is accustomed to making compromises, so she might have grown up in a large family.
(B) Anyone who is not in favor of this proposal is ill informed on the issue. Jeanne opposes the proposal, so she is ill informed on the issue.
(C) No one who likes music misses a performance of the symphony. Paul likes music, yet last week he missed a performance of the symphony.
(D) Anyone who works two or more jobs is unable to find a balance between professional and personal life. Maggie has only one job, so she can find a balance between her professional and personal life.
(E) No one who is hot-tempered and strong-willed will succeed in this business. Jeremy is strong-willed, so he will not succeed in this business.
答案是D
这道题题是看懂了！但不知道犯了什么推理错误啊！不会！
15.Twenty years ago the Republic of Rosinia produced nearly 100 million tons of potatoes, but last year the harvest barely reached 60 million tons. Agricultural researchers, who have failed to develop new higher yielding strains of potatoes, are to blame for this decrease, since they have been concerned only with their own research and not with the needs of Rosinia.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Any current attempts by agricultural researchers to develop higher-yielding potato strains are futile.
(B) Strains of potatoes most commonly grown in Rosinia could not have produced the yields last year that they once did.
(C) Agricultural researchers often find concrete solutions to practical problems when investigating seemingly unrelated questions.
(D) Wide fluctuations in the size of the potato crop over a twenty-year period are not unusual.
(E) Agricultural research in Rosinia is funded by government grants.
这题我想来想去的就是认为A对。但是答案是B呀！！不懂！！
逻辑真是很伤脑筋啊！！大家多多帮帮我吧！！呵呵！谢了！！
A:   1. 人口预测. 三个中型城市: two are stable, and one is growing rapidly. The estimates from companies on the two are close, while the estimates on the growing city vary. 因为方法不同.
2. Not A --> Not B ==>A-->B 充分必要条件
3. 此题有一点绕, 但A不对.原文的逻辑推理为: failure to develop high-yied --> poor harvest. B取非, 普通的P也能达到产量,就说明不是品种的问题. A不对是太绝对. failure to develop也许是项目进行到了80%. 对A取非: 不是所有的attempt都是futile,不能说明能制造出high-yield.
A:    1.4个公司对三个城市的人口分别给出估算,其中2个人口增长稳定城市的估算结果,4个公司基本一样,但第3个人口快速增长城市的估算结果,4个公司各不相同.解释差异,E说4个公司用同样的方法估算前两个城市却用不同的方法估算第3个城市.因此导致差异.
3. 我选A.你能确认B吗?

A:  3.答案是B,A取非后,结论还可成立,但B不行.

Q:  答案给的是B,肯定是！

A:  linlin,  第3题的假设,是强调前提的有效性.但比较隐蔽.
可以排除C,D,E,要在A,B中选择,
1)可以取非的办法.如果结论不能成立,那就是假设.
2)用管为东的方法,哪个选项出现绝对化的词,如A中出现any,那就不是答案.就不是假设.
10,这种逻辑相似题型,在GMAT中不考,不要花时间和精力了.
Q:  我一直没搞懂的是：假设题经常是加上not或是去掉not然后判断是否对文章有削弱作用是吧！但是加上not一般要加在哪里呢！比如这道题：不是所有的attempts都futile啊！还是所有的attempts都不是futile.
另外我还是没太懂为什么对a取非就不是对文章的削弱啊！文章的意思不是:没有新品种导致了poor havest吗！如果对a取非的话就是说不是每一个attempt都是futile,言外之意就是还有attempt是有效的！不也是削弱了文中的完全是有没有新品种导致的poor havest吗？？请在详细一点好吗！！

A:   嗯,是这样..
assumption就是隐含的必要条件. 如果对其取非,否定此条件,那么就不能推出原文的conclusion. 即A-->B ==> 非B--非A, B在此为assumption.
就此题来讲, 将A取非, 得到"Not any attempt ...". 如果A为assimption,那么取非原结论没有根据. 即Not any attempt ...--> agricultural researchers can produce high-yield strains.
可以看出上述推理不成立, 因为造成没有high-yield品种地原因不明,原题没有给,可以说是out of scope. 我们可以猜到的有时间不足(即使所有的努力都是有成效的,也许也要10年后才能生产出).
这道题你也可以换个角度想: futile attempt只是造成failure to produce high-yield strain的一个原因, arguer也许认为是其它原因造成的.比如原文所说的:"since they have been concerned only with their own research and not with the needs of Rosinia". 如果答案把解释局限于one specific, 一般都错.
如果A为"Due to some reasons, agricutural researchers failed to developed a high-yield strain", 就对了.
Q:  mindfree GG
我的问题：
1、先帮我解释两个概念好吗！！
充分条件和必要条件我一直都没高太清楚！
2、对A的取非为什么是这样的呢：不是所有的attemp都fuitile
    为什么不是这个样子：所有的attemp都不是fuitile啊！
一个是全否，一个是部分否定啊！！

A:  anyway, 所谓充分必要,顾名思义,充分就是某个条件,如果其成立,足以推出某个结论.举例:
天黑了{A},(所以)我们不能打球了{B}. "天黑了"就是充分条件. 其逻辑关系为有A一定有B. 注意到充分条件可以不只一个,比如说"下雨了"也是一个充分条件.
必要条件既如果没有此条件,推不出结论,或某个结论成立,此条件必然成立. 举例:吃饭{A}才能饱{B}. A为必要条件,既不吃饭{非A},就一定不饱{非B}. 其逻辑关系为有B一定有A. 注意A不是充分条件,因为A本身不足以推出B,还要吃地够多才行.
还有一种是充分必要条件: A<-->B
linlin的lsat(2)谢谢！
做了7套lsat竟然越错越多！所以停下来总结做过的每一道题！竟然发现有很多题说不上理由！不知对在那里也不知错在哪里！！我哭！只好向大家求援！希望大家不要嫌我烦！！
不哭了！写题！！
第7套sectionivquestions 5-6
the government provides insurance for individuals? band deposits, but requires the banks to pay the premiums for the insurance. since it is depositors who primarily benefit from the security this insurance provides, the government should take steps to ensure that depositors who want this security bear the cost of it and thus should make depositors pay the premiums for insuring their own accounts.  
5. which one of the following principles, if established, would do most to justify drawing the conclusion of the argument on the basis of the reasons offered in its support?
(a) the people who stand to benefit from an economic service should always be made to bear the costs of that service.
(b) any rational system of insurance must base the size of premiums on the degree of risk involved.
(c) government-backed security for investors, such as bank depositors, should be provided only when it does not reduce incentives for investors to make responsible investments.
(d) the choice of not accepting and offered service should always be available, even if there is no charge for the service.
(e) the government should avoid any actions that might alter the behavior of corporations and individuals in the market.
答案是a
这道题我的问题：
1、相了半天没看出是什么题型！justify是证明。。。是正确的！是加强题吗？
2、只是感觉上觉得这道题选a但是细揪一下是如何推出来的呢？
6. which of the following is assumed by the argument?
(a) banks are not insured by the government against default on the loans the banks make.
(b) private insurance companies do not have the resources to provide banks or individual with deposit insurance.
(c) banks do not always cover the cost of the deposit-insurance premiums by paying depositors lower interest rates on insured deposits than the banks would on uninsured deposits.
(d) the government limits the insurance protection it provides by insuring accounts up to a certain legally defined amount only.
(e) the government does not allow banks to offer some kinds of accounts in which deposits are not insured.
答案是e
这道题我的问题是：
（1）、假设的题型大家都是怎么做的啊？我满脑子的雾水一点思路都没有！
（2）、这道题为什么会选e呢！！
8. george: some scientists say that global warming will occur because people are releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning trees and fossil fuels. we can see, though, that the predicted warming is occurring already. in the middle of last winter, we had a month of springlike weather in our area, and this fall, because of unusually mild temperatures, the leaves on our town抯 trees were three weeks late in turning color.
which one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of george抯 argument?
(a) whether carbon dioxide is the only cause of global warming
(b) when leaves on the trees in the town usually change color
(c) what proportion of global emissions of carbon dioxide is due to the burning of trees by humans
(d) whether air pollution is causing some trees in the are to lose their leaves
(e) whether unusually warm weather is occurring elsewhere on the globe more frequently than before
答案是b
这道题我也选b了。但是有个疑问：评价题的做法不是对于选项答yes or no将会对文章分别起到加强和削弱的作用吗？那么对b的回答是如何起到加强和削弱的作用的呢？？
A:  我认为6题答案错了,应该是C.
思路很清晰,arguer认为不应该是bank pay insurance premium,而是应由depositors pay. assumption: banks have been paying the premium. C的意思是: bank没有通过降低利率来转嫁cost of premium给depositor, 既确实是bank在pay. 取非原结论不成立.
E为无关选项
我对第8题anchoret的讲解不太理解. 原文并没有讲是和去年相比今年晚.我读完题的感觉是:由于mild weather in the fall in this town-->global warming has come already. 既由局部现象推出整体(local weather --> global). 请各位仔细讲解. 同时请linlin确认答案.

关于6T, C选项的意思是: 银行并没有通过降低付给存款人利息的方式来cover premium costs. 对其取非, 既银行always通过降低利率来cover costs -->实际上depositors一直是在cover premium costs, 因为他们得到的利息相比没有insurance的情况要低. Do not cover the cost不意味亏损.
我认为你曾经选C是对的. E是无关选项, "但如果对e取反，即“银行允许未保险的储蓄存在”，那么政府就不该让银行付保险费，反对了原文的结论。" 原文就是要政府设法不要让银行付保险费, 怎么是反对了原文的结论?
关于8T, B选项结合了leaves turning color, 即和原文有一定的联系. 但是我无法正推此答案. 原文说时间晚了三周, 没有指和去年相比, 应该是general的说法,既比一般的时间晚. 如果一般turning color的时间是9月初, 或是一般为10月底,对evaluate有什么用处?  
我的答案是E, 如果其它地区的气候也有类似的变化,说明the weather chage in this town is representative. 否则说明此变化无代表性, 不能说明global warming is coming.
关于6的结论是政府应该设法保证depositors pay the premium. C取非后, 说明一直是depositors在付, 政府干预就没有必要了.


