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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新
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1.CR
A car salesperson claims that using premium gasoline can prevent engine knocking in vehicles. She explains that engine knocking can cause damage to the car's engine. However, it has been noted that engines in cars produced in the last few decades are designed to avoid knocking. Moreover, experts believe that using premium gasoline leads to higher levels of pollution compared to regular gasoline. Considering this information, the salesperson suggests that customers should use regular gasoline instead.
Which of the following is an assumption underlying the salesperson's suggestion?
(A) The cost difference between premium and regular gasoline is significant enough to influence customers' purchasing decisions.
(B) The environmental impact of using premium gasoline outweighs the potential benefits of preventing engine knocking.
(C) Customers prioritize engine protection over other factors when choosing the type of gasoline for their vehicles.
(D) The experts' opinion on the pollution caused by premium gasoline is based on reliable scientific evidence.
(E) The salesperson's primary concern is to provide customers with the most cost-effective solution for their vehicles.
In a city where many buildings have flat roofs, it has been observed that black roofs absorb heat, leading to increased air conditioning costs during the summer. To address this issue and reduce energy expenses, a local official has proposed painting the roofs silver to reflect heat.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the official's proposal to achieve the desired cost savings?
(A) The cost of painting the roofs silver is significantly lower than the potential savings in air conditioning expenses.
(B) Silver roofs not only reflect heat in the summer but also help insulate buildings during the winter, reducing heating costs.
(C) The majority of the city's buildings with flat roofs are commercial properties, while residential buildings typically have sloped roofs.
(D) Studies have shown that the temperature difference between black and silver roofs is most pronounced during the hottest hours of the day.
(E) Other cities with similar climates have already implemented silver roof initiatives and have reported mixed results in terms of energy savings.
BB
2.DI
Saudi Arabia, a nation whose modern history has been inextricably linked to its vast oil reserves, finds itself at a critical juncture as the world undergoes a profound energy transition. The discovery of commercially viable oil reserves in 1938 propelled the once-nomadic kingdom to the forefront of the global energy market, granting it unparalleled economic power and geopolitical influence. However, as concerns over climate change and sustainability intensify, Saudi Arabia must navigate a complex web of challenges and opportunities to maintain its position as a leading energy producer while adapting to the shifting global landscape.
The sheer scale of Saudi Arabia's oil resources is staggering. With proven reserves estimated at 297.7 billion barrels, accounting for 17% of the world's total, the kingdom possesses the second-largest oil reserves globally, surpassed only by Venezuela. This resource abundance has enabled Saudi Arabia to establish itself as a swing producer, capable of influencing global oil prices through its production decisions. The kingdom's ability to ramp up or curtail production has been a key factor in stabilizing oil markets during periods of volatility, such as the oil price shocks of the 1970s and the more recent market turbulence caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
However, Saudi Arabia's reliance on oil revenues has also exposed the kingdom to the vicissitudes of the global energy market. In 2020, oil exports accounted for a staggering 77% of the country's total export earnings, while the oil sector contributed 42% of its gross domestic product (GDP). This oil dependence has rendered the Saudi economy vulnerable to price fluctuations and geopolitical tensions, as evidenced by the economic fallout from the 2014-2016 oil price crash and the 2019 attacks on Saudi Aramco's oil facilities.
Recognizing the need to diversify its economy and reduce its reliance on oil, Saudi Arabia has embarked on an ambitious reform program known as "Vision 2030." Spearheaded by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, this initiative aims to transform the kingdom into a global investment powerhouse and a hub for innovation and entrepreneurship. Central to this vision is the development of non-oil sectors, such as tourism, entertainment, and renewable energy, which the government hopes will drive economic growth and create jobs for the kingdom's burgeoning youth population.
One of the key pillars of "Vision 2030" is the Saudi Green Initiative, which seeks to position the kingdom as a global leader in renewable energy. The initiative aims to generate 50% of the country's electricity from renewable sources by 2030, with a particular focus on solar and wind power. This transition towards cleaner energy sources is not only a response to the global shift away from fossil fuels but also a pragmatic recognition of the finite nature of the kingdom's oil reserves. By investing in renewable energy, Saudi Arabia hopes to secure its long-term energy security while also reducing its carbon footprint and mitigating the impact of climate change.
