【每日逻辑训练营】（第七天）

小白斩鸡

DAY7

[size=14.000000953674316px]打卡格式：

[size=14.000000953674316px]1. 做每题所化的时间 （可以让大家更好的把握自己的pace）
2. 逻辑链 （大家平时练习最重要是梳理好GMAT逻辑链）
3. 5个选项简单分析 （正确正确在哪，错误错误在哪）

打卡模版：

[size=14.000000953674316px]时间：2‘15

[size=14.000000953674316px]逻辑链：Premise：voles live in large groups from late autumn through winter, live in smaller groups from spring through early autumn.

[size=14.000000953674316px]Conclusion：the mortality among young voles can explain the seasonal variation in group.
Logic: because the cold/food, the voles dead, they are together form late autumn through winter.
选项：
A.提到young voles 但是时间段the spring and early summer 不对。Pass
B.无关。
C.spring食物丰富，时间段不对。
D.时间点没有严格对应 late atumn 没有E严格。
E.bingo 时间完全对应。简单推断也向到mortality，所以选E

7-1 For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

• Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
• There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
• Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.
• Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
• The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.
  

7-2 Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently. What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

• The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of that conclusion.
• The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
• The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion.
• The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion.
• The first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.
  

7-3 Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

• People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
• There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.
• Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.
• Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.
• Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.
  

7-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since     .

• many nonfunctioning satellites remain in orbit for years
• for satellites that have ceased to function, repairing them while they are in orbit would be prohibitively expensive
• there are no known previous instances of satellites’ having been exploded on purpose
• the only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth
• a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth’s orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible
  

7-5 Editorial:

An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be requiredsince the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

• The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.
• The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.
• The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports; the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.
• The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.
• The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence against that recommendation.
  

7-6 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

A certain tropical island received food donations in the form of powdered milk for distribution to its poorest residents, who were thought to be malnourished. Subsequently, the rate of liver cancers among those islanders increased sharply. The donated milk was probably to blame: recent laboratory research on rats has shown that rats briefly exposed to the substances aflatoxin tend to develop liver cancer when fed casein, a milk protein. This result is relevant because.

• in the tropics, peanuts, a staple of these island residents, support a mold growth that produces aflatoxin.
• the liver is more sensitive to carcinogens, of which aflatoxin may be one, than most other bodily organs.
• casein is not the only protein contained in milk.
• powdered milk is the most appropriate form in which to send milk to a tropical destination.
  

the people who were given the donated milk had been screened for their ability to digest milk.

7-7（注意是结论题）The quality of unrefined olive oil is not actually defined in terms of acidity, yet extensive tests have shown that the less free oleic acid an unrefined olive oil contains per liter, the higher its quality.  The proportion of free oleic acid that an olive oil contains is an accurate measure of the oil’s acidity.

If the statements above are all true, which of the following conclusions is best supported by them?

• When an olive oil is refined, the concentration of oleic acid in the oil is reduced.
• The quality of an unrefined olive oil can be determined only by accurately measuring its acidity.
• If an unrefined olive oil is intermediate in acidity between two other unrefined olive oils, it will also be intermediate between them in quality.
• Free oleic acid is the only acid that unrefined olive oil contains.
• People who judge the quality of unrefined olive oils actually judge those oils by their acidity, which the judges can taste.
  

7-8 Which if the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?

Aroca County’s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property.  The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county.  Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because ______.

• many Aroca County residents have already left the county because of its high property taxes
  

• a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties is about to open in Aroca County
• at least some Aroca County parents are likely to use the money they will save on property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county
• a significant proportion of parents of Aroca County public school students do not own their homes and consequently do not pay property taxes
• retailers in Aroca County are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax price of their goods
  

7-9 Denoma, a major consumer-electronics maker, had a sizeable decline in sales revenue for its most recent fiscal year.  This result appears surprising, because electronics retailers report that although their overall sales were considerably lower than in the previous year, their sales revenue from Denoma models actually grew, largely thanks to some innovative and popular models that Denoma introduced.

Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the apparently surprising result?

• Because of the need to educate the public about its new models’ capabilities, Denoma’s advertising spending was higher than normal over the period.
• For the period at issue, Denoma’s major competitors reported declines in revenue that were, in percentage terms, greater than Denoma’s.
• A significant proportion of Denoma’s revenue comes from making components for other consumer-electronics manufacturers.
• Unlike some of its major competitors, Denoma has no lines of business outside consumer electronics to provide revenue when retail sales of consumer electronics are weak.
• During the period, consumer-electronics retailers sold remaining units of Denoma’s superseded models at prices that were deeply discounted from those models’ original prices.
  