Q: 请教LSAT-1-1-5，6
5. Emperor: The enemy empire across the sea has harassed us for centuries. I want to conquer it and stop it once and for all. What advice can you give me?
Admiral: If you cross the sea, a mighty empire will fall.
Emperor: In that case, prepare the troops. We set sail tonight.
Of the following, the strongest criticism of the Emperor’s decision to invade would be that it.
(A) Is certain to lead to the emperor’s defeat
(B) Is based on opinion rather than objective facts about troop strength
(C) Contradicts the Admiral’s statement
(D) Fails to consider fully the possible meanings of the Admiral’s advice
(E) Is a futile strategy for solving the problem at hand
答案：D，我觉得B也行啊，为什么不对呢？
请教做对话题有什么好办法吗？
6. No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a Democrat. No Democrat both spoke at the convention and was a senator
Which one of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn from the statements above?
(A) N one but senators spoke at the convention.
(B) No Democrat spoke at the convention.
(C) Only Democrats spoke at the convention.
(D) No senator spoke at the convention.
(E) Some Democrat senators spoke at the convention.
答案：D
我完全没有思路这种题该怎么做呢？
A:  1.不要脱离原文的逻辑. B is out of scope. 比如说原文讲根据一个survey做了一个结论, 首选答案应该是和survey有关, 例如survey不够representative. 这道题D和原文的逻辑有直接的关系, 首选.
2.  6，第一句说明会议上如果有参议员发言的话，他只能是民主党的参议员，第二句讲发言的人要么是民主党员，要么是参议员。根据第一句，否定掉参议员，只剩民主党了。

Q:   请教LSAT-1-1-11,12
11. Hanifah: A recent survey shows that there are fewer people who drive only on weekends than there are people who drive to work each weekday. As a result, weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted so that rates would be significantly higher for the regular commuters.
Katsu: I can’t agree with your conclusion. The same study also showed that, although weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents, when considered on the basis of accidents-per-mile-driven their records are worse than those of regular commuters. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted to increase the rates of weekend-only drivers over those of regular commuters.
In the conversation above, Katus does which one of the following?
(A) Katsu disagrees with each of the premises of the argument that Hanifah offers.
(B) Katsu cites additional evidence stating that weekend-only drivers are actually involved in a greater number of accidents than regular commuters.
(C) Katsu accuses Hanifah of using inaccurate statistical information.
(D) Kasu proves that Hanifah didn’t read the entire report that was cited.
(E) Katsu disagrees with Hanifah over how accident records are to be evaluated for insurance rates.
答案：E，又是一个对话题，请问A为什么不对呢？
12. If Country X does not intervene militarily in Country Y, then the whole region will definitely fall under enemy influence.
It most logically follows from the statement above that, if Country X does intervene militarily in Country Y, then the whole region.
(A) Will definitely fall under enemy influence
(B) Will probably fall under enemy influence
(C) Will probably not fall under enemy influence
(D) Will definitely not fall under enemy influence
(E) May or may not fall under enemy influence
答案：E，请教做题的思路。
请问C、E有什么区别吗？
A: 1. 要理解原文的思路. K并没有否定H的一个前提, 既"weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents". G承认了上面的这个事实, 但是从另一个角度得到自己的结论. A说G否认了H的所有前提是不对的.
2. 这道题以前有人问过.. probably是表示很可能, 程度上大于possible. 类似的词还有most等. 在原文的逻辑关系中得不到"很可能"这个意思. 只能是might or might not
Q:  请教LSAT－1－1－16,24
24. An unbiased observer of everyday encounters in Western societies would surely not find many instances of unkindness by people under 65 toward people over 65. There are undoubtedly incidents of unkindness based on age, and these warrant reproof. However, the very fact that such reproof occurs and is generally accepted implies that our Western societies basically respect the elderly. The same conclusion can be drawn from a recent survey finding: 71 percent of the under 65 population agreed with the statement that “people over 65 receive too little respect from society”, while only 44percent of the over-65 population, the target of the alleged irreverence agreed with it.
The author concludes that Western societies basically respect the elderly partly because.
(A) people under 65 are just as kind to people over 65 as they are to people of their own age group
(B) survey data suggest that fewer people over 65 than under 65 get too little respect
(C) disrespect for the elderly does not go so far as to result in actual harm
(D) survey data suggest that people over 65 are more aware of incidents involving disrespect to the elderly than are people under 65
(E) incidents of unkindness to the elderly are neither common nor generally accepted in Western societies
答案：E，请问B为什么不对？
16. Investigators concluded that human failure was not responsible for the fatal airplane crash last August, and since that time new and more stringent rules for identifying and reporting mechanical problems have been in effect. That accounts for the fact that reports of airplane mechanical problems have increased in frequency by 50 percent since last August.
Which one of the following is an assumption underlying the argument in the passage?
(A) Airplane travel is still relatively safe, despite the increase in reported mechanical problems.
(B) Mechanical problems in airplanes have increased dramatically since last August.
(C) Mechanical problems in airplanes have not increased by 50 percent since last August.
(D) Airlines are less reluctant to report mechanical problems than they previously were.
(E) Mechanical problems in airplanes have become easier to detect since last August.
答案：C，请问C不是与题干矛盾了吗？
A:  1. B在原文并没有讨论. survey谈到的是perception, 而且并没有涉及对65岁以下人的尊敬的问题. 你对survey的内容在好好理解一下:71%的65岁以下的人同意"社会对65岁以上的人缺乏尊敬", 而只有44%的65岁以上的人同意这个说法.
2. 典型的排除他因. 原文认为是严格的新规章使得mechanical problem被更多的检测出来. 言下之意是mechanical problem本身并没有同幅增长. 而C就是这个意思, 既不是因为mechanical problem本身增加了50%造成的. 这类题目的题干为:A-->B, assumption: 不是C-->B

Q:  请教eLSAT SET 2 SECTION II 11
11. “if the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction,” said the biologist.  
“so all that is needed to save the koala is to stop deforestation,” said the politician.
which one of the following statements is consistent with the biologist’s claim but not with the politician’s claim?
(a) deforestation continues and the koala becomes extinct.
(b) deforestation is stopped and the koala becomes extinct.
(c) reforestation begins and the koala survives.
(d) deforestation is slowed and the koala survives.
(e) deforestation is slowed and the koala approaches extinction.
为什么选b？
A:  没有问题啊. 从逻辑关系的角度分析:
Biologist: forest disappear (A)--> extinction (B)
Politician: stop deforestation (非A)--> no extinction (非B)
两个论题是不同的, 相当与互为否命题.
B对. stop deforestation, extinction. 按politician的逻辑是不可能发生的, 因为非A-->非B. 但biologist的逻辑依然可以成立. 当A-->B, 非A might or might not lead to 非B

Q:  [求助]Lsat set 8 sec 2 No.8
a thing is "nauseous" if it makes one sick to the stomach; the unfortunate victim of this malaise is "nauseated" . the common misuse of "nauseous" can be illustrated with the following sentence: "when he sits too long, turns his head too abruptly, or walks any distance, he gets dizzy, loses balance, and becomes nauseous." he doesn't become nauseous unless he turns other people's stomachs; he becomes nauseated. a person who is nauseated is no more nauseous than a person who has been poisoned is poisonous.  
8. based on the passage above, which phrase does not provide a logical completion to the following sentence? a person who is nauseated is no more nauseous than a person who has been_______.
(a) murdered is murderous
(b) corrupted is corruptible
(c) awed is awesome
(d) irritated is irritating
(e) scared is scary
我作对了。但请问a person who is nauseated is no more nauseous than a person who has been poisoned is poisonous. 怎么理解（翻成中文是什么？）
A: 一个呕吐的人的令人作呕的程度并不比一个中毒的人的有毒的程度更大

Q: [求助]LSAT set 18 Section II, 10
10. therapy, whether physical or social, is a counterirritant that aids in that equilibrium of the physical organs that protects the central nervous system. whereas pleasure is a counterirritant (for example, sports, entertainment, and alcohol), comfort is the removal of irritants. both pleasure and comfort are strategies of equilibrium for the central nervous system.  
it can be concluded from the statements above that the exile of a deviant member of a group can be
(a) therapeutic for the rest of the group
(b) irritating for the rest of the group
(c) pleasurable for the rest of the group
(d) comforting for the rest of the group
(e) counter irritating for the rest of the group
答案：d，我看不出exile of a deviant member 和 counterirritant、removal of irritants、pleasure、comfort的关系。
A: 我明白了，irritant（刺激物）原来就是deviant member，所以exile of a deviant member 就是removal of irritants

Q:  linlin的lsat（4）谢谢！
第一套I
2. Handwriting analysis—also known as graphology—is a poor way to predict personality types, even though it is used by 3,000 United States firms and by a majority of European companies. In a recent study, five graphologists scored no better than chance in predicting the occupations of forty professionals.
Which one of the following is an assumption necessary to the argument?
(A) People in the same occupation usually do not have the same personality type.
(B) Graphology is an effective means of predicting personality types in non-business contexts.
(C) There are more United States firms that do not use graphology than all the United States and European firms that do use it.
(D) There are several other techniques for predicting personality types that are more accurate than graphology.
(E) There is a correspondence between type of personality and choice of occupation.
我的问题：（1）In a recent study, five graphologists scored no better than chance in predicting the occupations of forty professionals.什么意思啊！！
（2）看到假设的题该如何想呢？？假设到底和前提与结论是个什么关系呢？
4、The simple facts are these: the number of people killed each year by grizzly bears is about the same as the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses. And the number of people killed by lightning on golf course each year is about the same as the number of people electrocuted by electric blenders. All the horrible myths and gruesome stories aside, therefore, a grizzly bear is in fact about as dangerous as an electric blender or a game of golf.
Which one of the following, if true, would most effectively undermine the author’s argument?
(A) Although the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is very small, the total number of lightning fatalities is many times greater.
(B) Electric blenders are among the safest household appliances; were the author to compare fatalities from electrical appliances in general, she would get a much higher figure.
(C) Most people would rather take their chances with blenders and golf games than with grizzly bears.
(D) Bears in general—including black, brown, and cinnamon bears, as well as grizzly bears—kill many more people than do electric blenders.
(E) Statistics show that the number of times people use electric blenders each year exceeds the number of times people play golf each year, which in turn far exceeds the number of contacts people have with grizzly bears each year.
我的问题：D为什么不对啊？？
6. No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a Democrat. No Democrat both spoke at the convention and was a senator
Which one of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn from the statements above?
(A) N one but senators spoke at the convention.
(B) No Democrat spoke at the convention.
(C) Only Democrats spoke at the convention.
(D) No senator spoke at the convention.
(E) Some Democrat senators spoke at the convention.
A:  1. 假设题的类型不同, 但相同的是line of reasining有gap. 在读CR原文时,要做的一件事是找出文中所设计的事物, 包括名词, 概念, 数字(或比较), 时间等. 这些事物对排除答案也有很大帮助(我在我CR的总结中会提到).
你还要把握原文的推理过程(或叫逻辑关系). 第一句话:结论, 涉及概念: G, personality, companies. 第二句话:依据, 涉及概念: recent study, occupation. 你应该看到原文的逻辑关系: handwriting did poorly on predicting occupation-->handwriting is a poor way to predict personality. 两个概念不同, 中间有个gap, 既occupation<==>personality.
2. 典型的比较题. 同类题目出现多次. 100年里吃饭被噎死的人数和SARS两个月杀死的人数相同推出吃饭和SARS同样危险, 你说对吗?
3. 还是充分必要条件.
If A, then B, 则A(充分)-->B(必要)
A only if B, 则A(充分)-->B(必要)
not A unless B, 则A(充分)-->B(必要)
原文的逻辑关系为Senator spoke --> democrat; democrat-->not spoke at the convention and a senator at the same time
命题的逆否命题相同: not democrat-->not speak as a senator; both spoke and a senator-->not a democrat.
两个结合起来, 就是:不是民主党的参议员不在convention发言, 民主党不会又发言又是参议员. 则答案为D
我可能解释地不是很清楚. 希望其他人补充!

