GWD17-24-27 讨论讨论

爱睡觉的猫

In 1938, at the government-convened

       National Health Conference, organized labor

       emerged as a major proponent of legislation

Line       to guarantee universal health care in the

  (5)      United States.  The American Medical

Association, representing physicians’

interests, argued for preserving physicians’

free-market prerogatives.  Labor activists

countered these arguments by insisting that

(10)      health care was a fundamental right that

should be guaranteed by government

programs. 一个观点，两派，工人支持国家立法保证health care AMA代表医生的利益反对

      The labor activists’ position represented

a departure from the voluntarist view held

(15)      until 1935 by leaders of the American

Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affili- 工人的观点是AFL voluntarist的一个分支

ation of labor unions; the voluntarist view

stressed workers’ right to freedom from 强调工人不被政府干扰的自由权利和 全国的健康保险作为工人私生活的威胁

government intrusions into their lives and  

(20)      represented national health insurance as a

       threat to workers’ privacy.  AFL president AFL的头本来是应该代表工人说话的，说AFL是全国健康保险政策的支持者

       Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for

all workers, had positioned the AFL as

a leading opponent of the proposals for

(25)      national health insurance that were advo-

cated beginning in 1915 by the American

Association for Labor Legislation (AALL),

an organization dedicated to the study and

reform of labor laws.  Gompers’ opposition

(30)      to national health insurance was partly

principled, arising from the premise that

governments under capitalism invariably

       served employers’, not workers’, interests.

Gompers feared the probing of government

(35)    bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as

the possibility that government-mandated

health insurance, financed in part by

employers, could permit companies to

      require employee medical examinations

(40)     that might be used to discharge disabled

workers.

      Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accom-

modated certain exceptions:  the AFL had

supported government intervention on behalf

(45)      of injured workers and child laborers.  AFL

officials drew the line at national health

insurance, however, partly out of concern

for their own power.  The fact that AFL

outsiders such as the AALL had taken the

(50)      most prominent advocacy roles antagonized

Gompers.  That this reform threatened union-

sponsored benefit programs championed by

Gompers made national health insurance

even more objectionable.

(55)            Indeed, the AFL leadership did face

serious organizational divisions.  Many

unionists, recognizing that union-run health

programs covered only a small fraction of

union members and that unions represented

(60)      only a fraction of the nation’s workforce,

worked to enact compulsory health

insurance in their state legislatures.  This

activism and the views underlying it came to

prevail in the United States labor movement

(65)      and in 1935 the AFL unequivocally reversed

its position on health legislation.

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Q24:

The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care?

              

It was opposed by the AALL.

It was shared by most unionists until 1935.

It antagonized the American Medical Association.

It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to union-run health programs.

It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers.

Answer:

Q26:

Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)?

              

It elaborates a point about why the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.

It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL.

It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.

It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence.

It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.

24题偶选的是C 定位L50

这篇文章读完了晕晕忽忽的,AFL 的PRESIDENT到底支持还是反对啊 ?请NN讲将思路

shellsnow

顶。我这篇文章也不明白：（

junguo21c

24题我一开始也选了C，但是后来看看还是A

但是仔细看一下选项：

The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care?

      

1. It was opposed by the AALL.>> （由L49-L51定位，The fact that AFL outsiders such as the AALL had taken the
   

   (50)      most prominent advocacy roles antagonized Gompers.AALL反对Gompers，而Gompers是AFL的领导人，他持有the voluntarist view）

   
   
2. It was shared by most unionists until 1935.
   
3. It antagonized the American Medical Association. （这个选项定位第一段L8-L9，是Labor activists
   

   countered these arguments,而不是the voluntarist 。）

   
   
4. 
   

   It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to union-run health programs.

   
   
5. It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers.

Answer:

马上考

up!

yysuper

  看完好晕，那位NN解释一下？顶顶

   

追逐梦想2006

Q24 to Q27:

      In 1938, at the government-convened National Health Conference, organized labor emerged as a major proponent of legislation to guarantee universal health care in the United States.  The American Medical Association, representing physicians’interests, argued for preserving physicians’free-market prerogatives.  Labor activists countered these arguments by insisting that health care was a fundamental right that should be guaranteed by government programs.

第一段 organized labor 赞成普遍的health care，AMA组织代表医生利益，要求自由市场free-market，而labor activist反对自由，认为health care应该由政府保证

      The labor activists’ position represented a departure from the voluntarist view held  until 1935 by leaders of the American Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affiliation of labor unions; the voluntarist view stressed workers’ right to freedom from government intrusions into their lives and  represented national health insurance as a threat to workers’ privacy.  AFL president Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for all workers, had positioned the AFL as

a leading opponent of the proposals for national health insurance that were advocated beginning in 1915 by the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL),an organization dedicated to the study and reform of labor laws.  Gompers’ opposition to national health insurance was partly principled, arising from the premise that governments under capitalism invariably served employers’, not workers’, interests. Gompers feared the probing of government bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as the possibility that government-mandated health insurance, financed in part by employers, could permit companies to require employee medical examinations that might be used to discharge disabled workers.