However, the path to a more sustainable energy future is fraught with challenges. Saudi Arabia's oil industry is deeply entrenched, with state-owned Saudi Aramco serving as the backbone of the economy. The company's initial public offering (IPO) in 2019, which valued it at $1.7 trillion, underscored the central role that oil continues to play in the kingdom's economic and political life. Transitioning away from this oil-dependent model will require significant investments in infrastructure, technology, and human capital, as well as a fundamental shift in the kingdom's economic and social structures.
Moreover, Saudi Arabia's renewable energy ambitions face logistical and technological hurdles. The kingdom's harsh desert climate, with its extreme temperatures and frequent dust storms, poses challenges for the efficient operation and maintenance of solar panels and wind turbines. Additionally, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources necessitates the development of advanced energy storage solutions to ensure a stable and reliable power supply. While Saudi Arabia has made significant strides in this regard, with the commissioning of the 300-megawatt Sakaka solar power plant and the 400-megawatt Dumat Al Jandal wind farm, the scale of the required investments and infrastructure upgrades remains daunting.
Beyond the domestic challenges, Saudi Arabia must also navigate a complex geopolitical landscape as it seeks to maintain its influence in a rapidly changing world. The kingdom's strategic alliance with the United States, which has been a cornerstone of its foreign policy since the end of World War II, has come under strain in recent years due to divergent regional priorities and concerns over human rights abuses. As the United States pursues energy independence and reduces its reliance on Middle Eastern oil, Saudi Arabia must cultivate new partnerships and alliances to secure its long-term interests.
One potential avenue for Saudi Arabia to assert its geopolitical influence is through its leadership role in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). As the de facto leader of OPEC, Saudi Arabia has the power to shape global oil markets and prices through its production decisions. However, the rise of non-OPEC producers, such as the United States and Russia, has eroded OPEC's market share and bargaining power. To remain relevant in an increasingly competitive energy market, Saudi Arabia must work to strengthen OPEC's cohesion and adapt its strategies to the changing global landscape.
Another key factor in Saudi Arabia's geopolitical calculus is its regional rivalry with Iran. The two countries have long vied for dominance in the Middle East, with their competition playing out in proxy conflicts from Yemen to Syria. As the United States seeks to disengage from the region and pursue a more balanced approach to its relationships with Saudi Arabia and Iran, the kingdom must find ways to assert its interests and counter Iranian influence without relying on unconditional American support.
The shifting sands of the global energy landscape also present opportunities for Saudi Arabia to forge new alliances and partnerships. The kingdom has already begun to deepen its ties with China, which has emerged as the world's largest energy consumer and a major investor in Saudi Arabia's infrastructure and technology sectors. By aligning itself with China's Belt and Road Initiative and positioning itself as a key supplier of energy and petrochemicals to the Chinese market, Saudi Arabia can diversify its economic and strategic relationships and hedge against the risks of overreliance on Western partners.
However, Saudi Arabia's engagement with China is not without its challenges. The kingdom must balance its desire for Chinese investment and trade with its long-standing security partnership with the United States, which views China as a strategic competitor. Moreover, Saudi Arabia must navigate the complex web of geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, where China's growing economic and political influence has the potential to reshape regional dynamics and alliances.
As Saudi Arabia charts its course through the uncharted waters of the global energy transition, it must also confront the social and political implications of its economic transformation. The kingdom's rentier social contract, which has long provided citizens with generous subsidies and social welfare in exchange for political acquiescence, is under strain as oil revenues decline and the population grows. To maintain social stability and legitimacy, the government must find ways to create jobs, diversify the economy, and meet the aspirations of a young and increasingly educated population.
This will require a delicate balancing act between economic reform and political stability. While "Vision 2030" promises to unleash the kingdom's entrepreneurial potential and create new opportunities for growth and innovation, it also risks exacerbating social and economic inequalities and fueling discontent among those who feel left behind. To mitigate these risks, the government must invest in education, skills training, and social safety nets to ensure that the benefits of economic diversification are widely shared.
