揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队 第182天 技术成本的分配

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To determine the return on investment, it is critical to ascertain costs associated with the basic research and development that gave rise to a particular technology. However, the path that research takes is determined by the results of series of experiments, and the best science can veer dramatically from the plan. Therefore, the factors that make scientifically curious minds appropriately alter research plans also make determining a starting point for assigning costs to a particular technology difficult.

An inventive technology is most likely one piece of a very large research project; and, it may be tangential to the main focus as well. For example, technical obstacles are common impediments in biomedical research; they frustrate, but they also inspire. Overcoming the obstacle may lead an investigator to develop an alternative technology, which may or may not be a distinct piece of research. Rather, it may be a necessary sidestep within the larger project, and the costs of development are, for the most part, very difficult to isolate.

In addition, biomedical laboratories generally conduct their research with multiple complementary goals. Within an overarching research mission, a laboratory is typically divided into separate units, each of which is responsible for conducting research on a particular piece of a broad hypothesis, and each of which receives a variable piece of the laboratory budget as progress warrants. Some projects are designed to develop fundamental data or techniques that are necessary for a particular line of investigation; these techniques can be, and often are, useful for a number of unrelated studies.

Attempting to determine the costs of biomedical discovery is also complicated by the fact that new research almost always builds upon the work of predecessor scientists. Determining what part of a preceding budget or what part of a multi-purpose technique contributes to an inventive technology is, at best, extremely difficult, if not impossible.

1. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an obstacle to calculating the return on investment of a particular technology?

(A) it is difficult to project the possible revenue potential of a new technological development

(B) accounting of laboratory budgets is difficult due to the infrequency of the grant bestowment cycle

(C) new biomedical technologies offer many benefits to humanity that can not be quantified monetarily

(D) a technology may be developed as a means to an end, not as the result of a specific path of research

(E) variable costs may be imposed upon research and development that builds upon existing patentable technology

2. Why does the author mention "scientifically curious minds" in the last sentence of the first paragraph?

(A) to describe a desired component of research and development that also obstructs the calculation of return on investment

(B) because research and development projects are generally dominated by scientists

(C) to demonstrate one of the negative personality traits commonly found in biomedical researcher laboratories

(D) to introduce them as a result of several factors related to the costs of biomedical discovery

(E) as evidence of the success of previous efforts to assign costs to newly developed technologies

3. The author views the attempt to quantify the costs and benefits of a newly developed technology as

(A) a necessary compromise

(B) a repetitive task

(C) an arduous undertaking

(D) an unqualified disaster

(E) a short-term phenomenon

参考答案：DAC

大月亮cyn

文章大概结构：
ROI ～*Costs difficult to determine ==》inventive T～focus +例子 + D Costs difficult to isolate ==》（并列）B lab multiple goals ==》 determine cost = extremely difficult

1. D P2 new technologies are often developed as solutions for specific obstacles along a larger research path. Technologies developed=a means of achieving the goals of a larger project.
2. A scientifically-curious minds = desired aspect of R&D work =》research plans keep changing +X definite starting point ==》 difficult to determine the costs
3. C arduous = extremely difficult (last P)

clairettt

难以确定科技的分配成本
1-特定的科技只是研究计划中的一项，成本难以单独计算
2-生物研究有很多目标：一个任务会分成许多独立项，每个都有不同预算
3-研究都建立在已有研究之上
EAC

Ivy要自律

看一下！               

梦校offer和全奖

EAC（第一题错误正确答案D）
文章结构
第一段：论点1+转折...论点2（反对论点1的原因）+结论（论点1不行）
第二段：论点3（反对论点1的原因）+举例+结论（论点1不行）
第三段：论点4（反对论点1原因）+延续论点2的例子+解释原因
第四段：论点5（反对论点1原因）+解释原因+总结（论点1不行）


文章内容：
提出论点1：具体科技发展的基础研究和发展成本需要被评估以衡量投资回报——论点2（反对论点1），因为研究方法时常发生改变，所以不知道从哪里开始衡量成本——论点3（反对论点1）技术只是项目中的一个部分，很难独立衡量其成本——论点4（反对论点1）——实验室同时实行多个目标且实验室被划分为不同部门，每个部门因为实验内容实用性所获得预算不同，很难计算成本——论点5（反对论点1）科技实验经常基于前人的结果和努力，不知道前任预算如何，很难衡量成本。
作者态度：计算科技产生的基础研究和发展的成本是不可能的，因为这里有很多实际难以克服的困难。

GGGG了

看一下！               

Erebuslee

文章结构：提出观点：确定投资回报，确定实验成本是困难的==>分两方面举例说明：一个特定的技术只是大项目中的一小部分，eg. biomedical research，难以isolate某个技术的成本==>第二方面：biomedical 实验通常有多种目标，实验的数据、技术对实验流程后续都有帮助，无法区分单独成本==>进一步说明，难以判断成本因为实验工作基于很多前人的成果，难以区分之前的预算成本==>结论：难以确定成本
1 D not as specific path of research==>very difficult to isolate
2 A 排除法做的，CD第一段没提，BE错误
3 C arduous undertaking==> extremely difficult，if not impossible

123ffff

assigning cost to a particular tech is difficult
one part/difficult to isolate, 并且mutiple goals-太繁复了
=>extremely difficult
D
A(只有A是和判断回报这个主题一样的)
C(arduous-involving a lot of strength and effort)

斯麦尔糖

bac

TheFoggyDew

结构：①提出论点：估计科研成本是困难的；②发明性的技术往往是一个研究的一小部分，因此成本也难以拆分；③一项研究往往能够支持多个目标；④生物医学研究的成果很多都建立在前人研究的基础上，即使能够估计成本，估计的过程也是困难的。
选择：DAB