7-10 Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.  This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.  Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.  On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.

In the argument given, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles?

• The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
• The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue the argument addresses; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument.
• The first provides evidence to defend the position that the argument seeks to establish against opposing positions; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
• The first provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the argument’s main conclusion.  
• Each provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish.
  

Leonado7

7-1
1`37
A
逻辑链：
Facts：G的保险比F贵，G发生的车祸比F少。
Conclusion：G的保险公司比F赚钱
问假设:
A.G赔的钱不比F多。保险公司收的钱多，给的钱不多，支持
B.跟摩托无关
C.反驳
D.跟rates无关
E.没说到跟利润相关的

7-2
B
1`26
逻辑链：
第一部分：一些立法者提出要把多次犯罪者关一辈子。第一个黑脸是立法者的结论
第二部分:作者认为这样不靠谱，第二个黑体的作者的结论。
A.第二个不支持第一个
B.正确
C.第一个不是作者结论
D.同C
E.错的离谱

7-3
A
1`54
逻辑链：
Facts:种植社会都是和稳定的crops一起出现的。西非之前没有crop,米饭和yams是crop，是从外引进的
Conclusion：道啥时候他们引进了crop就知道他们最早啥时候开始种植的了。
A.西非人民在米饭之前没有种过staple crops。支持，否则这两个就不是最早的
B.国内没有稳定的staple。即使是有，也不知道西非人民会不会种
C.米饭和yam是西非最早人民种的staple crops。感觉这个才是正确答案
D.跟KO无关
E.跟KO无关

7-4
E
2`27
逻辑链：
Facts：卫星的反射干扰了望远镜的运作。有人提出要炸掉不用的卫星来排除这种干扰。
Conclusion：这个提议不靠谱，因为：
A.跟时间无关
B.跟维修无关
C.跟之前无关
D.跟其他方法无关
E.如果爆炸会产生碎片，导致无法运作。解释了

7-5
B
1`30
逻辑链：
说警察在搜查前需要检察官的认可，而现在警察的搜查证据都是有效的，所以有些人认为不需要检察官了。第一个就是有些人的结论。但是作者提出这个有问题，并给出了原因。第二个黑脸就是作者的结论。
A.第一个不是作者结论
B.正确
C.第一个不是证据
D.第二个不是用来支持的
E.第二个不是证据

7-6
A
2`27
逻辑链：
Fact:给穷人捐奶粉，结果穷人得病变很多。奶粉里有个蛋白质和aflatoxin接触会引发病。
Conclusion:奶粉跟生病肯定相关。
给出原因：
A.当地人吃的花生含A很多。支持了
B.这个不充分
C.无关
D.无关
E.无关

7-7
C
2`19
逻辑链：Unrefined 橄榄油的质量准确来说不是由酸度决定的，而是由free oleic acid决定的。
问可以推出下面哪个结论：
A.refined无关
B.不知道是不是唯一
C.如果free 在两者中间，那么质量在两者中间。对
D.不知道是不是唯一
E.跟结论相反

7-8
B
2`53
逻辑链：
一个城市的学校的费用准备从收实体税转到收消费税。消费税的税收比实体税比例低，但是收的钱应该不会低，因为：
A.很多人离开了，无关
B.有个新商店要开了，外面城市的人回来。增加税收，支持
C.跟节省实体税无关
D.跟不付实体税无关
E.不降价不能推出不会少

7-9
A
1`24
逻辑链：
现象：D卖的很多，但是利润却下降了。
问原因
A.广告费用比平常多。成本高了，因此利润下降
B.跟对手无关
C.跟利润组成无关
D.跟对手无关
E.跟怎么卖的无关

7-10
A
1`17
逻辑链：
出现了一个现象，第一个黑体是这个现象。第二个黑体是作者的结论
A.正确
B.第二个不证据
C.第一个不是证据
D.第一个不是证据
E.都不是证据

七月的狮子

1. 时间0’59 答案C
逻辑链：对于相同的车型，G比F的车保险要贵。但是F比G的事故率高，所以在G的公司利润更高
A 在G的维修费和F差不多 增强了结论
B 骑摩托的在G和F的人数差不多 无关
C 在G出事故的人比在F的更可能上报给保险公司 （取非削弱，保险公司花钱多 利润没高
D F和G城市的事故率最高 无关
E 保险公司在police reports前就知道出事故的可能性差异