Ultimately, the success of Saudi Arabia's energy transition and economic transformation will depend on its ability to navigate the complex interplay of domestic, regional, and global factors. By leveraging its vast resources, strategic location, and geopolitical influence, the kingdom has the potential to emerge as a leader in the global energy transition and a model for sustainable development in the Middle East.
However, this will require bold leadership, innovative thinking, and a willingness to adapt to the changing realities of the 21st century. As Saudi Arabia confronts the challenges and opportunities of the global energy transition, it must balance its short-term economic interests with its long-term strategic imperatives, while also addressing the social and political dimensions of its transformation.
If successful, Saudi Arabia's energy transition could not only secure its own future prosperity but also serve as a catalyst for regional stability and cooperation. By demonstrating the viability of a post-oil economy and the potential for renewable energy to drive sustainable development, Saudi Arabia could inspire other countries in the region to follow suit and embrace the opportunities of the global energy transition.
However, the path ahead is fraught with uncertainty and risk. As the world moves towards a more sustainable and decarbonized future, Saudi Arabia must confront the reality that its oil wealth, which has long been the source of its power and influence, may become a liability rather than an asset. To thrive in this new era, the kingdom must embrace change, foster innovation, and invest in the human capital and institutions that will drive its long-term success.
This will require a fundamental shift in the kingdom's economic, social, and political structures, as well as a new approach to governance and decision-making. To navigate the complexities of the global energy transition, Saudi Arabia must develop a more inclusive, transparent, and accountable system of governance that empowers citizens, encourages debate and dissent, and promotes the rule of law.
Moreover, the kingdom must foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship that harnesses the creativity and potential of its youth population. This will require investments in education, research and development, and the creation of an enabling environment for small and medium-sized enterprises to thrive. By nurturing a new generation of entrepreneurs and innovators, Saudi Arabia can diversify its economy, create jobs, and build the foundations for long-term prosperity.
At the same time, Saudi Arabia must also engage with the international community and contribute to global efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development. As a major energy producer and a key player in the Middle East, the kingdom has a unique opportunity to lead by example and demonstrate the potential for a more sustainable and inclusive model of development.
This will require a new approach to diplomacy and international cooperation, one that prioritizes dialogue, compromise, and the pursuit of common interests. By working with other countries and international organizations to address global challenges such as climate change, energy security, and sustainable development, Saudi Arabia can enhance its international standing and contribute to a more stable and prosperous world.
In conclusion, Saudi Arabia's energy transition represents a critical moment in the kingdom's history, one that will shape its future trajectory and its place in the world. As the global energy landscape undergoes a profound transformation, Saudi Arabia must adapt to the new realities of the 21st century and chart a course towards a more sustainable, inclusive, and prosperous future.
While the challenges ahead are significant, Saudi Arabia has the resources, the talent, and the potential to emerge as a leader in the global energy transition and a model for sustainable development in the Middle East. By embracing change, fostering innovation, and investing in its human capital, the kingdom can build a brighter future for its citizens and contribute to a more stable and prosperous world.
However, the path ahead is not easy, and success will require bold leadership, innovative thinking, and a willingness to take risks and confront difficult choices. As Saudi Arabia navigates the complexities of the global energy transition, it must balance its economic, social, and political imperatives while also engaging with the international community and contributing to global efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development.
If successful, Saudi Arabia's energy transition could not only secure its own future prosperity but also serve as a catalyst for regional stability and cooperation, demonstrating the potential for a more sustainable and inclusive model of development in the Middle East and beyond. The stakes are high, but the opportunities are vast, and the kingdom's success or failure will have profound implications for the region and the world.
1. According to the passage, what percentage of Saudi Arabia's total export earnings came from oil exports in 2020?
(A) 17%
(B) 42%
(C) 50%
(D) 77%
(E) 92%
2. The Saudi Green Initiative aims to generate what percentage of the country's electricity from renewable sources by 2030?
(A) 20%
(B) 30%
(C) 40%
(D) 50%
(E) 60%
3. What is the primary motivation behind Saudi Arabia's efforts to cultivate new partnerships and alliances, particularly with China?