A:  senator的这道题我当初做了半个小时都不理解，后来求教一个同事，
解释非常明了，我看你也是同路人，所以贴了出来！
No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a democrat
结论，属于民主党人士（包括民主党兼议员和民主党）可以在会上发言。仅仅是议员不能发言。
民主党人士（包括民主党兼议员和民主党），所以不仅是民主党兼议员，也有可能只是民主党人士。只要属于民主党 都可以发言）
No democrat both spoke at the convention and be was a senator
结论，民主党中的议员不能发言，仅仅是民主党人士可以发言。因为答案3有歧义，忽略了民主党人士兼议员人士。
根据1-2结论推出， 议员不能发言。
这是我一个同事给我的解释，英语专业，非常明了，

晴天猪

Q: 请教LSAT－1－IV－12,14,17
If the artificial is not better than the natural, to what end are all the arts of life? To dig, to plow, to build, to wear clothes—all are direct violations of the injunction to follow nature.
17. Which one of the following is an assumption made by the author of the passage?
(A) The arts of life have no useful end.
(B) The artificial is not better than the natural.
(C) Digging, plowing, building, and wearing clothes are better than nature.
(D) The injunction to follow nature should not be violated.
(E) The arts of life are indirect means of following nature
答案：C，我不明白这题的结论是什么？
12. Aristotle wrote that a tyrant would be well advised to put on the appearance of uncommon devotion to religion. Subjects are more tolerant of unjust treatment from a ruler whom they consider god-rearing and pious. Moreover as most subjects believer that even the gods are on the side of the ruler, the subjects are less apt to move against him.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which Aristotle’s argument depends?
(A) The subjects of tyrannical rulers typically believe that there is a power other than the mortal.
(B) A tyrant cannot rule unless he has divine power on his side.
(C) The subjects of tyrannical rulers can rarely be fooled by appearances.
(D) Tyrants who are devoted to religion will not treat their subjects unjustly
(E) For a tyrant, the appearance of uncommon devotion to religion is a more effective means of ruling than unjust treatment
答案：A，　A有点是GAP的假设，请问B为什么不行？
当问假设题时，有两个选项拿不定，该怎么办？取非好象不是太好用。比如B取非：
暴君可以统治，除非有神的保佐，怪怪的。我经常用这种办法拿不定。
14. All those who keep a journal will be heard by the next generation. Some of these journal writers are true artists, others humorous observers of the commonplace, and still others insufferable egotists who feel compelled to record their every thought.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?
(A) Not all of those who are humorous observers of the commonplace will be heard by the next generation.
(B) Everyone who will be heard by the next generation keeps a journal.
(C) The next generation will hear both insufferable egotists and true artists.
(D) Some of those who keep journals are not true artists, humorous observers of the commonplace, or insufferable egotists.
(E) The next generation will bear some of those who are true artists but not all of them.
答案：C，这种　If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?题，我有做有错，有什么好办法吗？
谢谢。
A: 1. 原文的论述中有个gap,也可以看成是概念的跳跃. 原文的结论是以问题的形式提出来的, 既作者认为arts of life证明artificial can be better than natural. 逻辑关系是:digging...都是artificial, 所以arts of life中, artificial can be better than natural. 这里的gap是:digging等一定要better than natural, 才能做为论据. 我再举个例子说明这类题型:都说一班的学生比二班的聪明,可是张学友怎么就比一班的王胖子聪明呢?assumption就是张学友是二班的.这个gap不填上就没有结论了.
2.B还是充分必要条件的问题. 原文指出tyrant可以用XXX方法统治,说明这种方法是充分条件. B把这中方法变成了必要条件,必须用这种方法统治才行. 你看到这种答案要在原文中找逻辑关系, 有没有提到非XXX不可. 我以前举的例子:某制度保证福利,所以必须有某制度才能保证福利. 这里就有A-->B,所以B-->A的逻辑关系. 在此文中不存在这种关系, 所以B错.
3.是不是用举反例的方法可以. 这类题目中经常涉及范围.
A, 你要想:如果all humorous observers of the commonplace都记日志, A就对.所以A可对可错.
B.你要想记日志-->will be heard, 记日志只是一个充分条件, 其它事也可以导致will be heard, 所以可对可错.
C.对.两种人都有记日志的, 而记日志一定导致will be heard, 可以正推出来.
D.和原文相反.
E.如果true artists都记日志,那么E就错.
只要你所想的反例不违背原文的意思, 无论多absurd,都可以用.
Q: 请教LSAT-2-II-5,7
7. There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific finding, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.  
Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument?
(A) Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated.
(B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication.
(C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication.
(D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud.
(E) Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone.
答案:A,我是用排除法得的A,可是,若A是 Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years after they are replicated. 就削弱了结论:
It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.
可是A说的是before,能削弱吗?
5. A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current consumption rates. Since a tax of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the additional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline would be ecologically sound and would keep our country from being too dependent on foreign oil producers.
Which one of the following most clearly identifies an error in the author’s reasoning?
A) The author cites irrelevant data.
(B) The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures.
(C) The author makes incompatible assumptions.
(D) The author mistakes an effect for a cause.
(E) The author appeals to conscience rather than reason.
答案:C,我看了好几遍,都不知为什么是这个错误,能否讲讲?
A: 1. 做题不能只看一个字啊, 要理解整个句子的意思. 原文认为works of scientists发表后其他的scientists会重复实验进而验证,从而使得poor works被rendered harmless. A的意思削弱了原文的论证, 认为很多实验在发表后很多年都不会有人去重复验证, 否定了原文的论据,说明可能cause harm. 你要想用after, 就改成Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years after they are published. 你改后的A不对. replication本身就是challenge的一步.
2. 两者矛盾. 涨价1分,增加收入10亿,推出涨价50分增收500亿万(结论本身就有问题, 供求有弹性的--elasticity, 按这个逻辑,涨价100块钱要增收1万亿了);然后又说涨价后需求减少(注意,前一个结论的前提是涨价和增收成正比,需求不变才可以达到500亿),有益于环境保护.
所以前后两个是矛盾的.
Q: 请教LSAT－2－II－17,18,24
1The advanced technology of ski boots and bindings has brought a dramatic drop in the incidence of injuries that occur on the slopes of ski resorts: from 9 injuries per 1,000 skiers in 1950 to 3 in 1980. As a result, the remainder of ski-related injuries, which includes all injuries occurring on the premises of a ski resort but not on the slopes, rose from 10 percent of all ski-related injuries in 1950 to 25 percent in 1980. The incidence of these injuries, including accidents such as falling down steps, increases with the amount of alcohol consumed per skier.
17. Which one of the following conflicts with information in the passage?
(A) The number of ski injuries that occurred on the slopes was greater in 1980 than in 1950.
(B) A skier was less likely to be injured on the slopes in 1950 than in 1980.
(C) The reporting of ski injuries became more accurate between 1950 and 1980.
(D) The total number of skiers dropped between 1950 and 1980.
(E) Some ski-related injuries occurred in 1980 to people who were not skiing.
答案：B，我觉得A，B均可啊？为什么A不行呢？
18. Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.
Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?
(A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds.
(B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increases with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction.
(C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.
(D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.
(E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.
答案：B，B为什么是削弱呢？
24. There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered to be great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(A) There are no artists who have insights into political issues.
(B) A thorough education in art makers a person reasonably well educated.
(C) Every reasonably well-educated person who s not an artist has more insight into political issues than any artist.
(D) Politicians rarely have any artistic talent.
(E) Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well-educated persons who are not artists.
答案：E，其它选项可排除。
可是E与原文讲的矛盾啊？
原文讲的是：most artists are  less politically insightful than some reasonably well-educated persons who are not artists.
A: 1. 同意1stzhang的意见. 在牵涉到数字和比较的题目中, 要注意的一个问题是:比较的是绝对的数字(absolute value)还是比率(rate, percentage).  
2. 我以前回复过此题, CD不支持全文搜索实在是...唉...
B削弱在于它指出是其它原因造成了文中的现象. 这道题也是很典型的:A和B同时发生,于是结论为A-->B. 这类题一般问assumption, 答案可能是:1. 不是B-->A 2. 不是其它原因造成B. 这里的削弱就是第二种情况, 否定了assumption:是其它原因造成的, 原结论就不成立了.
XX通过观察认为孵蛋的成功率和筑巢有关(A,B同时发生==>A-->B). 答案B指出蛋的质量是原因.
3. 是LSAT中常见的题型. Most of people at CD are now studying GMAT ==> Some of those people at CD are not studying. 所以说逻辑题目中的每个字都很重要,尤其是这种表程度,范围,态度的词.
Q: 请教LSAT-2-IV-8,9
9. Advertisement: Clark brand-name parts are made for cars manufactured in this country. They satisfy al of our government automotive test-the toughest such tests in the world. With foreign-made parts, you never know which might be reliable and which are cheap look-alikes that are poorly constructed and liable to cost you hundreds of dollars in repairs. Therefore, be smart and insist on brand-name parts by Clark for your car.  
The argument requires the assumption that
(A) Clark parts are available only in this country
(B) foreign-made parts are not suitable for cars manufactured in this country
(C) no foreign-made parts satisfy our government standards
(D) parts that satisfy our government standards are not as poorly constructed as cheap foreign-made parts
(E) if parts are made for cars manufactured in our country, they are not poorly constructed
答案,我觉得这个是bridge型的假设题,但是C为什么不行呢?也是个bridge啊?
8. Measurements of the extent of amino-acid decomposition in fragments of eggshell found at archaeological sites in such places as southern Africa can be used to obtain accurate dates for sites up to 200,000 years old. Because the decomposition is slower in cool climates, the technique can be used to obtain accurate dates for sites almost a million years old in cooler regions.
The information above provides the most support for which one of the following conclusions?
(A) The oldest archaeological sites are not in southern Africa, but rather in cooler regions of the world.
(B) The amino-acid decomposition that enables eggshells to be used in dating does not take place in other organic matter found at ancient archaeological sites.
(C) If the site being dated had been subject to large unsuspected climatic fluctuations during the time the eggshell has been at the site, application of the technique is less likely to yield accurate results.
(D) After 200,000 ears in a cool climate, less than one-fifth of the amino acids in a fragment of eggshell that would provide material for dating with the technique will have decomposed and will thus no longer be suitable for examination by the technique.
(E) Fragments of eggshell are more likely to be found at ancient archaeological sites in warm regions of the world than at such sites in cooler regions.
答案:C,
请问conclusion与一般的归纳题有什么区别吗?归纳题中如果出现原文没有的概念就排除,如C中出现了climatic fluction?是不是方法上有什么不同?
A: 1. 你没有把题目完全理解. 记住原文的内容要全面理解.
原文说顾客在选择foreign parts时,分不清质优和质差(poorly constructed), 而Clarks的parts都通过了政府检测, 所以要选就选Clark parts. 这里的gap是分清质优质差和通过政府检测. D是标准答案.
C是标准错误答案, 以后见到类似选项要警惕. C不能填补原文逻辑中的gap, C对此题是无关选项. 取非后:Not all ...有的通过,有的没通过, 原文的逻辑照样成立.
2. 这里的fluctuation并不是新概念, 它是原文中一个概念的非. 原文讲在不同的气候带中amino-acid的分解速度不同, 可以用于计算. 这里的隐含条件是气候带的温度比较恒定. fluctuation就是否定这个隐含条件.
这类题目也教常见, 所以在阅读是不要停留在表面上, 不要只是看字眼, 要理解题意.
Q:  请教LSAT-2-IV-3,12
3. The United States has never been a great international trader. It found most of its raw materials and customers for finished products within its own borders. The terrible consequences of this situation have become apparent, as this country now owes the largest foreign debt in the world and is a playground for wealthy foreign investors. The moral is clear: a country can no more live without foreign trade than a dog can live by eating its own tail.  
In order to advance her point of view, the author does each of the following EXCEPT
(A) draw on an analogy
(B) appeal to historical fact
(C) identify a cause and an effect
(D) suggest a cause of the current economic situation
(E) question the ethical basis of an economic situation
答案:E,可是原文中不是有The moral is clear: a country can no more live without foreign trade than a dog can live by eating its own tail. ?
12. “Though they soon will, patients should not have a legal right to see their medical records. As a doctor, I see two reasons for this. First, giving them access will be time-wasting because it will significantly reduce the amount of time that medical staff can spend on more important duties, by forcing them to retrieve and return files. Second, if my experience is anything to go by, no patients are going to ask for access to their records anyway.”
Which one of the following, if true, establishes that the doctor’s second reason does not cancel out the first?
(A) The new law will require that doctors, when seeing a patient in their office, must be ready to produce the patient’s records immediately, not just ready to retrieve them.
(B) The task of retrieving and returning files would fall to the lowest-paid member of a doctor’s office staff.
(C) Any patients who asked to see their medical records would also insist on having details they did not understand explained to them.
(D) The new law does not rule out that doctors may charge patients for extra expenses incurred specifically in order to comply with the new law.
(E) Some doctors have all allowing their patients access to their medical records, but those doctors’ patients took no advantage of this policy.
答案:A
请问题目是什么意思啊?
A: 1. 刚查了字典, moral在这里应该是教训的意思, draw a moral.  
2. 还没弄明白. 前几天有人贴过, 好象1stzhang还是cranberry解释了. 你找找看.
Q: 请教LSAT-2-IV-16,21,23
16. Nuclear fusion is a process whereby the nuclei of atoms are joined, or “fused,” and in which energy is released. One of the by-products of fusion is helium-4 gas. A recent fusion experiment was conducted using “heavy” water contained in a sealed flask. The flask was, in turn, contained in an air-filled chamber designed to eliminate extraneous vibration. After the experiment, a measurable amount of helium-4 gas was found in the air of the chamber. The experimenters cited this evidence in support of their conclusion that fusion ad been achieved.  
Which one of the following, if true, would cast doubt on the experimenters’ conclusion?
(A) Helium-4 was not the only gas found in the experiment chamber.
(B) When fusion is achieved, it normally produces several by-products, including tritium and gamma rays.
(C) The amount of helium-4 found in the chamber’s air did not exceed the amount of elium-4 that is found in ordinary air.
(D) Helium-4 gas rapidly breaks down, forming ordinary helium gas after a few hours.
(E) Nuclear fusion reactions are characterized by the release of large amounts of heat.
答案:C,我明白这是对evidence的削弱,请问E,算不算他因削弱,提出了另一个标准呢?
23. An advertisements states:
Like Danaxil, all headache pills can stop your headache. But when you are in pain, you want relief right away. Danaxil is for you-no headache pill stops pain more quickly.
Evelyn and Jane are each suffering from a headache. Suppose Evelyn takes Danaxil and Jane takes its leading competitor.
Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the claims in the advertisement?
(A) Evelyn’s headache pain will be relieved, but Jane’s will not.
(B) Evelyn’s headache pain will be relieved more quickly than Jane’s.
(C) Evelyn’s headache will be relieved at least as quickly as Jane’s.
(D) Jane’s headache pain will be relieved at the same time as is Evelyn’s.
(E) Jane will be taking Danaxil for relief from headache pain.
答案:C,为什么C比B好吗?
21. Efficiency and redundancy are contradictory characteristics of linguistic systems: however, they can be used together to achieve usefulness and reliability in communication. If a spoken language is completely efficient, then every possible permutation of its basic language sounds can be an understandable word. However, if the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then it is not true that every possible permutation of a spoken language’s basic language sounds can be an understandable word.
If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?
(A) Efficiency causes a spoken language to be useful and redundancy causes it to be reliable.
(B) Neither efficiency nor redundancy can be completely achieved in spoken language.
(C) If a spoken language were completely redundant, then it could not be useful.
(D) If the human auditory system were a perfect receptor of sounds, then every permutation of language sounds would be an understandable word.
(E) If the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then a spoken language cannot be completely efficient.
答案:E, 这题我还是不会做啊?怎么办呢?
A: 1. 在做逻辑题目时,一定要把握相关性原则. 我以前提到思路要在在原文的逻辑关系中,不能脱离原文的link. heat在此题中是无关概念, 要让heat成为有关概念, 就要填补一个gap, 就是在实验中有没有观测到heat. 如果原文提到实验中没有测试到large amount of heat, E就是有关选项并是答案. 你既然理解C是答案, 就应该明白C有关是因为原文中提到了实验中对Helium的观测结果.
2. 数学题. CD中没有人比Zeros发贴多==>其他人发帖数小于等于Zeros的发帖数. 原文的比较也是说其它头痛药不比D见效快==>其它either慢or等于D
3. 我认为先用排除法. 这种题目要把思路严格地局限在原文的逻辑关系内, 当自己是个idiot.
原文中的两个IF标出了逻辑关系:
1. "a spoken language is completely efficient"(A)-->"every possible permutation of its basic language sounds can be an understandable word"(B);
2. "the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds"(C)-->"it is not true that every possible permutation of a spoken language’s basic language sounds can be an understandable word"(非B)
然后看选项:
A. 不对, 原文没有提到这两个逻辑关系
B. 不对, 原文没有提到complete redundancy可能性. 原文提到了complete efficiency, 但是并没有说它是否可能. 从原文的第二个逻辑关系看, 如果听觉系统不完善, complete efficiency才不可能, 言下之意是如果听觉系统完善(即使这个假设是错的, 原文并没有否定这个假设, 所以不违背原文的逻辑关系),就可以达到complete efficiency.
C. 不对, 原文没有提到complete redundancy
D. 不对, 此选项是第二个逻辑关系的否命题, 与原命题不等价,可对可错, 不能从原文推出来.
E. 对. C-->非B-->非A
你可以通过相关性排除前三个选项, 再根据逻辑关系找出D的错误并验证E的正确性.
1. 所谓其它原因削弱是指用一个新的原因解释现象, 答案中一定会将新的原因和现象联系起来. 你回想一下以前所见过的题目, 新的原因不会是单独给出不和现象联系. 例如那道孵蛋的问题, 新的原因说蛋的质量随时间变化, 和孵蛋有关. 举一个假设题目中的非它因: 杜德伟吃多了,杜德伟肚子痛,所以吃多了-->肚子痛. assumption就是不是因为吃了E coli而导致了肚子痛. 如果选项只说他没吃E coli, 就不是答案, 因为没有将E coli和肚子痛联系在一起, 并且common sense也不能解释.
Heat在原文中并没有提到, 你不能确认是否观测到了heat, 所以无关.
Q: Lsat test1/s1/q14
Q14, Either Perry’s faction or Tucker’s faction, but not both, will win control of the government. If Perry’s faction wins, the nation will suffer economically. If Tucker’s faction wins, the nation will suffer militarily.
Given the statements in the passage, which one of the following statements must be true?
(C) It is certain that the nation will suffer either economically or militarily, and also certain that it will not suffer both.
(D) If the nation suffers militarily, it is possible, but not certain, that Tucker’s faction has won control of the government.
The answer is D, but what’s wrong with C?
A: 文中可没有排除“suffer both”的可能，只是suffer one is certain