2. 时间1’38 答案B
逻辑链：提议：对于那些已经被sentence过两次的罪犯实施终身监禁->reduce犯罪率 制止他们再犯 反对：已经监禁过两次的人太老不会再犯罪，年轻罪犯没地方监禁了
A 一和二所支持的是相反的
B
C 不是mc
D 不是mc
E 没有提到过a group of exceptional cases

3. 时间1’31 答案A
逻辑链:没有staple crops就没有农业社会。因为当地不种，所以知道最早的import staple crops的记录，如：大米红薯，就可以知道农业社会什么时候发展起来的。
A 人们没有在大米红薯进口的时候停掉了其他在种的谷物（取非
B 没有当地的食物可以作为staple crops 无关
C 和大米红薯在哪里种的无关
D 秋葵更适应condistion in 西非 无关
E 秋葵是在西非种植的 无关 不是staple crops

4. 时间2’26 答案E
逻辑链：卫星影响了望远镜的observation因为它会反光。且很多卫星都不work了，所以为了他们不继续反光，应该把他们炸掉。此plan被否掉
A 不work的卫星在轨道上很多年 （无关
B 要维修他们会花很多钱 （说了要炸掉
C 之前没有过炸掉卫星的例子
D 怎样才能让望远镜不被interfere 无关
E 许多小粒子会造成反光 导致miss observation

5. 时间2’05 答案B
逻辑链：逮捕需要commander的批准，证据不充分则不可。所以的逮捕都显示证据是充分的，所以commander不需要commander的同意也可。编辑表示这很危险，万一没了authorize可能不遵守standard
A 编辑所refute而非recommend
B 选B
C 同A
D 第二不是支持第一的，而是反对
E 第二不是evidence but a judgement

6. 时间1’27 答案A
逻辑链：donate奶粉给居民，然后居民得肝癌了。原因是老鼠在被expose在A的时候也被喂了C，自此得了肝癌
A 花生是居民主要吃的食物，会产生A （联系了既有A又有奶
B 肝比其他器官更对致癌物敏感 无关
C c不是奶中唯一的蛋白质 无关
D 奶粉是最容易运输的
E 收到捐助的居民会被screen for消化牛奶的能力

7. 时间2’23 答案C
逻辑链：橄榄油的o含量越少，质量越高。o决定了橄榄油的酸性
A 提炼过后的橄榄油，o的浓度会减少 （不清楚
B 橄榄油的质量只能取决于他的酸度 （太绝对
C 酸度在其他橄榄油的中间，则质量在他们中间
D o是橄榄油有的唯一的酸 （不知道
E judge橄榄油的质量，就是judge酸度 （纠结了一下，文中没提酸度能不能尝出来

8. 时间：五分钟左右？答案B （第一遍太着急没完全理解信息
逻辑链：学校指望着property tax。改变政策：取消tax变为sales tax。现在收的sales tax比之前的property tax少，但给学校的钱不会少
A 很多居民离开county 因为property tax高 无关
B 要开业的shopping mall会招揽很多客户 （钱就多了
C 一些家长把孩子送去私立学校 无关
D 有一部分家长没房子所以不用交物业税
E 零售商不会降价

9. 时间2’22 答案E
逻辑链：D作为生产商收入少了，但零售商的收入from D却增长了，即便其他的sales降低了
A D投入的广告多了
B D对手的收入减少了更多
C D很大一部分的收入来自于给其他制造商生产components
D D没有其他business line当零售的收入少了
E 零售商贱卖了

10. 时间2’46 答案A
逻辑链：高层买自家银行的股票，让大家认为传言银行倒闭是夸大了。其实这么做是为了让外界calm down。所以纷纷有高层来效仿这一手段
A 第一个是circumstance 第二是mc
B 不是conclusion 而是mc
C 不是evidence
D 同C
E 不是两个evidence

shuuuuu

DAY7
时间：19‘32

7-1 For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

因：G比F保险赔款多，但G却比F车祸少
果：G的保险公司一定赚了更多利润
assumption：因果联系加强，或无干扰和方向问题

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? C

Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. G修理费不贵，但G却赔款更多，加强
There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont. 数量，无关
Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.  报告事故率的意愿是一样的，排除了干扰。
Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates. 两者与其他城市比较，无关
The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports. 提前就知道事故率区别，无关



7-2 Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently. What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?  B

The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of that conclusion.
The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion.
The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion.
The first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.


