【揽瓜阁5.0】Day5 2021.02.12【人文科学-语言、文学、文学】

sodahugh

【人文科学-语言】
Which is the best language? The answer, in the end, is in the ear of the beholder

4’07

语言的优劣：各有个特点 要自己判断

1.        法国人觉得法语就是最好的
2.        但法语的优势在其他国人来看也是劣势
3.        语言的区别不是他们能表达什么，而且他们必须怎么说
4.        一些微妙的启示 是孤立社区的
5.        不是每种语言都要具备表达中的所有区别
6.        语言的信息密度
7.        语言是权衡后得到的
8.        要自己判断想要的语言特性

Beholder 旁观者
Render 报答 呈递
Judicial 公正的
Chortle 咯咯笑
Dictum 声明
Dispel 驱散
Nuanced 细微差别
Provocation 挑衅
Verdict 裁定


【人文科学-文学】
French Woman Composer

法国女剧作家发展及原因

1.        法国女剧作家的发展：7个-9个-至少44个   2个是十佳  之前没有过女性写出这么多好作品  后来下降了
2.        原因：需求增加；平民化；意大利影响  观众多样化 戏剧机构民主化  皇家剧院的特权被废除 平民有机会看戏

Stagnate 停滞 不发展
Patronage 支持
Forum 论坛 讨论

花卷卷

Day 5 打卡~

SongRui

打卡

Alex_xuan

大年初一，祝大家牛年大吉！

Meredith_gao

2.12打卡，第一篇真有趣

菅直男

文章一大意
对比语言的优劣，由耳朵来判断

分层
1 法语富有逻辑性、情感性，法国人认为法语很好
2 语言学家有一句名言:语言的不同，不在于它们能表达什么，而在于它们必须表达什么，所以任何语言都可以很好的表达所有意思
3 旧观念里欧洲语言是复杂的，本土语言是原始的。事实上，许多歧视不是法国人或德国人需要的。
4 FR提出以语言的信息密度来对比语言的优劣性
5 不同的语言有不同的特质，并不能说某个特质更强=更好
6 作者引用Dixon 的观点，应该让读者自己根据不同语言的特质来选择最适合的语言

单词

judicial • 法庭的；法官的；审判的；司法的:

linguists • 语言学家

indigenous • 本地的；当地的；土生土长的

nuanced n. (色彩、音调、措词、意味、香韵、感情等)有细微差别的

redundant • 被裁减的

verdict • (经过检验或认真考虑后的)决定,结论,意见

时间 读18min /总结 20min


文章二
大意
法国女性作曲家的发展和原因

段落大意
1 法国女性作曲家的发展史
2 从教育、艺术等多个角度说明女性歌剧流行的原因

单词

proliferation • 激增；涌现；增殖；大量的事物:

operetta 轻歌剧

elite • 上层集团；(统称)掌权人物,社会精英

royal • 国王的；女王的；皇家的；王室的

时间  读9min /总结 15min

阿里娜

打卡

Cherro

不超出错错错错错错错

vinago

Which is the best language? The answer, in the end, is the ear of the beholder
阅读时间:6’32
总结时间: 35’
总时间: 42’

文章中心大意
The author raised a question whether many nuanced different things a language and must do indicates that some languages are better than others by introducing some differences between French and English.=> Researchers find that languages are governed by trade-offs: sometimes requiring distinction is useful, while on the other side, more distinction may make others hard to learn. => In the end, Mr Dixon believes that the list of advantages is itself a matter of judgement. And for all his scientific criteria, the answer is in the ear of the beholder .

每段段落大意
1，French believe their language is especially logic and precise while foreigners may hate to make some expressions used in French.
2, The author raised a question whether many nuanced differences expressed in a language means that some languages better than others. Mr Dixon pointed out that many of most nuanced discriminations are required not by standard language but among isolated traditional communities. He also finds that distinctions sometimes are useful while sometimes have disadvantages.
3, Taking the difference between the Japanese and English as an example， researchers find that languages are governed by trade-offs. More distinguish, more information but may not easy to learn, while in turn, less information may be easy to learn but less expressive.
4, Mr Dixon says languages all have some parts that must be fixed and some parts that are not determined by meets. However, in the end, he argues that the list of advantages is itself a matter of judgement. And for all his scientific criteria, the answer is in the ear of the beholder .