(A) To counter Iranian influence in the region
(B) To secure long-term energy security
(C) To diversify its economic and strategic relationships
(D) To gain access to advanced military technology
(E) To enhance its international reputation
4. Which of the following is mentioned as a potential challenge for Saudi Arabia's engagement with China?
(A) China's growing economic and political influence in the Middle East
(B) China's strategic partnership with Iran
(C) China's human rights record
(D) Balancing its relationship with China and its security partnership with the United States
(E) China's lack of interest in investing in Saudi Arabia's non-oil sectors
5. The passage suggests that Saudi Arabia's rentier social contract is under strain due to:
(A) The growing influence of Western culture and values
(B) The rise of political opposition and dissent
(C) Declining oil revenues and population growth
(D) The increasing demands for democratic reforms
(E) The lack of investment in education and healthcare
6. According to the passage, what is one of the key factors that will determine the success of Saudi Arabia's energy transition and economic transformation?
(A) Its ability to maintain high levels of oil production
(B) Its willingness to fully embrace Western-style democracy
(C) Its capacity to attract foreign investment in the oil sector
(D) Its ability to navigate the complex interplay of domestic, regional, and global factors
(E) Its commitment to maintaining a strong military presence in the region
7. The author suggests that for Saudi Arabia to thrive in the new era of the global energy transition, it must:
(A) Strengthen its alliance with the United States
(B) Invest heavily in nuclear energy
(C) Embrace change, foster innovation, and invest in human capital
(D) Maintain strict control over its citizens and suppress dissent
(E) Prioritize short-term economic gains over long-term sustainability
8. What does the passage imply about the potential consequences of Saudi Arabia's success or failure in its energy transition?
(A) It will have limited impact on the global energy market
(B) It will determine the future of the Saudi royal family
(C) It will shape the geopolitical balance of power in the Middle East
(D) It will have profound implications for the region and the world
(E) It will primarily affect Saudi Arabia's domestic politics
9. The author argues that for Saudi Arabia to contribute to global efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development, it must:
(A) Prioritize its own economic interests above all else
(B) Withdraw from international organizations and agreements
(C) Adopt a confrontational approach to diplomacy
(D) Engage in dialogue, compromise, and the pursuit of common interests
(E) Focus solely on domestic reforms and avoid international engagement
10. Which of the following best captures the main argument of the passage?
(A) Saudi Arabia's energy transition is an insurmountable challenge that will lead to the kingdom's decline
(B) Saudi Arabia's success in its energy transition depends primarily on its ability to maintain high oil prices
(C) Saudi Arabia's energy transition presents both challenges and opportunities, and its success will require bold leadership, innovation, and engagement with the international community
(D) Saudi Arabia's energy transition is a minor issue that will have little impact on the kingdom's future
(E) Saudi Arabia's energy transition will be easily achieved through its existing economic and political structures
DDCDCDCDDC
3.RC
Scientists have revealed an unexpected candidate for the title of the world’s second smartest creature - the raven. According to a pair of researchers, a bird brain is no longer a sign of stupidity; indeed, it could be a sign of surprising intelligence.
In the latest issue of Scientific American, Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar - scientists based at Vermont University in Canada and St Andrews University in Scotland, respectively - reveal a series of experiments that provides startling backing for the idea that ravens are the brainboxes of the natural world. ‘These birds use logic to solve problems and some of their abilities even surpass those of the great apes,’ they say.
One startling experiment they outline involved ravens who were allowed to sit on perches from which pieces of meat dangled from string. To get a treat, a raven had to perform a complex series factions: pull up some of the string, place a loop on the perch and hold it with a claw, then pull up another section of string and hold that loop on the perch. By repeating this process half a dozen times, a raven could reach the end of the string and get the meat.
‘Some animals can be taught how to get food this way,’ Heinrich said. ‘However, I found ravens could perform this complex sequence of actions straight away. I was extremely surprised the first time I saw one of them do this. These birds have never seen string before or encountered meat hanging this way, yet they worked out exactly what they needed to do to get a treat.’