7-3 Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

因：西非进口了主食作物
果：知道进口主食作物的时间，就能知道农业社会开始的时间
assumption：肯定进口主食是本地唯一主食，或排除本地有其他主食的干扰

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A

People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced. 进口前都没有培育自己的主食，肯定本地没有主食
There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops. 本地没有潜在的主食作物可以培养，与过去是否有，无关。
Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa. 其他地方，无关
Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are. K和O更好种植，无关
Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there. 重复了前提，没有因果。



7-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since     . E

因：不用的大卫星干扰观测
果（决策）：炸掉，就不会干扰
weaken：可行性不行，副作用，因果破坏

many nonfunctioning satellites remain in orbit for years 无关
for satellites that have ceased to function, repairing them while they are in orbit would be prohibitively expensive 修理很贵，无关因果
there are no known previous instances of satellites’ having been exploded on purpose 没有第三案例来支持（没有否定，只是不支持），待定
the only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth 其他方案，无关
a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth’s orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible 炸后增加的碎片会更不能达到果，副作用，选。



7-5 Editorial:
An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? B

The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.
The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.
The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports; the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.
The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.
The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence against that recommendation.



7-6 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

A certain tropical island received food donations in the form of powdered milk for distribution to its poorest residents, who were thought to be malnourished. Subsequently, the rate of liver cancers among those islanders increased sharply. The donated milk was probably to blame: recent laboratory research on rats has shown that rats briefly exposed to the substances aflatoxin tend to develop liver cancer when fed casein, a milk protein. This result is relevant because. A

类比：
人 - powder milk — liver cancer增多；
老鼠 -  接触aflatoxin + milk（casein） — liver cancer增多
加强类比的联系，指出相似：人也有接触aflatoxin


in the tropics, peanuts, a staple of these island residents, support a mold growth that produces aflatoxin. 主食里有aflatoxin
the liver is more sensitive to carcinogens, of which aflatoxin may be one, than most other bodily organs.  liver与milk关系，没有aflatoxin
casein is not the only protein contained in milk. casein与milk关系。
powdered milk is the most appropriate form in which to send milk to a tropical destination. 奶的优势，无关

the people who were given the donated milk had been screened for their ability to digest milk. 排除吸收问题，无关。


7-7（注意是结论题）The quality of unrefined olive oil is not actually defined in terms of acidity, yet extensive tests have shown that the less free oleic acid an unrefined olive oil contains per liter, the higher its quality.  The proportion of free oleic acid that an olive oil contains is an accurate measure of the oil’s acidity.

unrefined olive oil：好质量不取决于acidity；但低acidity的，都是好质量
测量acidity的方法：free oleic acid的配比

If the statements above are all true, which of the following conclusions is best supported by them? C

When an olive oil is refined, the concentration of oleic acid in the oil is reduced. 配比增减，未知
The quality of an unrefined olive oil can be determined only by accurately measuring its acidity. 质量只取决于acidity，错
If an unrefined olive oil is intermediate in acidity between two other unrefined olive oils, it will also be intermediate between them in quality. acidity值是中位数，质量也处于中位，正确。
Free oleic acid is the only acid that unrefined olive oil contains. 不知是否是唯一
People who judge the quality of unrefined olive oils actually judge those oils by their acidity, which the judges can taste. 测量acidity的其他方法，尝。未知


7-8 Which if the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?

Aroca County’s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property.  The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county.  Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because ______. B

因：retails sales tax不够
本果：学校的钱减少
果（结论）：学校的钱不会减少
weaken：因果破裂，干扰因素导致

many Aroca County residents have already left the county because of its high property taxes 房产税高的后果，无关
a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties is about to open in Aroca County 未来retail tax会增加，干扰
at least some Aroca County parents are likely to use the money they will save on property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county 其他解决方法，无关因果
a significant proportion of parents of Aroca County public school students do not own their homes and consequently do not pay property taxes 房产税少，那retail tax值就更小了，weaken了结论。
retailers in Aroca County are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax price of their goods 不可能增加sales tax，weaken


7-9 Denoma, a major consumer-electronics maker, had a sizeable decline in sales revenue for its most recent fiscal year.  This result appears surprising, because electronics retailers report that although their overall sales were considerably lower than in the previous year, their sales revenue from Denoma models actually grew, largely thanks to some innovative and popular models that Denoma introduced.