Q: lsat test11/s4/q21
Q21. The proper way to plan a scientific project is first to decide its goal and then to plan the best way to accomplish that goal. The United States space station project does not conform to this ideal. When the Cold War ended, the project lost its original purpose, so another purpose was quickly grafted onto the project that of conducting limited-gravity experiments, even though such experiments can be done in an alternative way. It is, therefore, abundantly clear that the space station should not be built.  
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
(C) Faults planners for not foreseeing a certain event, when in fact that event was not foreseeable.
(E) Concludes that a shortcoming is fatal having produced evidence only of the existence of that shortcoming.
The answer is E but I cannot think out why C is not right.
Can somebody explain why E si the right answer.
A: C不是答案, 因为原文并没有指责planner failed to predict the end of Cold War. 原文的逻辑是:做一个project, 要先找出goal, 然后再找到实现goal的最佳途径. 太空站用于研究失重不是经过这个planning process,所以太空站不应该建立 (隐含意思:太空站不是最好的途径). 所以E是答案, 因为存在一个弱点, 就说这个弱点是致命的. 举一个简单的例子说明:正常的任命过程是由500名代表选举出最合格的人选, 现在由president任命了A, 所以不应该选A(意思是A不是最合格的). 逻辑上的错误就是由一个缺陷否定了大前提.

Q: lsat test11/s1/q15
Q19, 19. Fares on the city-run public buses in Greenville are subsidized by city tax revenues, but among the beneficiaries of the low fares are many people who commute from outside the city to jobs in Greenville. Some city councilors argue that city taxes should be used primarily to benefit the people who pay them, and therefore that bus fares should be raised enough to cover the cost of the service.  
Each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument advanced by the city councilors EXCEPT:
(D) Voters in the city, many of whom benefit from the low transit fares are strongly opposed to increasing local taxes.
(E) People who work in Greenville and earn wages above the nationally mandated minimum all pay the city wage tax of 5 percent.
The answer is D, but I think it should be E.
A: D是典型的不相关选项. 重点是原文的逻辑关系, 你要在原文的逻辑关系内找答案.  
D错在并没有weaken原文的逻辑关系:tax money should benefit people who pay taxes-->tax money should not be used for people living outside the city. weaken argument是指削弱了论述. 既能指出论述和逻辑上的错误. D和此逻辑没有关系.
E是weaken因为它指出了原文逻辑的一个漏洞:people living outside also pay taxes. 实际上否定了原文的一个别assumption:people living outside the city do not pay taxes. 所以对.
Q: lsat test10/s2/q23
Q 23. A poor farmer was fond of telling his children: “In this world, you are either rich or poor, and you are either honest or dishonest. All poor farmers are honest. Therefore, all rich farmers are dishonest.”  
The farmer’s conclusion is properly drawn if the argument assumes that
(A) every honest farmer is poor
(C) everyone who is dishonest is a rich farmer
(D) everyone who is poor is honest
A: A IS THE ANSWER
C IS TOO MUCH FOR A ASSUMPTION
D IS NOT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE CONCLUSION COS IT MEANS ANYONE WHO IS NOT HONEST IS RICH
Q: lsat test7/s1/q12
Q12, No mathematician today would flatly refuse to accept the results of an enormous computation as an adequate demonstration of the truth of a theorem. In 1976, however, this was not the case. Some mathematicians at that time refused to accept the results of a complex computer demonstration of a very simple mapping theorem. Although some mathematicians still hold a strong belief that a simple theorem ought to have a short, simple proof, in fact, some simple theorems have required enormous proofs.
If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?
(A) Today, some mathematicians who believe that a simple theorem ought to have a simple proof would consider accepting the results of an enormous computation as a demonstration of the truth of a theorem.
(C) Today, some individuals who refuse to accept the results of an enormous computation as a demonstration of the truth of a theorem believe that a simple theorem ought to have a simple proof
Can anyone can explain why he answer is A and not C please?
A: 做此类题目有两个要点:
1. 一定要找出原文的逻辑关系: A-->B,答案往往是此逻辑关系的一个子集或逆否.比如说:所有鸟都有翅膀, 鸡是一种鸟. 答案就是鸡有翅膀.
2. 既然是must be true, 你看选项时就要问自己此选项有没有可能是错的.
A正确, 因为原文说No mathematician today would flatly refuse to accept the results ...和A的意思一样.
C错. 因为不一定. 原文并没有给出refuse to accept和believe that a simple theorem两种人的关系. 所以我们并不能得出must be true.
Q: 请教LSAT17-III-19,20，谢谢！
19. Train service suffers when a railroad combines commuter and freight service. By dividing its attention between its freight and commuter customers, a railroad serves neither particularly well. Therefore, if a railroad is going to be a successful business, then it must concentrate exclusively on one of these two markets.
For the argument to be logically correct, it must make which one of the following assumptions?
(A) Commuter and freight service have little in common with each other.
(B) The first priority of a railroad is to be a successful business.
(C) Unless a railroad serves its customers well, it will not be a successful business.
(D) If a railroad concentrates on commuter service, it will be a successful business.
(E) Railroad commuters rarely want freight service as well.
为什么是C？我选A，其余四个都觉得可排除。
20. Most people in the United States view neither big nor small business as particularly efficient or dynamic and regard both as providing consumers with fairly priced goods and services. However, most people consistently perceive small business as a force for good in society whereas big business is perceived as socially responsible only in times of prosperity.
The statements above, if true would provide the strongest support for which one of the following hypotheses?
(A) Most people in the United States give little thought to the value of business to society.
(B) If big business were more efficient, it would be perceived more favorably by the public generally.
(C) If small business were regarded as being more dynamic, it too, would receive strongly favorable ratings only in times of general prosperity.
(D) Even if people did not regard big business as providing consumers with value for their money, they would still regard it as socially responsible in times of general prosperity.
(E) Many people in the United States regard the social responsibility of big business as extending beyond providing consumers with fairly priced goods and services.
答案是E。这题就看不大懂了，题目中前后两句有什么关联？