Many animals, birds and insects are capable of carrying out complex actions: nest-building, for example. However, such creatures are programmed genetically to undertake the different steps involved in such behaviour. Little intelligence is involved. By contrast, ravens have demonstrated that they can work out complex sets of actions, involving no tests or trial and error. This implies that they use logic. ‘The birds acted as if they knew what they were doing,’ the two researchers say in Scientific American. ‘Ravens have the ability to test actions in their minds. That capacity is probably lacking, or present only to a limited extent, in most animals.’
Other experiments by biologists have shown that ravens often let other animals do work for them. In the wild, they have been known to make calls that bring wolves and foxes to dead animals so that these large carnivores can break the carcass apart, making meat accessible to the birds. Birds related to the raven also show surprising intelligence. The New Caledonian crow has been shown to fashion tools of leaves and to use them to extract grubs from crevices in trees, for example.
Scientists such as Heinrich and Bugnyar believe that ravens evolved their surprisingly high intelligence because of their complex social lives and scavenging lifestyles.
The birds have to be able to assess very quickly how close to a wolf or fox they can get when one is eating a dead animal: they need to get close enough to get food, but not be attacked themselves. However, Heinrich cautioned against stating unequivocally that the raven is the cleverest animal on Earth after humans. ‘It is up there with the great apes and dolphins,’ he said, ‘but I think it is very difficult to say which is cleverer. There are different types of intelligence. I am good at biology but hopeless using computers, for example. Nevertheless, it is now clear the raven is one of the very smartest creatures we know about.’
1. The researchers' findings about ravens' problem-solving abilities, as described in the passage, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Ravens are capable of abstract reasoning and planning.
(B) The cognitive abilities of ravens are solely a result of their genetic programming.
(C) Ravens have a level of intelligence that is unmatched by any other animal species.
(D) The problem-solving skills of ravens are limited to situations involving food acquisition.
(E) Ravens' intelligence is a direct result of their social interactions with other species.
2. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the researchers' claim that ravens possess a high level of intelligence?
(A) Ravens have been observed failing to solve novel problems in experimental settings.
(B) Other bird species have been found to exhibit problem-solving abilities similar to those of ravens.
(C) The brain structure of ravens differs significantly from that of great apes and dolphins.
(D) Ravens have not been observed using tools in the wild as frequently as New Caledonian crows.
(E) The social structure of raven populations varies widely depending on their habitat.
3. The passage suggests that the researchers' conclusion about the ravens' ability to mentally test actions is based on which of the following observations?
(A) Ravens can perform complex sequences of actions immediately without trial and error.
(B) Ravens have the ability to fashion tools from leaves to extract food from crevices.
(C) Ravens have been observed making calls to attract wolves and foxes to carcasses.
(D) Ravens have a complex social structure that requires advanced cognitive abilities.
(E) Ravens have demonstrated the ability to solve problems that involve the use of string.
4. The author's statement that "birds related to the raven also show surprising intelligence" serves to:
(A) provide evidence that contradicts the researchers' claims about the unique intelligence of ravens.
(B) suggest that the high intelligence of ravens is a result of their evolutionary relationship to other bird species.
(C) introduce a new argument that is unrelated to the main point of the passage.
(D) offer additional support for the idea that ravens are among the most intelligent animals.
(E) imply that the problem-solving abilities of ravens are not as remarkable as those of other bird species.
5. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following can be most reasonably inferred about the relationship between ravens' intelligence and their evolutionary history?
(A) Ravens' intelligence is a direct result of their need to compete with wolves and foxes for food.
(B) The social complexity and scavenging lifestyle of ravens have likely contributed to the development of their high intelligence.
(C) Ravens' intelligence has evolved primarily as a means of avoiding predation by other animals.
(D) The evolutionary pressures faced by ravens are unique among bird species and have led to their exceptional cognitive abilities.
(E) Ravens' intelligence is an evolutionary anomaly that cannot be explained by their social or ecological circumstances.
6. The passage indicates that the ability to assess the proximity to predators while scavenging is an important factor in the evolution of ravens' intelligence. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support this claim?
(A) Ravens that are better at assessing the proximity to predators have higher survival rates than those that are not.
(B) Ravens' ability to assess the proximity to predators is not significantly different from that of other scavenging bird species.
(C) The presence of predators in an area has no effect on the scavenging behavior of ravens.