印象深刻的句子：
Languages are governed by trade-offs.
Languages ,Mr Dixon says, are like a Western-style house. There are a few rooms you must have( kitchen, bedroom, living room, bathroom) , and some discretionary options (office, guest, room). On a fixed budget , you can’t have all the extras.
生词：
beholder 旁观者，个人观点
chortle：哈哈笑，欢呼雀跃
dictum：格言
provocative : 煽动的，刺激的
tradeoff: 交换条件，权衡
discretionary: discretionary things are not fixed by rules but are decided on by people in authority…  酌情行事

French Woman Composer
阅读时间:4’41
总结时间: 26’
总时间: 31’

文章中心大意
The passage first illustrates a phenomenon that women represents a larger proportion of opera composers and librettists in late-eighteenth-and-nineteenth-century France than in earlier periods and then explain the reasons for this explosion of opera by women.
每段段落大意

1, A greater number of women than before gained access to the opera stage as composers and librettists in late-eighteenth-and-nineteenth-century France, the trend also means women’s works had greater chance to achieve great success.  Moreover, the phenomenon was unique in the history of opera for it was incomparable not only in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries but also in anywhere else in Europe during that period. Furthermore, no works was as popular as the works of women like Candeille and Pipelet.

2,The reason why the phenomenon happened is that the increased demand for opera in general led more women have chances to create operas because opera became popularized among the public and thus the need for high-quality works increased.

印象深刻的句子：
This was a significant accomplishment given the social and artistic importance assigned to opera during this period, as well as the large number of new operas created every year-a feat comparable to writing a best-selling novel today.
Come close to reach the same heights of popularity as the works of women like C and P

生词：
Librettists: a librettist is a person who writes the words that are used in an opera or musical play
Unequaled： 无与伦比的
Chiseled away:精雕细琢
Stagnating ：停滞不前
If something such as a business or society stagnates, it stops changing or progressing.

一只倩

第一篇

1.总结文章中心大意：讨论什么是最好的语言，拿了几种语言举例，最后得出结论。

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意

第一段：法国学术界曾经提议法语应该作为欧盟的主要语言。逻辑性和准确性可以让法语成为出类拔萃司法语言。而其他人并不这么认为。

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

He argued that its logic and precisionrendered it the judicial language par excellence. Others chortled. How veryFrench of him!

A dictum among linguists is thatlanguages differ not in what they can express, but in what they must.

4.总结文章中的生词

Chortle  vi. 咯咯笑

Dictum n. 声明；格言；[律]法官的附带意见

Aver vt. 断言，极力声明；主张

Indigenous   adj. 土生土长的

Nuanced n. (色彩、音调、措词、意味、香韵、感情等)有细微差别的

5.阅读时间8分钟  总结时间20分钟 总时间28分钟

第二篇

1.总结文章中心大意：描述了一种社会现象，对该社会现象的发生给予了解释。

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意

第一段：法国女性作曲家和编剧的数量在18世纪晚期和19世纪早期前是空前的。其中，两位作曲家Catherine和Pipelet的作品，排名进入前十，取得了当时最重要的一项成就，这个现象在歌剧史中并不常见。

第二段：是什么原因导致了女性作曲家数量的爆炸增长呢？是由于歌剧需求增长导致了更多的产品，女性受益 于这个趋势。（接下来整段都是进一步解释，为什么需求增加 1、观看歌剧成为了法国人的一种娱乐方式，而不仅仅只吸引精英阶层  2、意大利歌喜剧和即兴喜剧的影响。因为需求的增加→需要更多的种类歌剧）

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子

In response to this more competitive market and pressure fromauthors-as well as larger political factors- the institution of opera becamemore democratic over the courese of the eighteeth century.

4.总结文章中的生词

Librettist n. 歌词作者；剧本作者

Improvised  v. 即席创作表演；凑合出……；临时做；临时提供（improvise 的过去式及过去分词）; adj. 即兴的;

Farce  n. 笑剧,闹剧,滑稽戏;笑剧剧目;作假的可笑场面,闹剧场面

Genres n. 种类；体裁；流派（genre的复数）

5.记录阅读时间、总结时间、总时间

阅读时间7分钟 总结时间18分钟 总时间25分钟