LEO语法知识点笔记整理

Leo19910203

第18篇 if与whether的用法区别


本节知识点的概要
1.If与Whether的用法区别
1.1If与Whether的词性介绍
1.2If的用法
1.3Whether的用法
2.If与Whether的长难句分析

1.If与Whether的用法区别
1.1If与Whether的词性介绍
If的词性有两种，分别是连词(Conj.)和名词(Noun.)
Whether只有一种词性，就是连词(Conj.)
1.2If的用法（只能引导状语从句）
作连词时，意为“如果”；“是否”
e.g.If you see him, give him this note.
      Listen to the tune and see if you can remember the words.
      I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.
作名词时，意为“不确定的情况”
e.g.If he wins─and it's a big if ─he'll be the first Englishman to win for fifty years.
There are still a lot of ifs and buts before everything's settled.
1.3Whether的用法（可以引导名词性从句和状语从句）
作连词(Conj.)，意为“是否”
e.g.Whether he will come is still a question.
          Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.
whether后面除了接完整句还可以接不定式
e.g.        I’m not sure whether to stay or leave.

2.If与Whether的长难句分析
Whether it's a decision --- making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life.
       ==句子成分分析：主干是they can't help grabbing and clinging
       ==无论是一次决策会议，一场篮球比赛，还是一次家庭出游，他们都忍不住要占主导地位，并且
       抓住（这个机会）不放。
The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question,however ,whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
       ==句子成分分析：主干是The panel has not yet reached agreement
       ==然而，该小组尚未就一个关键问题达成一致，即是否建议立法将私人资助用于克隆人的行为
       定为犯罪。
If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
       ==句子成分分析：主干是it would open up, and look for
       == 如果真是这样，那就会开始其多样化项目，寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层
       差异巨大的记者，而现在的计划只是集中于招收不同种族和性别的员工。
So don't worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you before you even begin to collect data; there are no scientists in existence who really wait until they have all the evidence in front of them before they try to work out what it might possibly mean.
       ==句子成分分析：主干是So don't worry;there are no scientists
      ==所以，甚至在你开始收集资料之前，如果你对数据的结果有一些想法，也不用担心；并没有
      哪一个科学家是真的一直等到所有的证据都摆放在面前，才试着研究数据可能存在的含义。

Leo19910203

第19篇 反身代词的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.反身代词的基本概念
1.1反身代词的构成
1.2反身代词的特点与作用
1.3反身代词的形式
1.4反身代词的固定搭配
2.反身代词的长难句分析

1.反身代词的基本概念

1.1反身代词的构成
第一、 第二人称的反身代词由形容词的物主代词加上self,selves构成.如：myself我自己 ,ourselves我们自己 ,yourself你自己,yourselves你们自己.第三人称的反身代词是由宾格加上self,selves构成.如：himself他自己,herself她自己,itself它自己 ,以及themselves他们/她们/它们自己.值得注意的是,凡是单数人称代词的反身代词在后加self,而复数人称的反身代词在后加selves.

1.2反身代词的特点与作用

反身代词的概念大家都知道，就是表达“......自己”，在英语语法里，反身代词可以做宾语、表语和同位语，有时候还可以起到强调的作用或者放在句末，作用接近状语；还有很多关于反身代词的固定搭配，常常被应用到口语或写作中。

1.3反身代词的形式

                  单数                          复数

第一人称        myself                         ourselves
第二人称        yourself                         yourselves
第三人称        himself/herself/itself         themselves


作宾语
e.g.When he was a little boy he could teach himself English.表示自学
作表语
e.g.She is not herself today. 表示她今天不舒服
起强调作用
e.g.She herself is a teacher. 强调她是一名教师
       The manager himself served the customers. 强调经理亲自为顾客服务


1.4反身代词的固定搭配

dress oneself 自己穿衣        
come to oneself        恢复知觉
devote oneself        致力于        
enjoy oneself        过的快活
forget oneself        忘我、失态        
help oneself to        随便吃、随便用
speak to oneself        自言自语        
teach oneself        自学
abandon oneself to        放纵的        
by oneself        独自地

2.反身代词的长难句分析

If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

       句子结构分析，主干是it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded.
      如果雄心的传统仍具有生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些自身得到
       他人羡慕的人们的高度重视，这些人中受过良好教育的人可不占少数。

When Doris Lessing published The Golden Notebook in 1962, she instantly established herself as one of the most important literary voices of her generation.