(D) Ravens' ability to assess the proximity to predators is not correlated with their problem-solving abilities in other contexts.
(E) The evolution of ravens' intelligence is more strongly influenced by their need to find food than by their need to avoid predators.
7. Which of the following statements, if true, would most strongly challenge the researchers' conclusion that ravens are among the most intelligent animals?
(A) Dolphins have been shown to have a more complex system of communication than ravens.
(B) Chimpanzees have demonstrated the ability to solve problems that are more complex than those solved by ravens.
(C) Elephants have been observed exhibiting a wider range of social behaviors than ravens.
(D) Parrots have been found to have a greater capacity for language acquisition than ravens.
(E) Octopuses have been shown to have problem-solving abilities that surpass those of ravens in certain domains.
8. The researchers' cautionary statement about declaring ravens as the cleverest animal on Earth after humans most strongly suggests that:
(A) The intelligence of ravens is not comparable to that of humans.
(B) There is insufficient evidence to make a definitive claim about the relative intelligence of different animal species.
(C) The concept of intelligence is too complex to be reduced to a simple ranking of animal species.
(D) The study of animal intelligence is still in its early stages and requires further research.
(E) The intelligence of ravens, while impressive, is not necessarily superior to that of all other animal species.
答案:
1. 答案: A
解析: 研究人员关于乌鸦解决问题能力的发现最有力地支持以下结论:乌鸦有抽象推理和规划的能力。文章中提到,乌鸦能够立即执行一系列复杂的动作来获取食物,而不需要通过试错。这表明乌鸦具有抽象思维和规划能力,能够在头脑中测试行动。
2. 答案: A
解析: 如果乌鸦在实验环境中被观察到无法解决新问题,这将最严重地削弱研究人员关于乌鸦具有高智力的说法。文章强调乌鸦能够解决复杂的问题,表现出惊人的智力。如果乌鸦在面对新问题时失败,这将对研究人员的结论构成最大的挑战。
3. 答案: A
解析: 文章表明,研究人员关于乌鸦能够在头脑中测试行动的结论是基于以下观察:乌鸦能够立即执行复杂的动作序列,而无需通过试错。文章明确提到,"乌鸦表现得好像它们知道自己在做什么"以及"乌鸦有能力在头脑中测试行动"。
4. 答案: D
解析: 作者提到"与乌鸦相关的鸟类也表现出惊人的智力"是为了为乌鸦是最聪明的动物之一这一观点提供额外的支持。通过指出其他与乌鸦相关的鸟类也展现出高智力,作者进一步支持了乌鸦智力非凡的观点。
5. 答案: B
解析: 根据文章中的信息,可以最合理地推断,乌鸦的智力与其进化历史之间的关系是:乌鸦复杂的社会性和清道夫的生活方式可能促进了它们高智力的发展。文章提到,科学家认为乌鸦进化出惊人的高智力,是因为它们复杂的社会生活和清道夫的生活方式。
6. 答案: A
解析: 如果在清道夫时能更好地评估与捕食者的距离的乌鸦比那些不能做到这一点的乌鸦有更高的生存率,这将最有力地支持文章所述的这一说法:在清道夫时评估与捕食者的距离的能力是乌鸦智力进化的一个重要因素。这表明这种能力与乌鸦的生存和繁殖成功直接相关,因此在进化过程中受到选择。
7. 答案: E
解析: 如果章鱼在某些领域表现出超过乌鸦的解决问题的能力,这将最强烈地挑战研究人员关于乌鸦是最聪明的动物之一的结论。这表明在某些类型的智力方面,其他动物可能优于乌鸦。文章提到,很难对动物的智力进行排名,因为存在不同类型的智力。
8. 答案: E
解析: 研究人员关于不要断言乌鸦是人类之后最聪明的动物的警示性声明最有力地表明:乌鸦的智力虽然令人印象深刻,但不一定优于所有其他动物物种。研究人员提到,乌鸦的智力与大猩猩和海豚不相上下,但很难说哪个更聪明,因为存在不同类型的智力。这表明,虽然乌鸦的智力非常高,但并不能断定它们比所有其他动物都更聪明。
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发表于 2024-5-15 09:14:49
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