类比：
因：D models卖的好
本果：D的overal sales也应该好
果（结论）：D的sales revenue大跌
weaken：因果破坏，干扰影响，因果方向问题

Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the apparently surprising result? C

Because of the need to educate the public about its new models’ capabilities, Denoma’s advertising spending was higher than normal over the period. 开销，无关类比的因果
For the period at issue, Denoma’s major competitors reported declines in revenue that were, in percentage terms, greater than Denoma’s. 其他卖家，无关
A significant proportion of Denoma’s revenue comes from making components for other consumer-electronics manufacturers. D的overal收入很大一部分来自别处，所以D model卖的好，也不能体现整体D的收入多。破坏了因果
Unlike some of its major competitors, Denoma has no lines of business outside consumer electronics to provide revenue when retail sales of consumer electronics are weak. D赚钱少的原因，不能说明因果
During the period, consumer-electronics retailers sold remaining units of Denoma’s superseded models at prices that were deeply discounted from those models’ original prices. D model后来赚的少，但条件已经说明D model overall卖的好了，而且也无关D的总收入。


7-10 Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.  This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.  Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.  On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.

In the argument given, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles? A

The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue the argument addresses; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument.
The first provides evidence to defend the position that the argument seeks to establish against opposing positions; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
The first provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the argument’s main conclusion.  
Each provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish.


lyzzzzz

7-1:
Ans: A        Time: 1’28
逻辑链: G的保险比F贵, 但G的车发生事故概率小→G的保险公司更赚钱
A. 取反: G维修费更高, 因此G保险公司成本也更高, 削弱
B. 无关
C. G市民更高概率report事故，无关
D. 无关
E. 如果保险公司知道出事概率，F的保险应该更贵才对，方向相反

7-2:
Ans: B        Time: ’40
逻辑链: 两句都是claims, 中间有however转折, 前面负态度，后面正态度
A. 第二个BF句方向相反
CD.第二个BF句才是main conclusion
E. 与文章结构不一致

7-3：
Ans: A        Time:1’34
逻辑链: 记载的staple包括R和Y→R和Y引进日期就是农业社会开始的日期
A. 取反: R和Y引进前种过其他staple，说明农业社会开始早于R和Y引进，削弱
B. 取反: 有其他植物能(could)做staple, 能不能做主食不在讨论范围
C. 讨论R和Y在其他国家的情况，脱离讨论范围
D. 无关比较
E. 无关比较

7-4：
Ans: E        Time:2’21
Fact:大S影响telescope观测
逻辑链: 措施:在太空炸掉大S→目的:减少对telescope的干扰
A. 强调问题的严重性，无关
B. 讨论其他措施，无关
C. 没有前例，不代表不能成功
D. 纠结的选项
E. 炸掉大S的副作用，影响目的的实现

7-5：
Ans: B        Time:1’30
逻辑链: 第一句: expert的claim(作者负态度)；第二句: 作者的claim(正态度)
A.第一句方向相反
C.第一句性质不对
D. 第二句方向相反
E. 第二句性质不对

7-6：
Ans:A        Time:1’29
Fact: A+C导致老鼠得病
逻辑链: 居民喝牛奶（含C）, 而且_____→居民得病
GAP: 这个地方有没有A
A. 主食含有A，补足GAP
B. 无关比较
C. 是不是唯一不影响逻辑链
D. 无关
E. 居民能消化牛奶，即摄入了C，但有没有substance A,不知道

7-7：
Ans: C        Time:1’57
逻辑链: OA=acidity, 越少OA越高质量→_____
A. 没讨论refined的情况
B. only不对，原文未提及
C. acidity在中间，说明OA在中间，那么质量也在中间，根据原文逻辑链可以推出
D. only不对，未提及
E. 纠结的选项: the judges can taste可能不对?

7-8：
Ans:B        Time:1’43
逻辑链: 目前的消费税＜财产税,但____→以后的消费税＞财产税
GAP: 现在和未来的差别
A. 对未来没有影响
B. 未来有新的商场开，消费税会增加
C. 省下来的财产税怎么用，无关
D. 对未来没有影响
E. 对未来没有影响

7-9：
Ans:C        Time:2’33
逻辑链: D models更好卖了，但____→D的总销售额下降
A. 原文逻辑链只讨论revenue,选项cost脱离讨论范围
B. 无关比较
C. D models只占收入很小一部分，说明对销售额影响微乎其微
D. 加剧矛盾
E. Retailers怎么卖跟D无关，因为原文已经说models卖的很好了

7-10：
Ans: A        Time:1’39
逻辑链:第一个BF句是现象,第二句是对该现象的解释(结论)——果因论证

cgvmc

ABACD  ACECA
7-1
时间：1’35
fact：G和F的车和司机一样多，G的车险比F贵
premise：G的居民比F更不可能出撞车事故
conclusion：保险公司在G的利润比F多
问假设
A：收入多，成本少，利润更高correct
B：与题目信息不一致
C：G更可能报告事故，削弱
D：无关比较
E：无关