       句子结构分析，主干是she instantly established herself
       1962年，多丽丝·莱辛出版了《金色笔记》，她立即成为她那一代人中最重要的文学代
       言人之一。

Leo19910203

第20篇 主谓一致

本节知识点的概要
1.主谓一致的概念
1.1主谓一致的特点及作用
1.2主谓一致的分类
1.2.1意义和语法一致
1.2.2邻近词语一致（就近原则）
2.主谓一致的长难句分析

1.主谓一致的概念
简单来说，主谓一致(Subject-Verb Concord)指的是主语和谓语动词要保持一致性。比如主语是单数名词，谓语动词就得是动词的单三形式；再比如主语是复数名词，谓语动词就得是动词的复数形式，即动词原形。
1.1主谓一致的特点及作用
“一致”切记，指的是语法是否一致、意义是否一致、邻近的词语在语法关系,搭配关系,语意组合等方面是否一致。除了日常的英语使用中要遵守此规则，在ACT/SAT的语法中主谓一致也是常考的知识点，同学们应多注意它的用法。
1.2主谓一致的分类
1.2.1意义和语法一致
这一原则是指，从意义上来解决主谓一致的问题，有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
e.g.        Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.
            The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
        Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.
            Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
1.2.2邻近词语一致（就近原则）
        这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or,either… or …，neither… nor …，not only… but also …等
e.g.        Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
        Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
2.主谓一致的长难句分析
These untruths- whether deliberate exaggerations or slips of the memory- ultimately matter very little, for the autobiography isn't about the life of Mary Harris Jones.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是These untruths matter.
       == 这些不实之词——无论是故意夸大还是记忆中的错误——最终都无关紧要，因为这本自传
      并不是关于玛丽·哈里斯·琼斯（Mary Harris Jones）的生活。
The popular breakfast of bacon and eggs is, historically speaking, a relatively new tradition in most of the United States, and its beginnings reveal much about the art of public relations.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The popular breakfast is a relatively new tradition.
       ==从历史上看，在美国大部分地区，流行的培根鸡蛋早餐是一个相对较新的传统，它的起源揭
       示了很多公共关系的艺术。
Recently, an international energy company and federal regulators have funded a group of scientists, from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution(WHOI), and Cornell University to design an underwater system to listen for these endangered right whales.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是an international energy company and federal regulators have
            funded a group.
       ==最近，一家国际能源公司和联邦监管机构资助了一组来自伍兹霍尔海洋研究所（WHOI）和康
       奈尔大学的科学家，设计了一套水下系统来倾听这些濒危的露脊鲸。

Leo19910203

第21篇 But的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.But的用法
1.1But的特点及作用
1.2But的词性及接什么结构
2.But的长难句分析

