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[备考心经] 2020年GMAT自学备考日记(每日持续更新)

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发表于 2019-12-9 21:07:56 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
12-09
受到一个朋友的启发,决定把自己整个自学备考的过程记录下来。
与其蒙头一个人备考,不如把备考遇到的疑惑和感悟都敲出来,整理进度优化努力方向的同时,也分享给同样在备考的大家。另外也强制自己输出思考,希望有机会和同样自学备战的同学一起交流。
我是19年10月底产生了申请MBA的想法,从Youtube上搜怎么备考GMAT的时候,遇到了MBAcrystal做的讲解,然后跑去看完了他们家写的关于MBA的书,Beyond the MBA Hype。看完之后坚定停掉没有增长曲线的工作,从双十一之后的那个星期开始正式备考GMAT。
现在已经是备考的第三周了,我正在一点点地啃OG。
给自己定的计划是每周完成一个section。根据最开始评测的结果,RC 13/17(Average), CR 10/17(Above average), SC 8/18(Average), PS 20/24(Excellent), DS 16/24(Above average),定出我的学习计划:第一周从最弱的SC开始,OG上一共是149道题,规定自己一周过完的话,每天差不多是刷20~25道题的样子。
第一周周六刷完之后,我把所有的错题统计了一下错误率最高的题型(logical predication, rhetorical construction, grammatical construction),然后总结出这几类题型最常考的思路,每道错的题都标出自己的盲区和错误推理的过程,下次遇到要如何避免。
比如说我刚开出最常犯的就是忘了对比结构中的成分一致。
906 .
In no other historical sighting did Hally's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910-1911.
以后倒装句型,前后有对比的时候,要成分一致。这里的1910和1911适合前面的historical sighting做对比。所以成分一致的话,划线部分也要加借此in,这样才比较一致。
在总结错题之前,我都会自己再重新做一遍,而且要求自己看着原句就尽量判断出哪里存在问题,然后再根据预判的错误位置去选项中找不同。这样可以省掉在不同选项之间反复对比的时间,而且对答案的自信程度也更高。用时也更快。
OG里的题目难度是逐渐增加的。
我从一开始的每20道错5道,慢慢到错9道,最后22道题我错了15道!总的来说,149道题,我一共错了68道,错误率到达46%。可以说是非常可怕了。
说实话这个时候我的自信是非常受打击的。但还好有一个朋友说,这个很正常啊,错了你就找出自己为什么做错的原因,然后总结出自己的知识盲区,再不断做题就好了嘛。这不就是成长的过程嘛。
其实我自己本身平时对其他事情是开启growth mindset的模式的,但是毕竟面对这么高的错误率还是有点动摇,想着说是不是自己没救了。不过在硬着头皮总结完所有的错题之后,发现原来是忽略了以前没有注意到的语法点,以及自己本身在写作过程中容易出现的乱用代词的情况。第一遍做之所以错误率那么高,是因为自己本身用英文表达也存在问题,所以才辨别不出来错误选项中。
可以说改错句,也反过来提醒了自己在写作过程中要注意把句子结构说得干净不含糊。我把自己做错的题,整理出了错题集,放在了石墨上。已经刷完SC的同学如果希望探讨相关的题目,可以私聊我要石墨链接。
第二周,开始刷阅读理解RC。还是坚持每天4篇,差不多20题的题量。
第一遍做大概的情况是,从最初的20道题错4道,到最后的34道题错15道,接近一半的错误率。而且最严重的问题是,由于经常来来回回的看文章和选项,导致严重超时。OG上建议说,verbal每道题的时间是小于1分48秒。阅读理解还得留出时间来看文章,200~350字的文章最好在2分钟到3分半钟看完。留给每道题的时间必须小于1分钟,这样才能勉强把题目做完。
OG上尤其强调,完成率比正确率更重要,如果后面有题目没有做完,那么分数会受到严重影响。而且GMAT是有意放入一定比例的难题,是一定不够考生答的,这个时候实际上在考验考生的决断力,能不能有的放矢地放弃超出能力范围内的难题,然后move on到有把握的题上。这个也是在商业世界中非常看重的能力之一。
第一遍昨晚之后,我同样也把错题的类型做了个统计。然后发现自己最欠缺的是inference推理的部分。这种题型我总结了一下,原来是非常考验我们的逻辑推理,而且拒绝自行脑补场外的信息。
比如说,510这篇,大概讲的是企业在采购的时候,如果不是和最终产品形态相关的物资,那么最好采取固定的合作供应商的策略。这种策略需要考虑两个变量,一个是市面上的供应商数量,另外一个是换供应商的成本或者说难度更准确。
这里还是把题目,和我当时迷糊的弱项贴一下,
510. Which of the following can be inferred about supplier partnerships, as they are described in the passage?
B) They can result in purchasers paying more for goods and services than they would in a competitive-biding situation.
C) They can typically are instituted at the urging of the supplier rather than the purchaser.
D)They are not feasible when the goods or services provided are directly related to the purchasers' end products.
本来我理解的infer是要经过一定的推理,不是直接从文中得到的结论。所以我当时就排除了B。文中有一句话说的一旦确定了固定的合作供应商,买家会吃经济上的亏。所以我就觉得B选项只是换了种表达方式,不算infer。然后就选了C。因为既然固定合作关系对供应商有经济上的好处,那当然供应商会争着抢着把合作定下来。
结果看OG上的解释说,文中并没有提到谁先争着要把合作关系定下来。是我自己脑补了这个前提。完全也有可能是买家有别的原因,希望能拿下优秀的供应商。然后我才反应过来是我理解错了infer的意思。原来infer的意思是潜台词,也就是换句话说。所以是应该选B的。
像这种总结,就是我需要自己经过错题才能真正明白某些单词在应用场景中的真实意思。
今天大概先敲这么多。我也会把RC部分的错题集写在石墨里。同样需要交流错题的盆友可以私信我~~
大家加油~

