[揽瓜阁精读] 296. 阿伦尼乌斯方程

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About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However, recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can “tunnel” through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.

The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart. This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

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nononohhh

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（一）        一个世纪前，瑞典科学家A提出了一条经典化学定律，将化学反应速率与温度联系起来。根据A方程，当温度接近绝对零度时，化学反应越来越不可能发生，而在绝对零度时，化学反应停止。然而，最近的实验表明，尽管A在描述发生在相对较高温下的化学反应时是准确的，但在接近零度的温度下，一种被称为隧道效应的量子力学效应开始发挥作用。具体来说，根据经典化学理论，即使这些分子没有足够的能量来克服排斥力屏障，整个分子也可以tunnel其他分子的排斥力屏障，并发生化学反应
（二）        任何化学反应的速率，无论其发生的温度如何，通常取决于一个重要的特征，即它的activation energy。解释了下。在经典化学中，反应分子从一个well底部tunnel到另一个的底部，而不必越过两个well之间的壁垒。最近研究人员提出了tunnel温度的概念：在这个温度下，tunnel跃迁的数量大大超过了A跃迁。经典力学让位于量子力学。这种极地温下的tunnel现象提出了我关于生命寒冷史的假设：在宇宙的深冷中形成相当复杂的有机分子，那里的温度只有几K。宇宙射线可能会在星际尘埃的黑云中出触发简单分子的合成，比如星际f。之后，复杂有机分子将通过tunnel形成。在我提出我的假设后，H和W提出，星际f确实进化成了稳定的p。他们的结论虽然存在强烈的争议，但却在像我这样的研究人员中引起了兴奋，他们提出，银河云是生命所必须的化合物的前生物进化发生的地方

musewhisper

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楓羽_

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Ak777

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整个行文逻辑是：
1.讲了A提出的经典化学理论，该理论的分割点在于绝对零度下的化学反应是否会进行。
最近的理论则对此提出了另一个角度的看法：q-m effect-引出tunnel
2.深入tunnel：1）先介绍了activation energy
2）讲tunnel时候的过程
3）对此我提出了low temperature下的假说
4）H和W的反驳

楓羽_

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