1.But的用法
在英语的使用中我们经常用它表示转折，表达我们后句的重点，其实除了表示转折外，还有其他的意义，我们也时不时的使用过，只是使用的频率不够多所以我们对它的用法不够深刻，这次把它的所有用法总结到一起，方便我们随时复习。
1.1But的特点及作用
But是一个使用频率较高的词，它具有副词、连词、介词和名词的词性，能和其它的词搭配在一起组成不同的短语和成语表达各种不同的意思。
1.2But的词性及接什么结构
副词(Adv.) 译为“仅仅、只有”
e.g.Zach insists that he is but one among many who are fighting for equality.
      There were a lot of famous people there: Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, to name but two.
连词(Conj.)
1）译为“但是、相反”
e.g.His mother won't be there, but his father might.
      I'd asked everybody but only two people came.
2）表示歉意的时候
e.g.I'm sorry but I can't stay any longer.
          Sorry, but we’re behind schedule.
3）表示惊讶、生气等
e.g.But that's not possible!
     ‘Here's the money I owe you.’ ‘But that's not right─it was only £10.’
4）除......之外
e.g.I had no choice but to sign the contract.
介词(Prep.) 译为“除了......”
e.g.We've had nothing but trouble with this car.
      The problem is anything but easy.
5）名词(N.) 译为“借口”【用的时候but后加-s】
e.g.‘Let us have no buts,’ he said firmly. ‘You are coming.’
      With so many ifs and buts , it is easier to wait and see.
2.But的长难句分析
But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
      ==句子的结构分析，主干是the force, the interplay and the sheer difficulty caused
      significant changes.
     ==但是，美国特有的地理条件的力量，不同民族之间的相互作用，以及在一个原始的新大陆
    上保持旧世界方式的绝对困难，导致了重大的变化。
But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是detractors maintain that SVO.
      ==但批评者认为，梯田也可能是由地质活动造成的，也许与地质力量有关，这些地质力量将北
     半球压到远低于南半球的水平，在这种情况下，它们与火星水没有任何关系。
But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是the decision was an 8-0 defeat
       ==但在宪法这一重要的问题上，最高法院以8：0的结果挫败了奥巴马政府试图打败联邦政府与
      各州间权力平衡的努力。

Leo19910203

第22篇 What的用法


本节知识点的概要
1.What的用法
1.1What的特点及作用
1.2What的词性及接什么结构
2.What的长难句分析

1.What的用法
在日常的英语交流中，我们时常在表达惊讶、愤怒的时候说一句“What!?”，有时也用它提问，或者引导名词性从句，对于要考托福雅思的同学可能觉得这个知识点过于简单，但是对于专升本、以及考研的部分同学来说是需要复习的笛梵，今天一起来盘点what的用法。
1.1What的特点及作用
可以作代词(Pron.)、副词(Adv.)，一般作代词的时候是关系代词，被用来引导名词性从句，作副词的时候有很多种翻译。
1.2What的词性及接什么结构
a.代词(Pron.)译为“......的事”
e.g.
1. After all, if it’s true that what goes around comes around,why not make sure that what’s circulating around you is the good staff ? 作主语
2.What worries me is how he will pay his workers.作主语
3.You will never have what you like until you learn to like what you have. 作宾语
4.And that’s my opinion,for what it’s worth.作介词的宾语
5.Times aren’t what they were.作表语
6.He knows several foreign languages,and,what’s more important,he speaks all of them very fluently.作插入语
【注：此时的what相当于先行词+关系代词，所以前面不能有先行词】
如：You can have everything what you like.❌
        You can have what you like. ✅
b.代词(Pron.)译为“多么；真；太”
e.g.
1.What awful weather!
2.What a beautiful house!
c.副词(Adv.)译为“嗯，哦（用于猜测）”
e.g.
1.It's, what, eleven years or more since he's seen him.
2.What的长难句分析
Confidence in addition to skill and bravery that are generally accepted as an important part of what it takes to bring a gold medal home can’t be neglected.
       ==句子结构分析，主干是Confidence can’t be neglected.
       ==除了技术和勇气， 他们一般被视为要将金牌捧回家所需要众多要素中很重要的部分，信心也
       不能被忽视。
While the idea of passing a pleasant afternoon or a summer evening relaxing around the village green is appealing , it’s only a small part of what England’s traditional village life offers the tourists.
       ==句子结构分析，主干是It’s only a small part.
       ==虽然在乡村的公共草地上度过一个惬意的午后或是一个夏日的夜晚总会令人神往，然而这只是
       英格兰传统乡村生活提供给有课的一小部分。
The book will show you how what he has learned in his school with painstaking efforts for the purpose of broadening his scope of knowledge can be combined with practice to produce a better effect admired by others.
       ==句子结构分析，主干是The book will show you how SVO.
       ==这本书将会让你明白，如何将未来拓宽知识面而刻苦用功在学校学到的东西与实践相结合，以
       求产生令人羡慕的较好结果。

