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Total: 15’09
7-1 For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. （保持了变量的一致）
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont. （和motorists无关）
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are. （more likely to report的话，Profit would decrease）
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates. (两个都最高的话，G cost会比F高，profit低)
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports. （和collision likelihood difference无关）
Fact: G cost > F cost, G less car collision
P: ?
C: insurance companies make more profit in G
思路：profit=rev-cost， cost指代修车花的钱，G rev>F, 要想G profit>F, cost要保持不变
7-2 Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently. What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.
In the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of that conclusion.
B. The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument. （bf1后面说this reason overlooks说明是对L观点的反驳，后面陈述了C的看法）
C. The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion.
D. The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion.
E. The first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.
7-3 Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced. （取反，在r and y之前就种了主食，削弱了conclusion）
B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops. (重复条件)
C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa. （我们想知道结论说的y and r的到来是不是最早的西非农业开端和别的地方无关）
D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are. （无关比较）
E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there. （重复条件）
Fact: k and o domesticated supplemental foods, staple food from elsewhere
P:?
C: 米和红薯的发现是农业史的开端
思路：说明在米和红薯之前西非没有种过任何主食
7-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?
Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since .
A. many nonfunctioning satellites remain in orbit for years （remain for years不能指出方案的缺点）
B. for satellites that have ceased to function, repairing them while they are in orbit would be prohibitively expensive （和cost无关）
C. there are no known previous instances of satellites’ having been exploded on purpose （不能说明现在炸了会有影响）
D. the only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth （这个是一个目的措施题，所以这个他因在这里不适用）
E. a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth’s orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible (说明这个方案又副作用导致能用的行星受到影响)
G: 减少无用卫星的影响
P: 炸了他们
思路：这个plan不好，所以要找削弱这个plan的点。Plan副作用，会不会炸了后影响别的卫星
7-5 Editorial:
An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be requiredsince the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.
In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.
B. The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal. （bf1前面说the expert recommends说明是expert的观点，后面说this recommendation should be rejected说明editorial的观点是反驳这个建议）
C. The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports; the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.
D. The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.
E. The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence against that recommendation.
7-6 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
A certain tropical island received food donations in the form of powdered milk for distribution to its poorest residents, who were thought to be malnourished. Subsequently, the rate of liver cancers among those islanders increased sharply. The donated milk was probably to blame: recent laboratory research on rats has shown that rats briefly exposed to the substances aflatoxin tend to develop liver cancer when fed casein, a milk protein. This result is relevant because.
A. in the tropics, peanuts, a staple of these island residents, support a mold growth that produces aflatoxin. （和老鼠的实验相关，当穷人吃了花生又喝奶就会引起不良反应）
B. the liver is more sensitive to carcinogens, of which aflatoxin may be one, than most other bodily organs. （无关比较，和是否sensitive无关）
C. casein is not the only protein contained in milk. （他是不是唯一的影响因素不重要）
D. powdered milk is the most appropriate form in which to send milk to a tropical destination. （和是不是最合适运输的无关）
E. the people who were given the donated milk had been screened for their ability to digest milk. （能否喝奶也无关）
Fact: 捐奶粉给穷人
P: 穷人肝癌人数上升
C: 奶粉是致癌原因
思路：和老鼠实验相关，说明要找到穷人和老鼠之间的相同点
7-7（注意是结论题）The quality of unrefined olive oil is not actually defined in terms of acidity, yet extensive tests have shown that the less free oleic acid an unrefined olive oil contains per liter, the higher its quality. The proportion of free oleic acid that an olive oil contains is an accurate measure of the oil’s acidity.
If the statements above are all true, which of the following conclusions is best supported by them?
A. When an olive oil is refined, the concentration of oleic acid in the oil is reduced. (这里讨论的是refined)
B. The quality of an unrefined olive oil can be determined only by accurately measuring its acidity. （和fact相反）
C. If an unrefined olive oil is intermediate in acidity between two other unrefined olive oils, it will also be intermediate between them in quality. （如果按照结论来说，那么酸度在中间，质量就在中间）
D. Free oleic acid is the only acid that unrefined olive oil contains. (没有提及)
E. People who judge the quality of unrefined olive oils actually judge those oils by their acidity, which the judges can taste. （无关是否能taste）
P: acid less, unrefined olive oil high quality
C: acid是判断oil quality的标准
7-8 Which if the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?
Aroca County’s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property. The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county. Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because ______.
A. many Aroca County residents have already left the county because of its high property taxes
A. a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties is about to open in Aroca County （买东西的人变多导致了销量变高使得税收变高）
B. at least some Aroca County parents are likely to use the money they will save on property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county
C. a significant proportion of parents of Aroca County public school students do not own their homes and consequently do not pay property taxes (OE解释：Even if many parents rent rather than own their homes and thus do not pay the property tax themselves, presumably somebody does. Who pays the tax does not affect the total amount collected and is therefore irrelevant to the argument./所以和谁交的无关，就算大部分家长不交还是有其他人会交)
D. retailers in Aroca County are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax price of their goods
fact: replace property tax with sales tax
P: retail sales < property tax
C: 学校收的钱不变
思路：sales tax要变高才能使得学校收的钱不变，所以就要找能让sales tax变高的选项
7-9 Denoma, a major consumer-electronics maker, had a sizeable decline in sales revenue for its most recent fiscal year. This result appears surprising, because electronics retailers report that although their overall sales were considerably lower than in the previous year, their sales revenue from Denoma models actually grew, largely thanks to some innovative and popular models that Denoma introduced.
Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the apparently surprising result?
A. Because of the need to educate the public about its new models’ capabilities, Denoma’s advertising spending was higher than normal over the period. （和ad无关）
B. For the period at issue, Denoma’s major competitors reported declines in revenue that were, in percentage terms, greater than Denoma’s. (和竞争者无关)
C. A significant proportion of Denoma’s revenue comes from making components for other consumer-electronics manufacturers. （说明新产品不是主要收入来源）
D. Unlike some of its major competitors, Denoma has no lines of business outside consumer electronics to provide revenue when retail sales of consumer electronics are weak. （说明新产品是唯一收入来源，那么sales应该上升）
E. During the period, consumer-electronics retailers sold remaining units of Denoma’s superseded models at prices that were deeply discounted from those models’ original prices. （和前提相反，已经说了model sales increase）
P: D的overall sales decrease
C: 但是产品的销量很高
思路：解释为什么新产品销量高不能使得overall sales提高，可能这个D啥电子产品都买，但是新产品只是冰山一角
7-10 Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank. This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse. Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition. On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.
In the argument given, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles?
A. The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses; the second states the main conclusion of the argument. （第一句是一个发生的事实，bf2最后说了therefore，对其段落进行总结）
B. The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue the argument addresses; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument.
C. The first provides evidence to defend the position that the argument seeks to establish against opposing positions; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
D. The first provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the argument’s main conclusion.
E. Each provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish.
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发表于 2020-9-6 23:40:59