A: 1. 正相反, A是无关选项. 你要把握assumption的原则:原文逻辑的必要条件. 原文的逻辑必然有一个gap, assumption用来填补gap. 我讲过assumption的类型, 你可以看看我以前的回复.
此题的逻辑关系中有一个很明显的gap: 概念的跳跃. serve both-->serve neither well==>successful -->serve only one. 这里successful和serve customer well被联系在一起, 但是并没有指出关系. 就是gap. C是标准答案.
A也许可以做为你个推理或结论的答案. 如果你选了A说明你对assumption的题目还没有很了解. 不知道你看的参考书是哪一本?
2. 用排除法. 前四项都是无关选项. E比较绕, 但是符合原文. 大多数人认为BB总是能提供fairly priced goods, 但是认为BB只在经济繁荣时socially responsible.
Q: 这题我也会选A，对假设也不行啊。 mindfree,能不能推荐什么好的参考书，可以开窍 一下？
概念的跳跃. serve both-->serve neither well==>successful -->serve only one. 这里successful和serve customer well被联系在一起, 但是并没有指出关系. 就是gap. C是标准答案.
那么D呢？也是serve one，也是答案吗？
A: 陈向东的书可能有帮助(本人多次推荐此书,世界知识出版社应该为CD的会员打5折). 由于题目中有明显的gap, 这里只有C是标准答案. D是结论题型中的典型错误答案. 原文的逻辑是serve one是成功的必要条件, D说它是充分条件.
Q: 概念的跳跃. serve both-->serve neither well==>successful -->serve only one. 这里successful和serve customer well被联系在一起, 但是并没有指出关系. 就是gap. C是标准答案.
这个就是你上次教我的确认逻辑关系中的假设题。假设一定要是必要条件，不能是充分条件。你举过类似的例子的。
怎么换了个长相，我就认不得了。
A:  
以下是引用greenfish在2003-5-8 8:34:00的发言： 谢谢mindfree！你说successful -->serve only one，那如果C改成是是serve commuter well呢？是不是还选C？

这个问题很好. 在此题中改变后C就不是答案. 因为可以只serve freiht customers而不serve commuters. 所以必要条件是无论serve哪一个, 都要serve well.
很多假设题目的答案是很多假设其中的一个,别比如说:考砸了-->没复习好. assumption就有很多: 不是考前没睡好造成的;不是考试时晕到了;不是考试时睡着了; 复习好就能考好等等. 答案就是其中一个,比相当于一个集合中的factor.
如果把原文改动一下:
Train service suffers when a railroad combines commuter and freight service. By dividing its attention between its freight and commuter customers, a railroad serves neither particularly well. Therefore, if a railroad is going to be a successful business, then it must expand its resources to serve both well.
那么改动后的C就是正确答案, 因为必须要serve commuter. 此答案也可以是Unless ...serve freight customers well, ...
Q: LSAT问题请教(lsat-8-ii-19& lsat-8-ii-20)
新来乍到。。。请多多关照
19-20 is based on the following passage:
In a rain cloud, water molecules containing oxygen-18 are rarer than water molecules containing normal oxygen. But in rainfall, a higher proportion of all water molecules containing oxygen-18 than of all water molecules containing ordinary oxygen descends to earth. Consequently, scientists were surprised with the measurements along the entire route of rain cloud’s passage from above the Atlantic ocean, the site of their origin formation, across the Amazon forest, where it rains almost daily, showed that oxygen-18 content of each of the clouds remained fairly constant.
19. which of the follow statement, if true, best help to resolve the conflict between scientists’ expectation, based on the known behavior of oxygen-18, and the results of their measurements of the rain clouds’ oxygen-IS content?
(b) Like the oceans, tropical rain forests can create or replenish rain clouds in the atmosphere above them
(d) The amount of rain recycled back into the atmosphere from the leaves of forest vegetation is exactly the same as the amount of ram in river runoffs that is not recycled into the atmosphere
为什么是B？
20 which of the following reference about an individual rain cloud is supported by the passage
(a) Once it is form over the Atlantic, the rain cloud contain more ordinary oxygen than oxygen-18
(c) The clouds rainfall contains more oxygen-18 than ordinary oxygen  
为什么是A，我觉得A 和 C都对。。
另：我用的LSAT电子版本不能拷贝题目，每次想问题目都要手敲一遍。。好麻烦。。请问大家有没有别的版本的LSAT题目，或者有什么别的办法。。
谢谢。。
A: 1. 我认为B的关键在于like ocean, 说明rain forest在功能上和ocean有相似性,这样就能够解释oxygen-18的含量恒定的现象.
D只是在量上给出了解释, 没有对质进行解释, 对oxygen-18的含量不能解释.
2. C是错的, 原文说rain cloud中含oxygen-18的水分子要远少与含普通氧的水分子, 说明oxygen-18要少于ordinary oxygen.
Q: 但原文是 " But in rainfall, a higher proportion of all water molecules containing oxygen-18 than of all water molecules containing ordinary oxygen descends to earth."
指是rainfall oxygen-18含量高。。。不是正好和Ｃ吻合吗？
A: 这句话的意思是在降雨中中含oxygen-18水分子要多于含ordinary oxygen的水分子. 既虽然在rain cloud中总体的oxygen-18水分子少于ordinary oxygen水分子, 形成降雨时雨水中的oxygen-18的水分子要多于ordinary oxygen的水分子.
Q: 对啊。。所以20中（c）不是应该也对吗？
(c) The clouds rainfall contains more oxygen-18 than ordinary oxygen
A: albet 正如mindfree曾经所说逻辑阅读和阅读理解不同，每句话都很重要（一般情况下是这样）一定要仔细阅读理解，我刚看到你的问题时也是一愣，但仔细看这句话——a higher proportion of all water molecules containing oxygen-18 than of all water molecules containing ordinary oxygen descends to earth——我们会发现他翻了费费所说的比较对象错误，句中说是含氧18的所有水分子的一个比例和含通常氧原子的所有水分子的一个比例相比前一个比例大，但并不能推出The clouds rainfall contains more oxygen-18 than ordinary oxygen ，因为可能The clouds rainfall contains less oxygen-18 than ordinary oxygen，但
含oxygen-18 的水分子中大部分将落到了地面。不知你理解了吗？举个数学例子：10个水分子（相当于all water molecules containing oxygen-18 ），100个水分子（相当于all water molecules containing ordinary oxygen ）100〉10，即rainfall中The clouds rainfall contains less oxygen-18 than ordinary oxygen，但最终10个水分子全降落到earth为100%，而100个水分子中只有20各水分子降落到了earth为20%，100%〉20%，好了我只能讲到这里了；
A:
agree wubin.
The clouds rainfall 不等于the raifall.我想你是看错了.
另外,19题我是这样理解的:既然 across the Amazon forest,oxygen-18 content of each of the clouds remained fairly constant.而在above the Atlantic ocean,water molecules containing oxygen-18 are rarer than water molecules containing normal oxygen.
等于在形成云的时候少,下雨的时候又一样了.因此在运行的过程中,一定有氧18的 补充.
正如B所说.揭示了矛盾.
不知道这样理解对不对.
Q: 谢谢各位。
To jacy: " The clouds rainfall 不等于the raifall.我想你是看错了."  我觉得问题不在这两个词的区别，应该是一样的。
To wubin:
But in rainfall, a higher proportion of all water molecules containing oxygen-18 than of all water molecules containing ordinary oxygen descends to earth.
我想你的意思是关键是对proportion的理解。你的理解是： 这里的proportion是指 掉到地上(rainfall)的水分子/原来的raincloud的水分子。。。而比较的是: 含oxygen-18水分子中 掉到地上(rainfall)的水分子/原来的raincloud的水分子 和 ordinary oxygen 水分子中 掉到地上(rainfall)的水分子/原来的raincloud的水分子的这个proportion
而我原来的理解是: 在rainfall中,掉到地上的 oxygen-18的比例>ordinary oxygen的比例，所以我就理解成了 oxygen-18> ordianary oxygen..
这句话也许等价于：
But in rainfall,  the proportion of all water molecules containing oxygen-18, which descends to the earth, is higher than the proportion of all water molecules containing ordinary oxygen, which descends to the earth.
我的理解对吗？
这句话好复杂，如果考试我估计还错.
A: 同意wubin的解释, 我原先的解释有误.
a higher proportion of all water molecules containing oxygen-18 than of all water molecules containing ordinary oxygen descends to earth.
此句话的意思是:在比例上, 更多的含O-18的水分子形成降雨落到地上, 相对于含O-16的水分子.
比如说80%的O-18降雨,而20%的O-16降雨. 但我们不知道O-18和O-16的基数, 无法知道那一个更多. 都有可能.
Q: 请教LSAT-3-I-22,23
22. In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their fathers made pie dough together using rolling pins and other utensils. Each father-son pair used a rolling pin that was distinctively different from those used by the other, "father-son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase "rolling pin" each time his son used it. But when the children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling pins, each child picked only the one that he had used.
Which one of the following inferences is most supported by the information above?
(A) the children did not grasp the function of rolling pin.
(B) No two children understood the name "rolling pin" to apply to the same object
(C) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape.
(D) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used.
(E) The children were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins.
答案：B，这是怎么来的啊要？
23. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By contrast. of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of people is tested for cocaine use. the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine.
A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument
(A) attempts to infer a value judgment from purely factual premises.
(B) attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population.
(C) fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine.
(D) ignores the fact that some cocaine users do not test positive.
(E) advocates testing people for cocaine use when there is no reason to suspect that they have used cocaine.
答案：C，我一见数学题，人就晕，就搞不明白这些数字 是怎么来的怎么去的。
谢谢。
A:
1. 此题可以理解成conclusion题型. 答案可以用排除法找到.
A. 错. 原文没有提到是否掌握rolling pin的功能, 他们不挑出其它的pin也不能说明是因为未掌握功能, 可能是其它原因.
B. 对.
C. 错. 与原文的现象相反, 如果知道就不会只找出自己用过的.
D. 错. 这是解释想象的原因之一, 而不是结论, 由只找自己用的rolling pin推广到所有的utensil不对.
E. 与原文相反
2. 这类题目在ETS中很常见, 前几天的一道关于oxygen-18的题目很类似, 此题中有两种人A和B, 结论是5%的A小于99%的B. 这里忽略了A和B的基数. 如果A远远大于B(或A>(99/5)B), 原不等式就不成立. 这种题目应该是迷惑美国人的, 你在阅读是要很快找到问题.
A: 1, 文中给定的前提是，孩子用擀面杖（姑且这样叫），都是擀面杖，但模样不同，最后从工具里挑擀面杖时，只会挑出自己用过的那一个。可以推出，对孩子来讲，擀面杖这个词只是代表他用过的那一个而已。
Q: 1，其它好排除。就是D不是跟原文说的一样吗：
原文： each child picked only the one that he had used.
D：Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used.
为什么D错？
A:
以下是引用mindfree在2003-5-12 23:05:00的发言：  2. 这类题目在ets中很常见, 前几天的一道关于oxygen-18的题目很类似, 此题中有两种人a和b, 结论是5%的a小于99%的b. 这里忽略了a和b的基数. 如果a远远大于b(或a>(99/5)b), 原不等式就不成立. 这种题目应该是迷惑美国人的, 你在阅读是要很快找到问题.

