之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
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1.CR
答案：
BC
2.DI
答案：
B。根据文章第一段的信息，中国铁路货运在总货运量中的份额从2010年的13.5%下降到2020年的9.1%。
D
B。根据文章第二段的信息，中国政府在"十四五"规划（2021-2025）中设定了将铁路在总货运量中的份额提高到15%的目标。
C。根据交通运输部的估计，如果将10%的长距离公路货运转移到铁路，每年可以减少3200万吨二氧化碳排放。
3.RC
The informal economy, also known as the "grey" or "underground" economy, encompasses legal activities whose participants evade taxes and regulatory compliance. While often associated with developing countries, the informal economy exists in both rich and poor nations alike. Recent research suggests that the informal sector is growing and may be impeding the overall economic growth of developing countries.
Estimating the size of the informal economy is challenging due to its inherent nature. Indirect methods, such as comparing cash transactions or electricity consumption with official output figures, provide better estimates than direct methods like surveys or tax audits. According to a study by Friedrich Schneider, the informal economy in developing countries in 2000 was equivalent to 41% of their official GDP, with figures as high as 60% in Zimbabwe. Even in OECD countries, the share of the informal economy was a significant 18%.
The informal economy's existence is unsurprising, given the advantages of operating in the shadows, such as avoiding income taxes, social-security charges, and compliance with safety, environmental, and health regulations. Cross-country comparisons reveal that the more expensive and complicated taxes and regulations are, the larger the informal economy as a share of GDP. Recent growth in the grey market in some poor countries may be attributed to the International Monetary Fund's austerity programs, which increase taxes and encourage entrepreneurs to opt out.
While a booming grey economy may seem like good news, as it provides a living for many officially jobless individuals, a new study by Diana Farrell of the McKinsey Global Institute suggests that the price for having a large grey economy can be much lower productivity. Grey firms tend to remain small to avoid attracting the attention of authorities, limiting their ability to capitalize on new technology and business practices. In Russia, for example, large supermarkets have a 5% cost advantage over small shops, but informal outlets can save 13% by staying in the shadows, indicating that the productivity benefits of greater scale are overshadowed by higher tax rates. As a result, some industries, particularly labor-intensive ones like retailing, remain fragmented and inefficient.
Formalizing the informal sector could add significant percentage points to productivity growth in countries such as Portugal, Turkey, and Brazil. Broadening the tax base, cutting rates, and improving enforcement would help address this issue. For example, if the Turkish government managed to collect 90% of its value-added-tax revenues instead of the current 64%, it could lower the tax rate from 18% to 13% without sacrificing any income. As long as tax rates remain high and the probability of detection low, grey activities will continue to have irresistible appeal.
What is the main idea of the passage? a) The informal economy is a problem exclusive to developing countries. b) The informal economy is growing and may be hindering economic growth in developing countries. c) The informal economy is beneficial for entrepreneurs in developing countries. d) The informal economy has no impact on the overall economy of a country. e) The informal economy is a result of high tax rates in developed countries.
According to the passage, which of the following methods is considered better for estimating the size of the informal economy? a) Surveys and tax audits b) Comparing cash transactions or electricity consumption with official output figures c) Analyzing the number of registered businesses in a country d) Calculating the number of officially jobless individuals e) Measuring the GDP of a country
What is the main reason for the existence of the informal economy? a) Lack of job opportunities in the formal sector b) Advantages of operating in the shadows, such as avoiding taxes and regulations c) Inability of governments to enforce laws and regulations d) Lack of education and skills among entrepreneurs e) High demand for goods and services provided by the informal sector
According to the study by Diana Farrell, what is the consequence of having a large grey economy? a) Increased job opportunities for the officially jobless b) Higher productivity due to the use of new technology and business practices c) Lower productivity due to the small scale of grey firms d) Increased tax revenue for the government e) Improved efficiency in labor-intensive industries
What measures does the author suggest to address the issue of the informal economy? a) Increasing tax rates and improving enforcement b) Broadening the tax base, cutting rates, and improving enforcement c) Providing incentives for entrepreneurs to operate in the formal sector d) Increasing government spending on infrastructure and social programs e) Encouraging the growth of large-scale businesses in the informal sector
答案：
BBBCB
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发表于 2024-3-6 08:05:03
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