7-2
时间：2’12
premise：
conclusion：
BF1是立法者的结论，BF2是反对立法者结论的主要结论
B

7-3
时间：
premise：最早有记录的被引入的主食包括rice和yams
conclusion：rice和yams被引入西非的时间可能是最早农业社会出现的时间
问假设
A：correct
B：无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：无关

7-4
时间：2:06
premise：？
conclusion：使不工作的卫星在宇宙中爆炸以减少干扰的计划不能实现
A：无关
B：与修理成本无关
C：correct
D：无关
E：与小卫星无关

7-5
时间：2’27 没看明白
选了D

7-6
时间：1’41
premise：暴露于a的老鼠被喂一个牛奶蛋白c得了肝癌，喝奶粉的岛民得了肝癌
conclusion：两结果有关联
A：correct
B：无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：无关

7-7
时间：2:25
premise：未精炼o油的质量不能只看酸度；fo酸越少，未精炼o油质量越高；fo酸的比例衡量o油的酸度
conclusion：选项
C：correct


7-8
时间：1:56
conclusion：学校减少物权税用3%销售税不一定会减少学校的收入
A：无关
B：无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：correct

7-9
时间：2‘20
premise：D的零售商总收入减少，但来自D的收入增加
conclusion：D的销售收入大量下跌
问原因
A：无关
B：无关
C：correct D的主要收入来源是为其他制造商提供零件，虽然一部分赚钱了，但是不能抵消其他部分的亏损
D：
E：

7-10
时间：
BF1是现象/事实，BF2是结论
A：correct

vinago

1，
1’24
选A
Fact：G的insurance cost比F高，但是G的人有比较少的involved in collision
Premise：？
Conclusion: G的保险公司更挣钱
思考方向：找G和F的求同存异的点，
A，可以说明，这样G的保险公司cost少
B，和mortorist无关
C，这样的话就不能更挣钱了
D，这个不能说明
E，这不能说明G的挣钱

2，
2‘49
选E
黑1： legislator的观点
黑2：Criminologist的观点
黑2对黑1 的观点，说黑1的overlooks 某个点
A，黑1不算是refute的
B，同A错误
C，黑1不是main conclusion
D，黑1 不是main conclusion
E，可以说明

3，
1’50
选B
Fact: kola 和okra不是staple foods。 All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from else where.
Premise：？
conclusion: discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.
为啥rice 和yams啥时候进来就能代表农业社会开始，这两代表了主食

A，这个文章没说，当地人有没有去发展，只是说有supplemental foods
B，可以。如果当地staple foods，那看rice和yams啥时候引进也不能知道农业社会开始时间
C，和其他地方无关
D，和kola和okra无关
E，和kola和okra无关

4，
1’31
选E
conclusion: exploding nonfunctioning satellite 来消除interference 的方法是不好的，找一个不好的原因
A，不能说明不好
B，这个讲怎么修，还说修贵，排除
C，没有前例也不能说明
D，这个说的是alternative plan，无关
E，可以，表示爆炸后更多的小碎片会导致一些列的reflections

5，
1’26
选B
黑1： expert的观点
黑2： editorial的观点
editorial对expert的观点提出的质疑
A，黑1 不是editorial的
B，可以，
C，黑1不是evidence
D，黑2不是支持黑1的
E，黑2不是evidence

6，
0’55
选A
fact：After the island received the powdered milk, the rate of liver cancers among those islanders increased sharply.
和powdered milk有关，相关实验说明 substance aflatoxin 和牛奶中的casein结合会导致liver cancer。
所以找相关点
两者是有关联的，找相同的点来解题
powder milk有了，那就差aflatoxin
A，可以
B，和liver 的能力无关
C，无法说明问题
D，powder milk怎么样无关
E，和怎么分配powdered milk 无关

7，
2’51
选C
premise1： the less free oleic acid an unrefined olive oil contains per liter, the higher its quality
A， an olive oil is refined,没说是unrefined的olive oil。。。还能不能refine也不知道啊，对象要搞清楚
B，文章说the quality of unrefined olive oil is not acturally defined in terms of acidity 矛盾排除
C，可以 因为主要看的是 free oleic acid的proportion
D，这个文章没说，
E，taste。。这个也没说