thus, when a randomly chosen group of people is tested for cocaine use. the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine.
===>结论是5%的a小于99%的b. ？？？？
mindfree,能再讲讲吗？谢谢。
A: 原文说5%的不用coke的人会被误测, 而99%的用coke的人会被测出来.所以在一个sample人群中测coke, 被测出positive的人中大多数是用coke的人. 这里可以看出来positive的人包括5%不用coke而被误测的人加上99%用coke的人. 结论是99%用coke的人要多于5%不用coke的人.  这里的错误是我们只知道两个百分比, 没有绝对的数值, 而且两个百分比的基数不同, 无法比较. 如果不用coke的人有一万个, 用的有一百个, 那么positive的人有10000*5%+100*99%=599.般其中误测的就多于正确的.

Q: lsat8-iv-18,
18. Professor Hartley's new book on moral philosophy contains numerous passages that can be found verbatim in an earlier published work by Hartley's colleague, Professor Lawrence. Therefore in view of the fact that these passages were unattributed in Hartley's book. Hartley has been dishonest in not acknowledging the intellectual debt owed to Lawrence.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument is based?
(A) Hartley could not have written the new book without the passages in question.
(B) While writing the new book, Hartley had access to the manuscript of Lawrence s book.
(C) A book on moral philosophy should contain only material representing the author's own convictions.
(D) Lawrence did not get the ideas in the passages in Question or did not get their formulations originally from Hartley.
(E) Hartley considered the passages in question to be the best possible expressions of the ideas they contain.
Answer:  D but I think B
因为如果对Ｂ取非，在写书的时候hartley根本没看过Lawrence写的书，也就不存在抄袭。也就无所谓：intellectual debt owed to Lawrence.
23. Doctors in Britain have long suspected that patients who wear tinted eyeglasses are abnormally prone to depression and hypochondria. Psychological tests given there to hospital patients admitted for physical complaints like heart pain and digestive distress confirmed such a relationship. Perhaps people whose relationship to the world is psychologically painful choose such glasses to reduce visual stimulation, which is perceived as irritating. At any rate, it can be concluded that when such glasses are worn, it is because the wearer has a tendency to be depressed or hypochondriacal
23. Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument EXCEPT:
(A) Some people wear tinted glasses not because they choose to do so but because a medical condition of their eyes forces them to do so.
(B) Even a depressed or hypochondriacal person can have valid medical complaints, so a doctor should perform all the usual objective tests in diagnosing such persons.
(C) The confirmatory tests were not done for places such as western North America where the usual quality of light differs from that prevailing in Britain.
(D) Fashions with respect to wearing tinted glasses differ in different parts of the world.
(E) At the hospitals where the tests were given, patients who were admitted for conditions less ambiguous than heart pain or digestive distress did not show the relationship between tinted glasses and depression or hypochondria.
Answer: B
为什么是Ｂ啊，我怎么看其他几个除了Ａ都不象WEAKEN
15. Goodbody, Inc., is in the process of finding tenants for its newly completed Parrot Quay commercial development, which will make available hundreds of thousands of square feet of new office space on what was formerly derelict property outside the financial center of the city. Surprisingly enough, the coming recession though it will hurt most of the city's businesses, should help Goodbody to find tenants.
Which one of the following, if true, does most to help resolve the apparent paradox?
(A) Businesses forced to economize by the recession will want to take advantage of the lower rents available outside the financial center.
(E) The recession is likely to have the most severe effect not on service industries, which require a lot of office space, but on manufacturers.
答案是Ａ，我理解。但Ｅ好象也对吧？
A: 1，对B取非，可得不出你说的结果，取非后的结论是在写书时没有看过他的原稿，未必在写书前没有看过，未必没有听过别人说起，种种可能都存在。
2，以前讨论过的。
3，从文中读不出E的意思，受影响才需要搬家，另找便宜的地方呀。
Q: 1. 那为什么又是D呢？
3。 E说经济萧条主要对制造业有影响。。而对于需要大量空间的服务行业影响不大。。所以虽然经济萧条，该公司的房子依然好卖.
A:  D的意思是劳伦斯没有从哈特利得到启发云云，也就是说，劳伦斯的书虽然在前，但他也有可能是从哈特利学来的，而哈特利才是原作者。D就是排除了这种原因。
文中的主要矛盾在原本是垃圾地段的房产现在好卖了，而不是对全部地产的需求没有影响。E即使有道理，也不是最有利的支持。
A: 3. E没有和Goodbody直接联系上, 既然你选E, 其实是你做了assumption, 这些service  industries会租Goodbody, 这种自己的假设在GMAT中是要避免的. A的正确性在于它直接将Goodbody的property和recession联系在一起.
GMAT所要求的common sense只有很窄的范围, 比如说inflation-->总体物价上涨, low wage and severe working condition-->unsatisfied employees. 这类常理是肯定正确的, 而且不需要任何专业常识.
Q: 请教LSAT8-IV-9,10
9. Brain scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson's disease. This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson's disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to develop Parkinson's disease.
The argument contains which one of the following reasoning errors?
(A) It fails to establish that other methods that can be used to diagnose Parkinson's disease are less accurate than brain scans.
(B) It overestimates the importance of early diagnosis in determining appropriate treatments for people suffering from Parkinson's disease.
(C) It mistakes a correlation between the type of brain damage described and Parkinson's disease for a causal relation between the two.
(D) It assumes that people would want to know as early as possible whether they were likely to develop Parkinson's disease.
{E} It neglects to specify how the information provided by brain scans could be used either in treating Parkinson's disease or in monitoring the progression of the disease.  
Answer: B but I think the answer is C
10. Almost all of the books published in the past 150 years were printed on acidic paper. Unfortunately, every kind of acidic paper gradually destroys itself due to its very acidity. This process of deterioration can be slowed if the books are stored in a cool, dry environment. Techniques, which are now being developed, to deacidify books will probably be applied only to books with historical significance.
If all of the statements in the passage above are true, which one of the following must also be true!
(A) If a book was published in the past 50 years and is historically insignificant, it will probably deteriorate completely.
(B) Almost all of the books published in the past 150 years will gradually destroy themselves.
(C) Almost all of the books that gradually deteriorate are made of acidic paper.
(D) If a book is of historical significance and was printed before 150 years ago, it will be deacidified.
(E) Books published on acidic paper in 1900 should now all be at about the same state of deterioration.
答案是: A but I think B is ok as well
因为原文:
his process of deterioration can be slowed if the books are stored in a cool, dry environment.
说明了毁坏过程可以被减慢，言下之意毁坏过程还是在继续的，只是变慢了。。
所以和 (B) Almost all of the books published in the past 150 years will gradually destroy themselves吻合。
A: 1. 同意C.
2. 但是有了新的技术, 除了酸, 这些书就不会destroy themselves
Q: 谢谢mindfree.
但是原文:
This process of deterioration can be slowed if the books are stored in a cool, dry environment. Techniques, which are now being developed, to deacidify books will probably be applied only to books with historical significance.
我的理解是：新技术也没说能完全阻止书的毁坏过程...
A: 第一种情况可以减缓destruction,第二种是可以除酸的技术, 从根本上解决了旧书自毁的问题.

