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309
生词:reconnaissance aircraft侦察机
-----介绍背景-----
Since 1997, used GPS measure hurricane---temperature, pressure…----provide important glimpse
细节补充: The maximum surface-wind speed was 90% (10000-foot level) , 1992 Andrew’s wind speed was 75-80%, the findings result in from 145mph to 165mph
One of the difficult problems for tropical forecasters: the assessment of the maximum surface wind---data are obtained from 10000ft level, but left to estimate the surface wind.
P and B recommend a ratio of 63%-73% be used to reduce flight-level observation. ==while in NHC, surface wind been taken to be 80-90%, which is too high in the view of P and B.
In 1997, NOAA and AFRC began to develop GPS---provide for more than 350 such profiles through 1999
----介绍本文研究的数据和方法-------
Based on a sample of 357 eyewall profiles from several hurricanes (a majority were made from 10000 level)
From NOAA---Airborne radar----determine whether a sonde was released in the eyewall
From AFRC----comment of air-crews and examination
Individual sounding---construct a mean
----提供研究结果------
Figure 1---mean
The strongest winds are found 1600ft---20% higher than the 1000ft wind----owing to warm-core nature in tropical area
Comparison---the mean of non-eyewall sondes
The ratio of the 1000ft wind is 0.78 in the outer and 0.91 in the eyewall---not far from P and B’s 0.73
While a reduction factor of about 0.9 (NHC) is appropriate in the mean
Figure 2---example from 1998’s hurricane Mitch
-----提供期望建议----
For 700mb level, R=0.9
For 850mb level, R=0.8
For investigative flight at 1000ft, R=0.85
最后是描述了一下他的数据结果
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