[揽瓜阁精读] 267. lele league

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主题：maternalism
结构：总起maternalism不同定义——具体介绍：美国、德国、俄罗斯、日本。。。。——ML对US对具体实验研究——作者的研究：la leche league；——1.定义：breastfeeding——2.breastfeeding来源——3.breastfeeding的好处——4.breastfeeding的坏处——坏处详解——文章后文的脉络——最后引出：paternalism、fatherhood。
主要内容
P1
科学家对maternalism一词感兴趣。US用M来表示18世纪republican motherhood对意识形态——19世纪Congress of Mother的belief，20世纪激进派的interests。因为不同的研究方法会得到不同的结果，所以我询问了俄罗斯、德国、日本、何美国的学者来了解他们对maternalism在研究中的角色定位、从而来解释他们的可能性和局限性。
P2
后续的讨论会有点复杂。maternalism在feminist、antifeminist、conservative、progressive、radical、or some combination thereof。
P3
有人视“maternalism”是一种empowered motherhood or public expression。他们关注maternalism和state- building&feminism的关系。AL在俄罗斯的work发现俄罗斯和US、欧洲不同，因为maternalist不影响俄罗斯的社会和妇女。
ATA在德国的研究吧maternalism和feminist联系起来发现feminist支持社会活动。
KU在日本也认为降低社会重要性的传统motherhood正在被现代西方的maternity所取代。
P4
MLT分四组人员研究USmaternalism：national congress of mothers、the children's bureau network、national association of colored women、national women's party。认为区分maternalist和其他和motherhood有关的politics很重要。
EB也认为maternalism定义灵活多变，原因有race和class。
我自己的研究 La Lehce League讲述了essentialist notions of empowered motherhood的一些tensions。
P5
在LLL，maternalism指promotion of breastfeeding。L人对maternalism这一次的理解略显矛盾。
P6
LLL在1956年才被发现是promote breastfeeding的，部份原因是应丢scientific motherhood以及它强调的男性学习产科和儿科L的建立者认为他们帮助了mother大忙。nither能够管理自己的breastfeeding甚至是其他mother类工作。这有利于babies、社会的发展。在采访中，一些mother说他们想成为feminist，因为他们想要控制自己的身体，对抗男权。

P7
但是这个ideology不是fenimist。他不考虑女性安全问题。
L的 essentialism限制了社会经济政治的发展。而feminist考虑女性安全并促进了以上的发展。
P8
一方面，LLL提高了女性地位；另一方面，限制了public roles。对社会和政治行为的假设是LLL产生饿feminist和anti feminist。
P9
本文接下来会继续阐述maternalism的发展。motherhood的建设一直在变化。20世纪中期的LLL的maternalism不同于以前的任何版本。
P10
对maternalism的讨论引起了来对paternalism
的注意——以fatherhood为前提。牛津词典定义为家长主义作风，maternalism从词典中消失了，但对其的研究还在继续。

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267-------对于maternalism的探究
生词：
“maternalism（母性主义）” ----to explain variation in women behavior
Meaning----diverse and contradictory assumption +具体举例

Ensuring discussion----complex and fascinating（中心）-----maternalism is different from…
----不同学者的研究罗列----
Maternalism implies a kind of motherhood or public expression with motherhood
L: maternalist ideology is absent in construction of policies affecting women and the state
// TA: evolving tradition of feminist support in Germany + KU: motherhood replaced by maternity in the modern Japan
MLT: importance of recognizing distinctions between m and others
=EB: a flexible definition of m-----factors of race and class take into account

作者的：some tensions in the notions of motherhood (on the La Leche League)
The League’s notions of its own history and 作者的 interpretation ----contradictions
League founders---practice and authority of motherhood for women; league’s founding mothers----they are feminists----want to control their bodies and challenging authority
//Yet, this ideology is not really feminist the league’s essentialism limits alternative roles promoted by feminism
---->Maternalism empowered women // it limited public roles

La Leche League different----more commonly discussed
-------提一嘴另一个概念---
“paternalism” ----relies on a fatherhood-----the policy of governing or controlling people in a paternal way, giving them no responsibility (dictionary)

Premiere

267 lele league 39’37
P1: growing interest in “maternalism”母性主义 with diverse and often contradictory assumptions about the term mean. US historians describe maternalism as1. ideology of 18th RM 2.beliefs of 19th CoM, 3. 20th progressive reformers. How M was played as a strategy or discourse in research area and ti suggest limits and possibilities of M as a paradigm（典范，范例）
P2: AL Russia: maternalist rhetoric and ideology appeared to be absent in the construction of policies affecting women and the state. ATA Germany:  linked maternalism to feminist ideology&action and find evolving（逐步演化的）tradition of feminist support for state activism. KU Japan:Western notions of maternity supported  male Japanese nationalists replace a tradition that undermine the social importance of motherhood.
P3: MLT importance of recognizing differences between maternalist and other politics of motherhood. EB: argue for a flexible definition of M. myself: La Leche League
P4: use of the term M embodies（体现，象征）some contradictions
P5:lele league is to promote breastfeeding, natural childbirth( an intensive mothering)， and emphasis on male expertise in obstetric（产科的，生产的，分娩的） and pediatric medicine. Founders think “good mothering through breastfeeding” benefit society. Some early feminist want to control their own body and this is seemed to be radical.
P6: later concerns with women’s health issues(a strand of 一串儿 连续的一系列的 movements of feminist) , especially wtw(lele league) Lele limits alternative roles promoted by feminism.
P7:评价LLL:ad empower women during man era disad: limit public roles. With both fe and antife aspects.
P8:evolving definition of M. mid 20th LLL’s M differ from others, because it focused on private domestic
P9:attention to “paternalism”. no M in dictionary but work of sscholars will contribute to a wider usage of a word