 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-9 21:52:19 | 显示全部楼层
哦哦,对了补充一些我的背景。
12年考过GRE,首战319,数学166,语文153.
托福91,考研英语72,高考记不太清了好像是100出头吧
总的来说底子不是太好吧
不过工作关系也一直要用英语,所以等于基本上没有丢
 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-11 00:08:51 | 显示全部楼层
12月10号-完成RC总结,提高RC部分正确率的策略

今天终于完成了阅读理解部分的错题总结(顺便为了看阅读速度、正确率上有没有进步,也把所有文章和题目重做了一遍

首先说一下第一遍过完题目的自我评价+感觉:
文章第一遍读囫囵吞枣,很多长难句,信息塞到脑子里一片混乱。只有看题目的时候才知道说哦,文章谈过这个问题,这个时候又倒回去文章里面相应的部分再很认真地读一遍,然后再看选项。结果出现幻觉,感觉每个选项文章都提到过,都对。已经分不清哪些是文章真正提到过的,哪些是可以推演出来的了。

这个时候慢慢发现,第一遍不能速读。如果文章的信息没有印在脑子里的话,贸然去读题,只会不知道题目真正在问什么,更加分不清选项说的点文章到底有没有表达类似或相反的意思。

所以。宁愿很慢很慢地读文章,也要争取边读的过程中,边在脑子里把信息点串起来,形成一个mental map,你对文章的主旨作者的情感正负向,每一处例子对主题是起支持还是反对作用,全部都要在读文章的时候就组织起来。只有彻底搞懂了文章中每个信息点之间的关系,再去答题,才能避免重复读题,重复读选项却不知所云的情况。这样基本上每道题的时间可以压缩到1分钟以下。5个选项中一出现某个词或某个意群,就可以快速地根据之前组织好的mental map排除掉。这样做题最省时间,而且正确率高。

除了自己总结出来的这点之外,我还去搜到了一篇国外辅导机构写的RC策略(对比之下,人家的content mkt出品的文章质量真的不要太好)。非常受用。强烈推荐大家也去看一下。

https://www.prepscholar.com/gmat/blog/gmat-reading-comprehension-strategies-tips/

其中有7个strategies。也强调了说不能速读,跳读。而且也要边读边做笔记,把出现的连词,不同的观点之间的关系梳理出来,形成mental summary写在纸上,这样在做evaluation类型的题目,可以轻松地快速排出不是作者意图的选项。

2. 第二遍做的时候,根据总结出来的经验,刻意慢下来阅读速度,留够时间给阅读文章。

然后边读边脑子里重复一下刚读取的信息点和全文的主旨有什么关系。这样对文章的意思形成深刻的印象之后,读选项的时候再也不会出现幻觉说,这个文章好像有提到过。

整体用时大概少了40%(因为不用在文章和选项之间来回跳读了)。正确率大概提升了50%。

现在我基本上可以把时间控制在:短文3分钟,长文4分钟,每题1分钟以内。

第二次统计后,发现自己喜欢犯以下几种错误:

1)仅仅提到了文章中的细节的选项,但并不能代表整篇文章的意思。有些选项会加一些看起来不重要的词来缩小描述的范围比如464的E选项on the service。这种选项设置真的是非常凶险。所以一定要认真读每个选项,琢磨清楚表达的意思。不要图快。