Leo19910203

第23篇 However的用法

• 本节知识点的概要
  

1.However的用法

1.1However的特点及作用

1.2However在句中的用法

1.3However与But的区别

2.However的长难句分析

1.However的用法

这个词出现的几率非常大，无论是听说读写的哪一科，都会经常见到它，并且我们常用到意思是表达转折，为了让同学们更好地了解和使用however，我们把关于它的用法总结到一起，为了日后能自如地应用。

1.1However的特点及作用

a.however可以表示让步、转折、惊讶或强调，有时也可以作连词引导方式状语从句，用法较多；

b.用于连接句间关系，使上下句或上下段的重点更加突出。

1.2However在句中的用法

1）用作副词

a.表示让步：意为“无论如何”“不管怎样”，用来修饰形容词或副词，其词序为：however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语。

e.g.He will never succeed however hard he tries.

      However much he eats, he never gets fat.

      However cold it is, he always goes swimming.

      However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter.

并且可以省略。如：

e.g. I’d rather have a room of my own, however small (it is), than share a room.

       A grammar rule, however true (it is), is useless unless it can be understood.

b.表示转折：尤其用于谈及一个既成事实时，表示转折，其意为“可是”“仍然”等。可放在句首、句中或句末，通常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。

e.g.My father, however, did not agree.

c.表示惊奇或强调：相当于however的用法，其意为“究竟怎样，到底以什么方式”。

e.g.However did you get here without a car?

      However does he manage to write music when he is so deaf?

2）用作连词

a.用作连词，引导方式状语从句，表示“无论以何种方式”“不管怎样”。

e.g.However it may be, I shall take your word.

      However I approached the problem, I couldn’t find a solution.

1.3However与But的区别

a.表示转折时，but是连词，用于连接词、短语或句子

e.g.He is young but very experienced.

b.however        表示“然而”“可是”时，有的词书认为它是连词，有的词书认为它是副词。之所以将其视为副词，也许是因为像许多副词一样不仅能位于句首，而且能位于句中        (注意前后使用逗号)，甚至句末        (注意其前也用逗号)        

e.g.        Later, however,  he changed his mind.

            He hasn’t arrived. He may, however, come later.

【注：        以上各例中的however不能换成but，但可用but        来改写】

2.However的长难句分析

• However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
  

       ==句子结构分析，主干是the world is so made that SVO.

       ==然而，世界就是如此，优雅的系统原则上无法处理世界上一些更具魅力和令人愉快的方面。

• However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected  by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture.
  

       ==句子结构分析，主干是what is astonishing about this is not that SVO.

       ==然而，令人惊讶的不是荷兰农业受到销售和产量下降等关键现象的影响，而是荷兰农业出现

       危机的时间相对较晚。

• This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
  

      ==句子结构分析，主干是This seems a justification.

      ==这似乎是忽视需要帮助的人的理由，是剥削的合理化，是上层人的优越和底层人的低劣。

• However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.
  

       ==句子结构分析，主干是The typical teenage lifestyle is already filled.

       ==然而，典型的青少年生活方式已经充满了太多的竞争，因此明智的做法是策划一些赢家多于

       输家的活动，例如，出版包含许多学生写的书的时事通讯，展示学生的艺术作品，以及赞助图

       书讨论俱乐部。

Leo19910203

第24篇 Such as的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.Such as的用法
1.1Such as在句中的用法
1.2Such as和such that的区别
2.Such as的长难句分析

