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The usual descriptionsof how the brain processes information rely on the same model that engineers have used to design electrical circuits. Just as electrons flow along the wires in a circuit, the neurons in the brain relay information along structured pathways, passing messages across specific points called synapses. According to this model, information does not leave the neuronal circuitry. But there is increasing evidence that neurons can also communicate by means of “volume transmission,” which does not involve the relaying of information across synapses. Volume transmission is not an alternative to the traditional view, commonly called wiring or synaptic transmission, but a complement to that established theory. Neurons do relay information quickly and efficiently across synapses, but experiments show that neurons can also release chemical signals into the fluid-filled space between the cells of the brain; these signals are not necessarily detected by neighboring cells but by cells in a different part of the brain, in the same way that hormones released by a gland into the bloodstream can have effects on cells far away. These processes occur on much longer time scales than does synaptic transmission, and they probably play a distinct role, perhaps regulating or modulating the brain's response to synaptic signals.
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to A. note similarities between two ways in which the brain processes information B. propose a new model as an analogy for the structure of the brain C. suggest that the brain uses more than one method to process information D. explain why one theory about brain processes has been more influential than another theory E. examine data challenging a new theory about the way in which the brain processes information
2.The passage suggests which of the following about the “usual descriptions” (see highlighted text) of the brain's processing of information? A. They provide a misleading analogy for the way in which synaptic transmission occurs. B. They incorrectly assume that information is conveyed exclusively through the neuronal circuitry. C. They underestimate the speed at which the transfer of information across synapses occurs. D. They are based on an analogy to the way in which hormones function to control the body. E. They acknowledge the existence of volume transmission but underestimate its importance in regulating brain responses.
3. The passage mentions which of the following as a possible function of volume transmission in the brain? A. Facilitating the release of hormones in different parts of the body B. Transmitting different types of sensory information than does synaptic transmission C. Serving to regulate the brain's response to synaptic signals D. Enhancing the brain's response to external stimuli E. Regulating different bodily functions than does synaptic transmission
参考答案： CBC
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发表于 2021-6-3 05:10:39
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