2)容易被选项里的小词绊倒。比如523,一篇关于女性的教育对于未来政界领袖的道德水平有多关键的文章。文章中一方认为revolution之后这个认知才提升,大家才开始重视女性的教育,但反方认为早在revolution之前,大家就很重视女性的教育了。这道题问的是正方和反方究竟观点相反在哪里。我当时选的是D,就是revolution之后才出现对女性教育的重视。

但这个只是正方的结论,不是正反方的不同之处。不同之处在于重视出现在之前还是之后。而正确选项B,当初之所以不选,是因为不觉得不同之处在于改革之前的对女性受教育的态度是支持的。支持是两方都觉得支持的啊,只是正方认为后来加强了。但问问没想到这里多了个小词,extent,程度。程度一出现,那点就转变成了,revolution之前双方对这件事的态度了。

还有555的myth,文章原句故意把史学家的误读拆开来,导致我两次做题都无法读出来题目问的信息到底在文章的头尾两处表达什么意思。当拿掉冗长的句子成分之后,才真正读出信息点——史学家认为18世界是黄金时代——这实际上是个误解。

3)看似以为懂,实际上不懂真正意思的词。

比如572,贴一下原题

It can inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following to be true of the amphibian extinctions that have recently been reported?

D. They have probably been caused by a combination of chance events.

我两次都选了D。题干中用的词是believe,作者认为什么是对的。确实D选项说的是有可能是随机事件引起的灭绝啊。但解释里又说作者其实没有数据证明这个是不是可能性。我开始意识到英文环境的思维,和中文对可能的理解是不同的。OG的解释是anecdotal report不能证明环境就恶化了,有可能有很多种原因。

只是可能性就不能用probably?只能用may have been?和have probably been的差别是什么呢?(头秃)

这点真的暂时无解。因为是不理解英文语境中的probably的应用场景。

4)中英文表达(对事情界定)的差异

比如575,也贴一下原题

Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 35-38?

B. To cast doubt on an assertion made in the previous sentence.

两次都错了,选的B。B选项因为漏了注意一个词previous sentence。前面一句话仅仅是提出数量下降的几种可能。而anecdotal report没法说清楚是哪一种。所以,不能说这个作用是质疑前面一句话。

但C我之所以没有选,是因为objection这个词的含义我觉得太强了,作者只是说还有其他可能没法排除,这也不能证明说这个结论就一定是错的,用反对(我们的文化不会轻易否定对方,只会暗示说可能存在别的解释)。但文章后面的解释就说,只有存在其他可能,那么作者的这个结论就是错的。不可信,不可取的。这个则是英语环境中对conclusion的判定。

做了这个题,才了解到还存在这样的差异。

关于RC的总结,先做这么多。接下来的一周开始刷CR。慢慢加上AWA。
 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-11 21:13:12 | 显示全部楼层
12月11号

开始critical reasoning部分。

这个section是100字左右的短文,配一道题。

主要考察3方面的能力:
组织argument;评价别人的argument;给出行动的argument和评价别人行动的argument靠不靠谱。

有时候文章没有推演过程,只有一些事实信息,让你去从中推出结论,或者看看哪些结论是可以得到文章中的信息支持的。或者确认某个现象可能的原因,再或者是评价某种行动能不能达到预计到目标。

问题类型:
分析论证过程;得出结论;确人充分的前提;评价假设;消解明显前后不一致的地方;找出强化或削弱论证的信息;找出逻辑漏洞;找出两方分歧点;对一个问题提出可能的解决方案。

答这类问题的策略
1、先读题

小心词的位置产生的意思区别。比如,most valued by citizens。大家最看重的是;valued by most citizens 更多人看重的是 。

2、判断文章有没有给理由,还是仅仅只有信息

注意一些典型的词,比如因为,所以。随时检测前提、理由、结论成分。

3、读文章的时候要下意识判断文章的动机和论证的结构

4、检验结论是不是错的时候,假想一些其他的场景当前提是对的时候,结论也有可能是错的。

GMAT考试中必需掌握的概念
1、特别小心任何没有提到过的隐藏前提assumption。

分两种,一种是必要的,没有这种,结论就不成立。

充分。只要发生了这种假设,就一定会有相应的结论或结果。

比如:研究诗歌没有用。因为诗歌没有用。

这里就是藏了两个假设。

这个东西没有用,所以没有价值。研究一个没有价值的东西,研究本身就没有价值。

2、明白如果就之间的推论关系。

带条件成立的陈述。

前提:如果A发生了,那么B也会发生。

现在事实是,A发生了。那么结果是B也会发生。——这个推理是对的

如果A没有发生,那么B也没有发生。——这个推理是错的。不一定,除非A是唯一一个诱发B的原因。

如果B发生了,那么A也发生了。——不一定。可能A没有发生,但还有别的原因导致B发生了。

如果B没有发生,那么A也没有发生。——这个推论是对的。因为B的存在是A存在的充分条件。(这个好反直觉。A是B的必要条件。

3、一定要留意,给的条件是必要条件还是充分条件(condition

怎么区分必要和充分?