8，
3’49
选D
A的public原先如要考property tax，但现在用3%的percent sales tax代替property tax，且前者费用少于后者，但是这个方案缺并没有较少钱流入public schools，
找原因，就是3%的retail sales不起作用或者原先不用交现在反而要交了
A，无关
B，无关
C，private schools无关，而且也更说明钱少了啊，怎么就没少呢
D，可以说明。原先不用交的现在要交了
E，无关

9，
3’49
选C
这题其实很快想选C，但是又在C，D之间纠结，因为D 没看懂：
Fact: D的revenue下降了很多
但是retailer说他们虽然revenue下降，但他们卖的最好的是D的新产品
为什么D下降，因为这个新产品只占一小部分，其他部分的收入下降
A，和广告无关，这是支出
B，和其他竞争者无关
C，可以说明，
D，这就更说明既然没有其他业务，不应该上升吗，削弱
E，和retailer的revenue无关

10，
1’51
选A
黑1：background
黑2：main conclusion。（并对之前提出的一种观点进行的质疑）
A，可以
B，黑2 是main conclusion
C，黑1不是为了defend the position that the argument 去支持
D，同错误C
E，黑2不是evidence

麦小仙女

7-1 A 1’40’’

相似的车和司机，G的车祸保险cost比F高。但是G的车比F的车更少involved到车祸中。

结论：G的保险公司making greaterprofit比起F

A: 取非：Repairing typical collision damage在G cost more 削弱原结论

B无关

C:G的居民更可能report给保险公司比F→虽然G的车比F的车更少involved到车祸，但report的人数不一定G比F少，所以profit不一定高？？？

D：共性条件，无关

E：无关

7-2 B 1’50’’

BF1是legislators观点；BF2是main conclusion(和BF1相反)

7-3 B 1’40’’

农业社会不可能没有staple crops。WA的plants都不是staple food，记录发现staple food都是introduced from elsewhere。

Premise：？

结论：探究什么时候引进rice&yams的就可以知道WA什么时候进入农业社会。

B：取非：WA本地存在plants可以作为staple food（削弱结论）

7-4 D 2’40’’

虽然大的人造卫星数量比小的pieces of debris少，但大的人造卫星受到的干扰更严重。因为很多大的人造卫星是起作用的，所以为了减少interference，可以炸了那些无用的人造卫星。

结论：这个方法不太行

预测原因：这个方法不能本质上减少interference

A：无关

B：无关

C：无关

E：削弱结论

7-5 B 2’05’’

BF1是expert的recommendation，BF2是作者观点（驳斥）

7-6 A 2’45’’

热带岛屿收到了奶粉捐赠，但是换liver cancer的rate却大大提高。

证据：被曝光在aflatoxin的实验鼠被喂一种奶蛋白后，会得liver cancer

结论：donated milk有问题

A: peanuts有助aflatoxin的增长(从而让当地人被曝光在aflatoxin，并摄入了奶蛋白)

BCDE：无关

7-7 C 2’15’’

Unrefined olive oil不能直接用酸度来定义，但是free OA越少，它质量越高。Free OA是用来衡量油酸度的精准标准。

A：没提到refined的情况

B：题干说了，没法通过酸度define

D：only太绝对，不一定

E：并没提到

7-8 B 2’30’’

AC的公立学校主要靠地产征税获得支持。

Plan：国家计划取消地产税，通过新增的3%零售消费税来支持学校。

矛盾点：目前3%的零售额比地产税少，但是这个计划并不会降低这个学校获得的钱的补助。

预测原因：还有其他新增的零售额

A:无关

B：shopping mall可能会吸引城外的消费者→从而增加零售额

C：无关

D：无关

E：无关

7-9 C 2’30’’

事实：D的overall sales比之前低，但他们的models的sales revenue却有所增长（得益于创新和引进popular models）

矛盾点：D的sales revenue下降很多

预测可能的原因：models的business占比很小，虽然这块sales revenue增加，还是不能影响总体的overall salesrevenue

A：D的spending增加，和sales revenue没有直接关系（因为不是讨论profit）

B：D的竞争对手revenue降低更多（无关）

C：D的主要收入来自于代工（言下之意主要收入不是来自于model）

D：D没有除了consumerelectronics之外的business（加剧矛盾）

E：无关

7-10 A 1’20’’

BF1是fact，阐述了背景，不是evidence；BF2是mainconclusion

abbylung

1- 1
答案：A
时间：1'48
逻辑链：
P G的保险比F贵，G车祸比F少
C G的利润比F多

A. G修车的钱不会比F多，正确
B. 与钱无关
C. 与钱无关
D. 无关
E.  无关

1- 2
答案：B
时间：1'17
逻辑链：
第一个BF，legislator的结论
有转折词，however
第二个BF，criminologist的结论

A.
B. 正确
C.
D.
E.  

1- 3
答案：A
时间：2'36
逻辑链：
P 农业社会与农作物有关，农作物与rice和yams有关
C 研究rice和yams什么时候被引进的，能确立农业社会起源的时间