第二段：上段的laobr activist（赞成政府管理）的观点与voluntarist的观点不一致。voluntarist的观点是AFL的领导人持有的（一直到1935年，见末段1935年发生的转变）。voluntarist的观点是强调工人的自由，反对政府干涉。其主席SG这个人，假定是为所有的工人讲话，认为AFL反对national health insurance，而AALL支持national health insurance。SG的反对部分原则化了，基于这样的前提：资本主义政府服务于雇主，而非工人的利益。G害怕政府参与，以及政府管理的health insurance将要求工人健康检查，从而可能辞退有病的工人。

      

Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accommodated certain exceptions:  the AFL had supported government intervention on behalf of injured workers and child laborers.  AFL officials drew the line at national health

insurance, however, partly out of concern for their own power.  The fact that AFL outsiders such as the AALL had taken the most prominent advocacy roles antagonized Gompers.  That this reform threatened union-sponsored benefit programs championed by Gompers made national health insurance even more objectionable.

第三段：AFL也有例外，AFL支持政府的干预，代表残疾工人和儿童工人。但是，AF关于全国健康保险部分处于对其权利的考虑。AFL的反对者AALL赞成G反对的roles。G支持union-sponsored工会保险，而全国健康保险的改革危害了其的利益，自然广受批判。

(55)            Indeed, the AFL leadership did face serious organizational divisions.  Many unionists, recognizing that union-run health programs covered only a small fraction of union members and that unions represented only a fraction of the nation’s workforce,worked to enact compulsory health insurance in their state legislatures.  This activism and the views underlying it came to prevail in the United States labor movement and in 1935 the AFL unequivocally reversed its position on health legislation.

           第四段： AFL的领导人面临严峻的分裂。许多unionist认为union只代表少数人，希望在state范围内实施强制性健康保险。这个观念逐步在labor movement中主导，并在1935年AFL 改变了其对health legislation的态度。

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Q24:

The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care?

              

1. It was opposed by the AALL.  定位25-27行


2. It was shared by most unionists until 1935.  末段说明大多数unionist反对，不赞成


3. It antagonized the American Medical Association. 首段内容，排除


4. It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to union-run health programs. 没有提到employer-sponsored


5. It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers. 是一个例外，而非假设

Answer:

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Q25:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. account for a labor organization’s success in achieving a particular goal


2. discuss how a labor organization came to reverse its position on a particular issue


3. explain how disagreement over a particular issue eroded the power of a labor organization


4. outline the arguments used by a labor organization’s leadership in a particular debate


5. question the extent to which a labor organization changed its position on a particular issue

Answer: B 讲AFL观念的转变

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Q26:

Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)?

              

1. It elaborates a point about why the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.


2. It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL.


3. It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.


4. It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence.


5. It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.

Answer: C 讲exception，所以是inconsistent with 其主要观点，认为政府不能干涉员工的健康

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Q27:

According to the passage, Gompers’ objection to national health insurance was based in part on his belief that

              

1. union-sponsored health programs were less expensive than government-sponsored programs


2. most unionists were covered by and satisfied with union-sponsored health programs


3. it would lead some employers to reduce company-sponsored benefits


4. it could result in certain workers unfairly losing their jobs


5. the AFL should distance itself from the views of the American Medical Association

Answer: D  定位31行开始至41行结束，arising from the premise，说明that might be used to discharge disabled

workers.

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amber0919

maxin18

同意ABCD

kathy8446

感谢追逐梦想2006的翻译！

Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accommodated certain exceptions: the AFL had supported government intervention on behalf of injured workers and child laborers. AFL officials drew the line at national health insurance, however, partly out of concern for their own power. The fact that AFL outsiders such as the AALL had taken the most prominent advocacy roles antagonized Gompers. That this reform threatened union-sponsored benefit programs championed by Gompers made national health insurance even more objectionable.

第三段：AFL也有例外，AFL支持政府的干预，代表残疾工人和儿童工人。但是，AF关于全国健康保险部分处于对其权利的考虑。AFL的反对者AALL赞成G反对的roles。G支持union-sponsored工会保险，而全国健康保险的改革危害了其的利益，自然广受批判。

不过我对两处红色部分有点疑问。第一处out of their own power好像不是出于其自身权力的意思，不过我也不大明白应该怎么解释？第二处，好像应该是AALL极力反对AFL的G。（不过这句话的语法结构好怪啊）

有谁能帮忙解释一下？

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-9-8 12:46:44编辑过]

MaccMichAA

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