A不发生,B一定不发生。那么是A是B的必要条件。A发生,B一定发生。那么A是B的充分条件。

比如说最常见的,你晚上睡好觉,明天考试就能考好哦。这就是表述为考好试的充分条件是睡好觉。这就是最典型的逻辑错误。因为睡好觉不是考好试的唯一条件。睡好觉也不见得一定能考好试。只能说是必要条件之一。

才能和就能也有区别!

才能表达的是必要;就能表达的是充分。作为充分条件,实际上是一件事情的结果了。必要条件才是原因。

比如说,他考得好,说明他昨晚一定睡得好。考的好是结果,睡得好是原因之一。这个有。

再比如,他是我爸爸,说明他一定戴眼镜。他是我爸爸是更本质的结果,戴眼镜只是其中的一个属性。这其实没有因果关系。

4、特别小心在和或陈述中的否定

当有人否定和陈述时,非常容易推断错误。

比如说,今天湿度很高,温度也很高。另外一个人说不对。那他是否定其中一个不高。而不是两个都不高。

再比如说,A 或 B。另一个人说不对。他的意思是说,这两个都不可能发生。(这个也很tricky。

5、留心整个论述的主题

有时候即使假设和结论都是对的,但整个论证过程也是错的。比如,因为有些生物学家其实不做实验,所以有些不做实验的人不是生物学家。

最容易迷糊的是,陈述加上了否定。

比如说,当代民主中的有些投票的人是有逻辑思维的人。另外一个人说,我觉得这完全不对。后者表达的意思是说,我认为没有一个投票的人是有逻辑思维的人。

这种表达就太绝对了,完全是个空集。非常容易犯错。

6、留心下定义的时候,定义本身是不是错的。

很多词都有超过一种以上的意思。所以下定义是非常有必要的,在背景不清楚的情况下。有时候还有必要引入一个新的词来解释。如果这个定义下得太宽泛,那么就达不到解释的目的。

举一个定义不恰当的例子。

一个运动员是跑得快的跑者,或是一个能够跳得很高的跳高运动员。

这个就是太窄了,也不够准确。不跑步不跳高的也可以是运动员,即使是跑步和跳高的,跑不快跳不高的也属于运动员定义的范畴。

还有自我循环的定义,对界定事情没有帮助。

7、了解假说是如何被证实的。

可能的解释。相当于进一步调查的一个起点。要寻找能支持这个假说或者否定这个假说的证据。

前25道题,头10道题不太熟悉题型用得比较就,差不多14分钟每5道题。后来15道稍微达到官方建议的108秒左右,也就是9分钟每5道。

错了两道。632和634。

632. Supply shortages and signs of growing demand are driving cocoa prices upward. Usually severe weather in cocoa-producing regions—too much rain in Brazil and too little in West Africa—has limited production. Further, Europe and North America recently reported stronger demand for cocoa. In the first quarter, grinding of cocoa beans—the first stage in processing cocoa for chocolate—rose 8.1 percent in Europe and 16 percent in North America. Analysts have concluded that cocoa's price will continue to rise at least into the near future.

Which of the following would, if true, most strengthen the reasoning above?

本来如果没有8.1和16的话,我会觉得是在问哪个选项能够加强结论。偏偏这里用的reasoning,我以为说的是针对这个理由,哪个选项是进一步解释了提升到了8.1%。所以就忍不住选了B,是制造商提高了产能(处理效率)。结果看答案才知道自己被干扰想多了,题目找的依然是支持结论的素材。比如结果子的时间要很长,所以成本应该会更高。

634. Snowmaking machines work by spraying a mist that freezes immediately on contact with cold air. Because the sudden freezing kills bacteria, QuickFreeze is planning to market a wastewater purification system that works on the same principle. The process works only when temperatures are cold, however, so municipalities using it will still need to maintain a conventional system.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for a prediction that municipalities will buy QuickFreeze's purification system despite the need to maintain a conventional purification system as well?