A. 自从rice和yams引进后，人们不种植农作物了
B. 无关
C. 西非之外，无关
D. 无关
E.  无关

1- 4
答案：E
时间：1'56
逻辑链：
P 大型人造卫星干扰望眼镜观察，为消除干扰，建议炸掉人造卫星
C 这个建议不好，为什么

A. 没有说出不好
B. 同上
C. 同上
D. 和debris无关
E.  很多小微粒会造成更多干扰，影响望眼镜观察

1- 5
答案：B
时间：2'04
逻辑链：
第一个BF是expert的建议
有转折词，however
第二个BF是editorial的观点

A.
B. 正确
C.
D.
E.  

1- 6
答案：A
时间：1'50
逻辑链：
第一个例子：人喝牛奶，得了病
第二个例子：老鼠，暴露在A，喝了牛奶，得了病
结论：两个例子相关，为什么

方向：人暴露在A

A. 正确
B.
C.
D.
E.  

1- 7
答案：C
时间：2'14
逻辑链：
第一个fact：更少OA，质量更高
第二个fact：OA多少，与酸度有关

方向：质量和酸度有关

A.
B.
C. 正确
D.
E.  

1- 8
答案：B
时间：1'56
逻辑链：
P 消费税少
C 但不影响学校的钱，为什么呢？

方向：未来消费者有增长

A.
B. 吸引邻国消费者的mall将营业，正确
C.
D.
E.  

1- 9
答案：C
时间：1'51
逻辑链：
第一个fact：D厂家收入减少
第二个fact：D下面的零售商卖D的设备的收入增加

为什么呢？D其他业务减少更多

A.
B.
C. D大部分的收入不是零售商卖的设备，而是给其他厂家制作零件
D.
E.  

1- 10
答案：A
时间：3'24
逻辑链：
第一个BF：是个背景
第二个BF：是结论

A. 正确
B.
C.
D.
E.  

bobotogo

7-1 FA题 A 2’11’’
Background:G和F地的车数量以及驾驶员都差不多， G地的汽车保险要比F地的高。
Premise：G地的车事故率要比F地的低。
Conclusion： G地的保险公司比F地的多。
思路： G地出事故的车的修车费用要比F的低。

7-2 BF题 B 1’48’’
BF1 legislator的一个想法，本文oppose 的。BF2 Concludion

7-3 FA题 A 1’32’’
Background：农业社会必须有staple crops。原来非洲的农作物都不是staple的。
Premise：所有非洲的staple都是从外面引进的。
Conclusion：所以找到staple作物是多久被引进非洲的就可以知道非洲农作社会是多久开始的了。
思路：要必须默认在外来staple进入非洲之前是没有其他staple的。

7-4 填空题 E 2’43’’
Premise：虽然比起小陨石来说大的人造卫星是很少的，但是大的人造卫星很影响望远镜的观察。很多人造卫星都没有用了，所以就有人提议让卫星自己爆掉。
Conclusion：这个办法不能work，因为。。。
思路：要找一个爆掉之后比这前影响更大的原因。

7-5 BF题：D 2’39’’
BF1: 一个提议 BF2：conclusion，反对提议的。

7-6 填空题 A 1’57’’
Background：给穷人发奶粉。突然之间那些人里很多都的了肝癌。
Premise：应该是奶粉的错，被暴露于很多aflatoxin的小白鼠在喝了牛奶后都的了肺癌。
Conclusion：这个发现是有关的，因为。。
思路：岛上人也有暴露aflex

7-7 结论题 C 2’40’’
Premise：酸度不是衡量橄榄油好不好的标准，但是有研究发现OA越少的橄榄油品质更好。橄榄油里的OC成分比是关于酸度的准确meassure。

7-8 填空题  B 1’55’’
Premise： 不用property税来支持学校了，用销售税。销售税虽然比p税低，但是带来的税收并不会比P低， 因为。。。
思路：销售税base大

7-9 加强题 A 2’30’’
Premise：D公司去年下滑很大。这个结果很让人吃惊，因为虽然整体销售量下降很厉害但是D产品买的很好。
思路：D产品cost很高

7-10 BF题 C 2’17’’
BF1 一个现象 BF2 conclusion 反对第一个现象要表明的现象