Q: lsat9-I-7,20,9
7. In a study of the effect of radiation from nuclear weapons plants on people living in areas near them, researchers compared death rates in the areas near the plants with death rates in areas that had no such plants. Finding no difference in these rates, the researchers concluded that radiation from the nuclear weapons plants poses no health hazards to people living near them.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the researchers’ argument?
(A) Nuclear power plants were not included in the study.
(B) The areas studied had similar death rates before and after the nuclear weapons plants were built.
(C) Exposure to nuclear radiation can cause many serious diseases that do not necessarily result in death.
(D) Only a small number of areas have nuclear weapons plants.
(E) The researchers did not study the possible health hazards of radiation on people who were employed at the nuclear weapons plants if those employees did not live in the study areas.
Answer: C I think it is B
Saunders: Everyone at last week’s neighborhood association meeting agreed that the row of abandoned and vandalized houses on Cariton Street posed a threat to the safety of our neighborhood. Moreover, no one now disputes that getting the houses torn down eliminated that threat. Some people tried to argue that it was unnecessary to demolish what they claimed were basically sound buildings, since the city had established a fund to help people in need of housing buy and rehabilitate such buildings. The overwhelming success of the demolition strategy, however, proves that the majority, who favored demolition, were right and that those who claimed that the problem could and should be solved by rehabilitating the houses were wrong.
20. Which one of the following principles, if established would determine that demolishing the houses was the right decision or instead would determine that the proposal advocated by the opponents of demolition should have been adopted?
(A) When what to do about an abandoned neighborhood building is in dispute, the course of action that would result in the most housing for people who need it should be the one adopted unless the building is believed to pose a threat to neighborhood safety.
(B) When there are two proposals for solving a neighborhood problem, and only one of them would preclude the possibility of trying the other approach if the first proves unsatisfactory, then the approach that does not foreclose the other possibility should be the one adopted.
(C) If one of two proposals for renovating vacant neighborhood buildings requires government funding whereas the second does not, the second proposal should be the one adopted unless the necessary government funds have already been secured.
(D) No pain for eliminating a neighborhood problem that requires demolishing basically sound houses should be carried out until all other possible alternatives have been thoroughly investigated.
(E) No proposal for dealing with a threat to a neighborhood’s safety should be adopted merely because a majority of the residents of that neighborhood prefer that proposal to a particular counterproposal.
answer: B 怎么得出来的？我对原文的辨证过程有里模糊。。
9. Complaints that milk bottlers take enormous markups on the bottled milk sold to consumers are most likely to arise when least warranted by the actual spread between the price that bottlers pay for raw milk and the price at which they sell bottled milk. The complaints occur when the bottled-milk price rises, yet these price increases most often merely reflect the rising price of the raw milk that bottlers buy from dairy farmers. When the raw-milk price is rising, the bottlers’ markups are actually smallest proportionate to the retail price. When the raw-milk price is falling, however, the markups are greatest.
If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
(A) Consumers pay more for bottled milk when raw-milk prices are falling than when these prices are rising.
(B) Increases in dairy farmers’ cost of producing milk are generally not passed on to consumers.
(C) Milk bottlers take substantially greater markups on bottled milk when its price is low for an extended period than when it is high for an extended period.
(D) Milk bottlers generally do not respond to a decrease in raw-milk prices by straightaway proportionately lowering the price of the bottled milk they sell.
(E) Consumers tend to complain more about the price they pay for bottled milk when dairy farmers are earning their smallest profits.
Answer: D. how about C? 我认为C好象也对.
A: 1. 你是不是看错问题了? 问题是weaken. B是strengthen. 如果前后的death rate相同, 说明nuclear weapon plant并没有对death rate造成影响, 所以B加强了原文的逻辑.
C对, 因为原文从death rate相同-->pose no threat to health.将death rate和健康相等, 忽略了C中的情况.
2. 我认为答案是A. 其它选项如果成立, 应选择的方案就应该是rehabilitate, 和问题不符.
B. 如果一个方案在试过不成功后, 无法再试第二种方案,则要先试第二种方案.在此题中, 如果demolish, 房子就没了, 自然不能再试rehabilitate.所以是支持rehabilitate, 错.
C. 如果要government funding就不用, 除非funding已经有了, 也是支持rehabilitate, 错.
D. 反对demolishing, 错.
E. 反对demolishing, 错.
3. D对.
从原文你应该知道markup其实是不变的,或其变化相对cost的变化要小, 既然markup是在cost之上, 如果cost越高, 根据我前面所讲, markup相对cost的比例就越低. cost低, markup相对就越高. 所以D对, 既bottler没有成比例地调低价格, 即没有成比例地调低markup.
形象的举例, 如果最初cost是10, markup是2. 如果cost上涨至15, markup涨到2.5;如果cost下降至5, markup下降至1.5. 在此例中, markup的变化幅度相对cost的变化幅度要小, 所以和原文的现象一致. 当然如果markup始终不变也一样.
Q: 谢谢mindfree..
1.呵呵。。不好意思。。我是看错题目了。。。
3。 markup这里是毛利的意思吗？ 我的词典是涨幅的意思。。所以我原文看得有点怪。。现在理解了
2。还是不理解。。。
你的意思是“应选择的方案就应该是demolish”
但是我看问题问的是：
Which one of the following principles, if established would determine that demolishing the houses was the right decision or instead would determine that the proposal advocated by the opponents of demolition should have been adopted?  
也就是说不一定非要demolish或者rehabilitate,而是要找到一个原则能决定demolish好还是rehabilitate好就行了。。
Q: 我对于题目3的理解：
题目问哪个原则可以确定：demolish是对的或者决定rehabilitate是对的。
(A)原则 When what to do about an abandoned neighborhood building is in dispute, the course of action that would result in the most housing for people who need it should be the one adopted unless the building is believed to pose a threat to neighborhood safety.
根据该原则，
房子对public构成了威胁只是the course action(rehabiltate) 不可接受的必要条件。但不是充分条件，所以无法确定rehabiltate是否ok
(B) When there are two proposals for solving a neighborhood problem, and only one of them would preclude the possibility of trying the other approach if the first proves unsatisfactory, then the approach that does not foreclose the other possibility should be the one adopted.
根据原则，保持房子是unsatifactory的，可以确定demolish是可接受的
选B
(C) If one of two proposals for renovating vacant neighborhood buildings requires government funding whereas the second does not, the second proposal should be the one adopted unless the necessary government funds have already been secured.
根据C原则，政府提供资金只是 不需要政府资金的方案(demolish)的不可行性的必要条件。。
同A一样，不是充分条件。。所以无法确定何钟方案优秀。
(D) No pain for eliminating a neighborhood problem that requires demolishing basically sound houses should be carried out until all other possible alternatives have been thoroughly investigated.
all other possible alternatives investigated是demolish成立的必要条件...
所以和A 一样。。无法确定
(E) No proposal for dealing with a threat to a neighborhood’s safety should be adopted merely because a majority of the residents of that neighborhood prefer that proposal to a particular counterproposal.
E的意思是仅仅因为大多数人喜欢某个意见并不是某个涉及安全的方案(demolish)成立的充分条件。所以也无法判断...
所以，本题考的是充分条件和必要条件。。。ACDE都是必要条件

Q: 请教LSAT-3_IV-5,10
5. Most parents who are generous are good parents, but some self-centered parents are also good parents. Yet all good parents share one characteristic; they are good listeners.
If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?
(A) All parents who are good listeners are good parents.
(B) Some parents who are good listeners are not good parent.
(C) Most parents who are good listeners are generous.
(D) Some parents who are good listeners are self-centered
(E) Fewer self-centered parents than generous parents are good listeners
答案：D， 这种some, most, all题怎么做？有什么思路吗？
10. Millions of irreplaceable exhibits in natural history museums are currently allowed to decay. Yet without analyses of eggs from museums, the studies linking pesticides with the decline of Birds of prey would have been impossible Therefore, funds must be raised to preserve at least Those exhibits that will be most valuable to science in the future
The argument presupposes that:
(A) If a museum exhibit is irreplaceable, its preservation is of an importance that overrides economic considerations.
(B) The scientific analysis of museum exhibits can be performed in nondestructive way
(C) Eggs of extinct species should be analyzed to increase knowledge of genetic relationships among species
(D) It can be known at this time what data will be of most use to scientific investigators in the future
(E) The decay of organic material in natural history exhibits is natural and cannot be prevented
答案：D，不明白D为什么是假设。
A: 1. 这类题目首先要把题目读清楚, 并将思路局限在题目中所给的关系内.  
Must be true的题目一般可以正推出来, 因为如果一定对的话, 原文必须给出一个真命题, 还有一个方法就是举反例, 原文没有限制的都可能. 比如说最后一句:all good parents share one characteristic; they are good listeners. 这句话中的关系就是:只要是good parents--->good listeners. 其逆否为等价命题,可以得到:not good listeners-->not good parents.
这里可能正确也可能错的是:good listeners都是good parents;不是good parents-->not good listeners.  此二命题分别是逆命题和否命题, 即可能对也可能错. 因为原文没有对此二命题有限制, 两种情况都可能. 我建议在读题时不要考虑这些引申命题, 在读选项时要考虑.
A. 错, 逆命题, 可错, 如逆命题错, 不成立
B. 错, 逆命题, 可对, 如逆命题对, 不成立
C. 错, most错, 原文没有给出两者关系
E. 错, 原文没有给出两者关系
Some表示有一些, 可以是一个. most表示多数, 要大于50%. 读题是要注意原文所给的范围. 可以画图联系. 这类题我一般用排除和正推直接做.
2. 原文说我们一定要做XXXXX, 其中一个假设就是XXXXX is doable. 这里就是我们可以知道哪些是最有价值的. 同理, 假设还可以是: we can possibly raise some或是the decay can be prevented.
此题的迷惑选项教多:
A. 错, 因为没有讨论economic consideration. 如果原文提到没有钱或经济不允许, 此选项才可能对
B. 错, 无关, 因为原文未提到要在实验中保护标本. 如果提到要永久地保护标本, 就对
C. 错, 无关, genetic relation不在原文讨论范围内
E. 错, 与原文想反.
Q: LSAT 1-3-17，18
If the artificial is not better than the natural, to what end are all the arts of life? To dig, to plow, to build, to wear clothes—all are direct violations of the injunction to follow nature.
17. Which one of the following is an assumption made by the author of the passage?
(A) The arts of life have no useful end.
(B) The artificial is not better than the natural.
(C) Digging, plowing, building, and wearing clothes are better than nature.
(D) The injunction to follow nature should not be violated.
(E) The arts of life are indirect means of following nature.
18. If the author’s argument were challenged on the grounds that the construction of buildings has adverse effects on the natural environment, which of the following replies might the author use to respond to the challenge logically?
(A) There are human activities, such as making music, that are environmentally harmless.
(B) Harming the environment is not an end, of purpose, of the arts of life.
(C) The construction could involve the use of natural, not artificial, materials.
(D) Constructing buildings is not an “art of life.”
(E) Even if the natural environment is disturbed by the construction of buildings, it is improved for human
这道题目我2个都答错了，答案分别是C，E
大家能给我解释下么。这题我理不出思路来。
A: 17答案是C
前半句是一个反问句，是用于反驳人为不如自然的观点，显然作者自己的观点是人为好过自然。后半句是作者支持自己的观点显然举例应与自己的观点一致。因此to dig, to plow to build泛指人为，这些应该是好于自然的
18答案E
对题中的提法比较logic的反驳应该是指出construction of buildings并不一定adversely affect the environment.
文中并没有提到art of life,所以选项B,D是无关选项
文中也并没有提到其他活动，况且making music 与construction of buildings不可类比，所以选项A也是无关选项。
选项C指出用材料的问题，也与原文没有什么关系，也是无关选项
选项E指出虽然可能对环境有影响，但是人们在improve environment,这样就可以使得construction对环境的影响减轻或消除，因此为正确答案
Q: LSAT SET1-4-22，23
22. It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children’s hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate
答案是A，我选成了E，我认为逻辑错误是理由过于绝对，答案A如何解释？
Just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may one¡¯s carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of one¡¯s mind.
23. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one¡¯s time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one¡¯s rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one¡¯s heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one¡¯s career falter at certain times of the year
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one¡¯s personal concerns stand in the way of professional
答案是B，我选成了C，我认为题目的AUGUMENT2者没有必然的联系，CHAIN TO TIGHT，并没有说明他的结果是好还是坏，第二部分说出了结果，我觉得C比较象，
答案B如何解释？我是不是题目理解错了？
请教如何解这种比较的题目呢。请指教！
A: 2,我的理解是关键在后半句，文中是一种良好的东西过了头会有反作用，C没有这个意思吧，因为对饮酒好象难以定性

Q: 请教LSAT9-IV-11,17
11.A distemper virus has caused two-thirds of the seal population in the North Sea to die since May 1988. The explanation for the deaths cannot rest here, however. There must be a reason the normally latent virus could prevail so suddenly: clearly the severe pollution of the North Sea waters must have weakened the immune system of the seals so that they could no longer withstand the virus.
11. Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the explanation given in the argument?
(A) At various times during the last ten years, several species of shellfish and seabirds in the North Sea have experienced unprecedented steep drops in population.
(B) By reducing pollution at its source, Northern Europe and Scandinavia have been taking the lead in preventing pollution from reaching the waters of the North Sea.
(C) For many years, fish for human consumption have been taken from the waters of the North Sea.
(D) There are two species of seal found throughout the North Sea area, the common seal and the gray seal.
(E) The distemper caused by the virus was a disease that was new to the population of North Sea seals in May 1988, and so the seals’ immune systems were unprepared to counter it.  
为什么是答案A？好象特征不很明显啊.
17. Certain items—those with that hard-to-define quality called exclusivity—have the odd property, when they become available for sale, of selling rapidly even though they are extremely expensive. In fact, trying to sell such an item fast by asking too low a price is a serious error, since it calls into question the very thing---exclusivity---that is supposed to be the item’s chief appeal. Therefore, given that a price that will prove to be right is virtually impossible for the seller to gauge in advance, the seller should make sure that any error in the initial asking price is in the direction of setting the price too high.
The argument recommends a certain pricing strategy on the grounds that
(A) this strategy lacks a counterproductive feature of the rejected alternative
(B) this strategy has all of advantages of the rejected alternative, but fewer of its disadvantages
(C) experience has proven this strategy to be superior, even though the reasons for this superiority elude analysis
(D) this strategy does not rely on prospective buyers estimates of value
(E) the error associated with this strategy, unlike the error associated with the rejected alternative, is likely to go unnoticed
answer: A
为什么是答案A？
A: 1. 这道题目答案确实不明显, 可能因为是加强题目,只要有一点加强作用就可. 用排除法可以排除CDE
C. 毫无关系. 原文没有提到饮用水和污染或病毒的关系
D. 无关,原文没有区别seal
E. 相反, 是weaken
B错在没有指出控制污染的效果如何,不能说明现在是否还污染, 对原文起不到作用.
A对是因为最初的观点是认为seal数量的下降是因为seal的一种病毒,隐含意思是因为seal自身的因素(seal中的病毒), 现在认为原因是污染,实际上扩大了范围, 说不是seal本身病毒的原因. A证明了是其它非seal特质的原因在起作用,造成了数种动物的数量下降.
2. 我以前讲过此题. 重要是理解原文和选项的意思. 有些东西越贵卖得越快(exclusivity), 如果为了卖得快而定价低了, 反而会犯错误,导致人们怀疑它的exclusivity. 因为事先不太可能知道合理的价格,所以最初定价时要定得贵.
A的意思解释了这个原则. 因为定价低(既rejected alternative)会导致人们的怀疑(conterproductive).
Q: thank you very much, warm-hearted mindfree...
I almost understand...
I want to find out your original explanation in the summary of LSAT explaination...But I can't find anything...never mind, I would make a complete summary of LSAT explanation after I finish LSAT and post it here as a return to the help from this website and help from friends from here, expecially mindfree..
Thank you, again...
BTW, is the fallacy of E exist in the word "unlike" ?
A: E的错误是在于go unnoticed. 原文明确地指出"...is a serious error, since it calls into question the very thing---exclusivity---that is supposed to be the item’s chief appeal". 结合原文可以知道go unnoticed不是问题.