1.Such as的用法
such as这个词组常被用作“例如”，后面接名词，除了这个常见的用法，还有其他很少使用的用法，但我们要想把英语这门语言学透彻，就必须掌握每一个词或词组的相关知识点。
1.1Such as在句中的用法
1）表示举例，译为“例如，诸如此类的，像……那样的”，相当于like或for example
e.g.There are few poets such as Keats and Shelly.
          Animals such as rabbits and deer continue to be active all winter, finding food wherever
      they can .
2）当such as译为“例如”的时候，结构可以是“ 名词+such as+例子”，或者是“such+名词+as+例子”
e.g.I enjoy songs such as this one.
      相当于 I enjoy such songs as this one.
3）such as可与etc. 连用
e.g.They planted many flowers, such as roses, sunflowers, etc.
4）such as 表示“像……这样的”，as的后面接不完整句
e.g.He is not such a fool as he looks.
5）such…as to do sth 表示结果
e.g.It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house.
6）such as to do sth 表示程度或结果
e.g.Her illness was not such as to cause anxiety.
1.2Such as和such that的区别
1）such ... as 用于引导定语从句，而such ... that 用于引导结果状语从句
e.g.        I've never heard such stories as he tells.
            It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
2.Such as的长难句分析
Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing there pheromones.
       ==句子结构分析，主干是Some species seem to be very articulate creatures, but their
       medium of communication is difficult for humans.
       ==一些物种，比如蚂蚁，似乎是表达能力很强的生物，但是由于我们人类自身嗅觉不灵敏，而且
       检测和分析蚂蚁的信息素存在技术上的困难，蚂蚁的交流媒介很难被我们研究和认识。
Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different socialgroups (these attitudes include, but arenot  confined to, attitudes toward crimeand the law)and have revealed how the authoritiesadministered justice.
       ==句子结构分析，主干是Historians have used the documents.
       ==象勒罗伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案
       史(case history)来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度(这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法
       律的态度)，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。
This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
       ==句子结构分析，主干是This same absence was wounding companies.
       ==她认为，这种同样的道德目标缺失正在损害新闻国际集团这样的企业，使其更有可能迷失方
       向，正如其在普遍的非法电话窃听事件中一样。

Leo19910203

第25篇 Suggest的用法


本节知识点的概要
1.Suggest的用法
1.1Suggest的特点及作用
1.2Suggest的具体用法
2.Suggest长难句分析

1.Suggest的用法
这个是我们经常使用的、用来表达建议的词汇，有时也用它表达暗示的内容。
1.1Suggest的特点及作用
1）语意较多，后面接的结构花样化；
2）suggest后面的内容才是重点
1.2Suggest的具体用法
1）a.建议v.（后面接名词作宾语）
【注：此时可以和advise、propose互换】
e.g.        She suggested / advised / proposed an early start.
            We suggested / advised / proposed a visit to the museum the next day.
      b.建议v.（后面接动名词作宾语）
e.g.        I suggested putting off the sports meet.
           They suggested waiting until the proper time.
      c.建议v.（后面接动that引导的名词性从句作宾语）
e.g.        She suggested that the class meeting (should) not be held on Saturday.
            We suggested that he (should) go and make an apology to his teacher.
【注：advise to do 相当于 suggest doing】
2）提出v.（后面接名词或名词性从句）
e.g.He suggested a different plan to his boss.
          Xiao Wang suggested a way to solve the problem.
3）暗示v.（后面接名词或名词性从句）
e.g.The simple house suggested a modest income.
          The decision suggested that he might bring his family.
4）含有suggest的特殊句式 It is suggested that...
e.g.        It was suggested that we (should) give a performance at the party.
2.Suggest长难句分析
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greatly intellectual development.
       ==句子结构分析，主干是Behaviorists suggest that SVO.
       ==行为主义者认为，在有许多刺激物的环境中长大的孩子，如果这些刺激物能够发展他或她做出
       适当反应的能力，那么他或她的智力就会得到极大的发展。
As vitamins became recognized as essentialfood constituents necessary for health，it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy．
       ==句子结构分析，主干是It became tempting to suggest that SVO.
       ==随着维生素被公认为健康所必需的食物成分，人们开始倾向于认为，每一种以前没有有效治疗
       方法的疾病和状况都可能对维生素治疗有反应。
While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climatescan also differ significantly from each other.
      ==句子结构分析，主干是There are nonetheless some intriguing differences.
      ==虽然这些记录提供了广泛一致的迹象，表明全球范围内可能发生温度变化，但仍然存在一些有
      趣的差异，这表明区域气候的温度变化模式也可能彼此显著不同。

Leo19910203

第26篇 Not only...but also的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.Not only...but also的用法
1.1Not only...but also的特点及作用
1.2Not only...but also的具体用法
2.Not only...but also长难句分析