Q: 原文这一段指出的是asking low price的错误, is noticed....
我想the error of asking high price is noticed可以从原文:
the seller should make sure that any error in the initial asking price is in the direction of setting the price too high.
中推出。。
所以，两个都是noticed...所以E中unlike是错的
我的理解对吗？

Q: 请教LSAT－4－III－18,19
Questions 18-19  
Dr. Schilling: Those who advocate replacing my country's private health insurance system with nationalized health insurance because of the rising costs of medical care fail to consider the high human costs that consumers pay in countries with nationalized insurance: access to high-technology medicine is restricted. Kidney transplants and open-heart surgery-rationed. People are denied their right to treatments they want and need.
Dr. Laforte: Your country's reliance on private health insurance denies access even to basic, conventional medicine to the many people who cannot afford adequate health coverage. With nationalized insurance, rich and poor have equal access to life-saving medical procedures. And people's right to decent medical treatment regardless of income is not violated.
18. Dr. Schilling's and Dr. Laforte's statements provide the most support for holding that they would disagree about the truth of which one of the following?
(A) People's rights are violated less when they are denied an available medical treatment they need because they lack the means to pay for it than when they are denied such treatment on noneconomic grounds.
(B) Where health insurance is provided by private insurance companies, people who are wealthy generally receive better health care than do people who are unable to afford health insurance.
(C) In countries that rely primarily on private health insurance to pay for medical costs, most people who would benefit from a kidney transplant receive one.
(D) In countries with nationalized health insurance, no one who needs a familiar medical treatment in order to stay alive is denied that treatment.
(E) Anyone who wants a particular medical treatment has a right to receive that treatment.
答案：A
19. In responding to Dr. Schillihng, Dr. Laforte employs which one of the following argumentative strategies?
(A) showing that the objections raised by Dr. Schilling have no bearing on the question of which of the two systems under consideration is the superior system.
(B) Calling into question Dr. Schilling's status as an authority on the issue of whether consumers' access to medical treatments is restricted in countries with nationalized health insurance.
(C) Producing counterexamples to Dr. Schilling's claims that nationalized health insurance schemes extract high human costs from consumers.
(D) Demonstrating that Dr. Schilling's reasoning is persuasive only because of his ambiguous use of the key word "consumer".
(E) Showing that the force of Dr. Schilling's criticism depends on construing the key notion of access in a particular limited way
答案：E，　这是什么意思啊？
这两题我有点晕，谢谢。
A: 1. 请其他人解答
2. 两个人在life-saving上的理解不同. D认为那些大手术是life-saving, 而S认为很多基本的medical care就应该包括在life-saving的范畴里, 所以E对.
A: 我是这样理解的，不对的地方请各位逻辑大牛指正：
（1）读完题目，原文的意思是Dr. Schilling指出了nationalized insurance一些不足，并说People are denied their right to treatments they want and need。但是Dr. Laforte指出了private health insurance 一些不足，并说明了nationalized insurance的好处，并得出结论people's right is not violated。
（2）十八题的意思是两个D他们都不同意什么，看到A我没有什么感觉，只是和原文的结论直接相关。B是第一个d同意的；C同B；D是第二个D同意的；E同D;只有A比较了right但是这个我认为从原文是不能推出的。so,a.
（3）19题E的意思是说：第一个D的分析是particular limited 是原文denies access even to basic, conventional的改写。
Q: 请教LSAT－4－III－8,17
8. Older United States automobiles have been identified as contributing disproportionately to global air pollution. The requirement in many jurisdictions that automobiles pass emission-control inspections has had the effect of taking many such automobiles out of service in the United States. As they fail inspection and their owners opt to buy newer automobiles. Thus the burden of pollution such older United States automobiles contribute to the global atmosphere will be gradually reduced over the next decade.  
Which one of the following, If true. Most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) It is impossible to separate the air of one country or jurisdiction from that of others.
(B) When automobiles that are now new become older, they will, because of a design change. Cause less air pollution than older automobiles do now.
(C) There is a thriving market for used older Untied States automobiles that are exported to regions that have no emission-control regulations.
(D) The number of jurisdictions in the United States requiring automobiles to pass emission-control inspections is no longer increasing.
(E) Even if all the older automobiles in the United States were retired from service. Air pollution from United States automobiles could still increase if the total number of automobiles in use should increase significantly.
答案：C，我觉得B，C，E都有削弱作用。
17. Being articulate has been equated with having a large vocabulary. Actually, however, people with large vocabularies have no incentive for, and tend not to engage in, the kind of creative linguistic self-expression that is required when no available words seem adequate. Thus a large vocabulary is a hindrance to using language in a truly articulate way.
Which one of the following is an assumption made in the argument?
(A) When people are truly articulate, they have the capacity to express themselves in situations in which their vocabularies seem inadequate.
(B) People who are able to express themselves creatively in new situations have little incentive to acquire large vocabularies.
(C) The most articulate people are people who have large vocabularies but also are able to express themselves creatively when the situation demands it.
(D) In educating people' to be more articulate, it would be futile to try to increase the size of their vocabularies.
(E) In unfamiliar situations, even pe0ple with large Vocabularies often do not have Specifically suitable words available.
答案：A，不明白A为什么是假设
A: 1、原文的结论是由于买新车旧车导致的空气污染就减少了。B是加强；E是无关的，因为他说的是total number of automobiles 造成的空气污染和旧车导致的空气污染是不同的，按照mindfree的说法是out of scope.
2、原文的结论是这是一个典型的“能不能的问题”。原文的结论是大的词汇量是清晰表达的障碍，A就是当能够说清楚的时候，他们有能力表达....
举个例子这是gwd经常说的：joy在写字。这个结论的assumption可以是：joy有能力写字
Q: 请教SAT13/4/19
19. jane: according to an article in this newsmagazine, children’s hand-eye coordination suffers when they spend a great amount of time watching television. therefore, we must restrict the amount of time jacqueline and mildred are allowed to watch television.  
alan: rubbish! the article says that only children under three are affected in that way. jacqueline is ten and mildred is eight. therefore, we need not restrict their television viewing.
alan’s argument against jane’s conclusion makes which one of the following errors in
reasoning?
(a) it relies on the same source that jane cited in support of her conclusion.
(b) it confuses undermining an argument in support of a given conclusion with showing that the conclusion itself is false.
(c) it does not address the main point of jane’s argument and focuses instead on a side issue.
(d) it makes an irrelevant appeals to an authority.
(e) it fails to distinguish the consequences of a certain practice from the causes of the practice.
我理解题目是：问a在论证中犯的错误。
读完选项后，觉得一个都不对。
A: 我觉得选B.jane 的结论是减少看电视的时间，alan的结论是不用限制看电视。正如b所说他说结论本身是错误的，其实削弱就可以了。

心静

太棒了，辛苦了：）

birdie

为什么没有题目列表里面那些题的分析呢？这些题对偶这种刚开始做LSAT的人来说是很重要的噢

晴天猪

LSAT提问总结最新更新  截至6.1

注：即日起提问更新改为链接整理，欢迎大家提意见和建议~  


LSAT-1-1-23 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4880


LSAT-4-1-1.3.10  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4518l


LSAT-4-I-3, 15,18  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4950


LSAT-4-I-7,9 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4959


LSAT-4-1-18.19.21  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4519


LSAT-4-2-12  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5131


LSAT-4-2-9.19.21  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4565


LSAT-4-3-5,25   http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4466  


LSAT-4-III-6.12   http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4465


LSAT－5－II－4,7  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4593


LSAT-5－II－8,9，24  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4594


LSAT-5-VI-13,22  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4737


LSAT－6－II－7,10，17  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4822

LSAT－6－III－3,7 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4927


LSAT-6-III-13,17,23  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4953


LSAT-7-IV-6,8  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5235


LSAT-7-VI-11,17,19  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5274


LSAT-Set8-SecIV-Q19 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5054


LSAT-13-1-22  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5146


LSAT-13-4-19  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4420

LSAT-15-1-3  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4325

LSAT15-1-1；15  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5419

LSAT-15-2-3  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4537

LSAT-15-2-2  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4536

LSAT-15-2-1  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4535

LSAT-16-1-1 questions  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4974

LSAT-16-1-2 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4975

LSAT-16-1-17 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4495

lsat-16-2-2 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5162

LSAT-16-2-3,12,19,24   http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4491

LSAT-16-2-21 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5197

LSAT-16-3-1,14,18,24 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4505


LSAT-17-1-1  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5311

LSAT-17-1-2  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5312

LSAT-17-1-4  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4549


LSAT-17-1-15,16 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4551

LSAT-17-3-12,20  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4604


LSAT-17-3-20  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4738

LSAT-17-4-7，12  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4607

LSAT-18-I-13,20  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4740


LSAT-18-I-21-22  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4741


LSAT-18-2-26   http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4669

LSAT-18-2-19 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4667

LSAT-18-2-22 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4668

LSAT-19-I-11  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4885


LSAT-19-II-11,12  http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4886


LSAT-20-I-19 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5004

LSAT-20-2-17 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4802

LSAT-20-3-7,11 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5007


LSAT-27-II-23 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5167

LSAT-21-1-14 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4809

LSAT-22-1-20 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4925

LSAT-22-1-24 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4928


LSAT-23-IV, 12, 23, 11 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=4760


LSAT-23-4-10-11 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5228


LSAT-27-II-24 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5163


LSAT-27-II-22 http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=5166

joywzy

Thank u ,piggy. Great.

木川

你好，斑竹
我是新手上路，烦请告诉我在哪里下载最新的LSAT的全套考题和答案？
感谢

木川

midnight

GOOOOD!

vrylwj

刚刚发现了这个贴子，真是太棒了!偶可以在这里看上几天了!

fyhllj

太好了，我也刚刚发现。