1.Not only...but also的用法
在用英语表达“不仅......而且......”的时候，我们时常使用Not only...but also连接前后的句子，具体它是以怎样的方式连接，我们来看一看。
1.1Not only...but also的特点及作用
1）构成前后平行的结构
2）有时also可以省略，形式：Not only...but...
1.2Not only...but also的具体用法
1）连接主语
e.g.Not only Mr. Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago.
2）连接谓语
e.g.I not only play tennis but also practise shooting.
3）连接宾语
e.g.He plays not only the piano but also the violin.
4）连接介词短语
e.g.They speak English not only in class but also in the dormitory.
5）Not only …but also位于句首时, 第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装
e.g.Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat.
      ==此句的原型是The sun not only gives us light but also it gives us heat.
      Not only is this young man clever but also he is hard-working.
      ==此句的原型是This young man not only is clever but also he is hard-working.
【注：通过倒装句不难看出not only...but also也可以连接句子】
2.Not only...but also长难句分析
All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas, but they have also been blamed for causing hundreds of deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging the nation’s recreational areas.（but also单独出现，依然是not only...but also的结构）
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers but they have
       also been blamed.
       ==全地形车使度假者能够到达许多以前无法到达的地区，但它们也被指责造成数百人死亡，数
       千人受伤，并严重破坏了国家的娱乐场所。
High-speed rail not only has high transport capacity and higer speeds, having advantage of annual volume reaching more than million people, but has the advantage of  the less environmental pollution,ect.（省略了also）
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是High-speed rail not only has high transport capacity and
       higer speeds but has the advantage.
       ==高速铁路不仅具有运能大、速度快、年运量可达百万人次以上的优势，而且具有环境污染小等
       优势。
Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locatecompanions in play but also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder but
       also thanks to the unending demands and pressures.
       ==与世隔绝的农场居民不仅发现很难在玩耍中找到同伴，而且由于工作中无休止的要求和压力，
       他们感到有必要将乐趣与目标结合起来。

Leo19910203

第27篇 系动词的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.系动词的用法
1.1系动词的特点及作用
1.2系动词的分类及具体用法
2.含有系动词的长难句分析

1.系动词的用法
系动词，通俗来说，指的是连系动词，就是用来连接主语和宾语，构成一个完整的句子，说明主语的属性、特征或状态，但是系动词本身没有意义，一般翻译成“是”。
1.1系动词的特点及作用
1）连接句子
2）属于虚词，用法复杂
3）没有太多含义
1.2系动词的分类及具体用法
1）感官系动词：feel/smell/sound/taste/look
e.g.This flower smells very nice.
      The flowers smell sweet.
2）状态系动词：be
e.g.He is a teacher.
       I am a student.
3）持续系动词：keep/remain/rest/stay
e.g.You’d better go to bed and keep warm.
       I  remained silent.
4）变化系动词：Become/grow/turn/fall/get/go/come/run
e.g.He became fat in winter holiday.
      The days are getting longer and longer.
      The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent.
      Maple trees turn red in autumn.
5）表象系动词：seem/appear/look
e.g.He seems to be asleep.
       It appears a true story.
2.含有系动词的长难句分析
Perhapsthe fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net, a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Perhapsthe fact many of these first studies considered only algae
       of a size.
       ==事实上，许多最初的研究只考虑了可以用网收集的藻类大小，这种做法忽视了我们现在知道食
      草动物最可能以其为食的较小的浮游植物，导致在随后的研究中对食草动物的作用不够重视。
One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是One of the most difficult aspects is that SVO.
       ==要确定当前的气候事件是否揭示了人类活动影响的证据，最困难的一个方面是很难衡量气候的
       自然变异性。
Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是It seems reasonable.
       ==与一些人的说法相反，太平洋的大部分地区是由波利尼西亚人在迷路和漂流后意外被困而定
       居的。这似乎是合理的，这一壮举是通过深思熟虑的殖民探险，充分储备食物和驯化的植物和
       动物。