问题重心理解错了,以为问的是为什么还要保留原有的净水系统,所以选了新系统可能只能除菌。但结果问题问的是为什么会预测购买这个新系统。是因为温度低的时候原有系统无法除菌。所以因该找选项是能成为新系统被购买的理由。而不是其缺点。

明天开始跟上AWA。发现一个可以给反馈且打分的网站 https://www.800score.com/gmat.html 。20刀每篇。然后也有mock的题目。写完之后可以得到范文,对照着看自己的不足。打算先练习十篇左右,等到把想法和速度结合稳定之后,再花钱打分。到时看效果怎么样,再来反馈。
发表于 2019-12-13 01:17:27 | 显示全部楼层
楼楼加油~~
 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-13 13:11:03 | 显示全部楼层

好嘞~~一起加油!
 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-13 13:11:45 | 显示全部楼层
12月12号

CR 50题(这个错题总结没想到烧时间,所以晚了一天,可是非常值得

简直难枯了。错了11道。变态难到有些你看每个选项都是对的,或者没有一个是对的。即使边读梳理出逻辑链条也没用,选项中每一个描述都是符合逻辑链条的方向,只是在一些细节中偷换概念,这种真的就很难在短时间内辨别出来。贴一下这类错题。

639

More and more law firms specializing in corporate taxes are paid on a contingency-fee basis. Under this arrangement, if a case is won, the firm usually receives more than it would have received if it had been paid on the alternate hourly rate basis. If the case is lost, the firm receives nothing. Most firms are likely to make more under the contingency-fee arrangement.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen prediction above?

多数法律公司如何能有信心自己能在contingency-fee basis下能挣到更多的钱?就是能保证自己的赢率啊。

A虽然后面在赢的案子上能获得更多的钱,但是前半句都说了这种公司是只接受按钟算的。如果从按钟算到按赢的案子算,那赢的案子是能比原来挣得更多,但是输赢比例不确定的话其实也没办法保证最后整体能盈利。

641

Enterprise bank currently requires customers with checking accounts to maintain a minimum balance or pay a monthly fee. Enterprise plans to offer accounts with no monthly fee or no minimum balance requirement to cover their projected administrative cost of $3 per account per month. They plan to charge $30 for overdrawing an account. Since each month, on average, slightly more than 10% of Enterprise customers overdraw their accounts, bank officials predict the new accounts will generate a profit.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the bank officials' prediction?

第一次看出来了some的问题,但是最后因为没得选只能将就了A。因为觉得D哪怕check account取钱的人多,但不代表人家会愿意转去新的account啊。怎么能保证新账号盈利呢。

难道是我钻了牛角尖?

644

The Maxilux car company's design for its new luxury model, the Max 100, included a special design for the tires that was intended to complement the model's image. The winning bid for supplying these tires was submitted by robco. Analysts concluded that the bid would only just cover the Rubco's costs on the tiles, but Rubco executives claim that winning the bid will actually make a profit for the company.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly justified claim made by radicals executives?

B) Rubco holds exclusive contracts to supply Maxilux wih the tires for a number of other models made by Maxilux.

本来以为获得其他车型的车胎合同,就能盈利。但OG上的解释说,如果是拿下了这次标的使得他们赢得了其他的合同才能算支持盈利的说法。但,这里仅仅是陈述Rubco还有和其他独家的供应车胎的合同。这不一定等于能盈利。(这里我真的是费了好大的劲才把自己拧过来。

D) When people who have purchased a carefully designed luxury automobile need to replace a worn part of it, they almost invariably replace it with a part of exactly the same make and type.

正确答案是Rubco虽然无法通过竞标盈利,但能通过额外补胎的市场来盈利。(这supplier做得也太卑微了吧……可怜

645

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Most bicycle helmets provide protection for the top and back of the head, but little or no protection for temple regions on the sides of the head. The story of head injuries resulting from bicycle accidents shows that a large portion was caused by blows to the temple area. Therefore, if bicycle helmets protect this area, the risk of serious head injury in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced, especially since ___________?

这道错得冤枉。

E) bicyclists generally land on their arm or shoulder when they fall to the side, which reduces the likelihood of severe impacts on the side of the head.

E表达的意思实际上是不支持结论的。确实不能选。

只有侧面的骨头容易裂,才能说加强侧面的保护可以大大减少损伤。

666

A story of ticket sales and summer theatre festival found that people who bought tickets to individual place had a no-show rate of less than 1%, while those who paid in advance for all time place being performed at summer had no-show rate of nearly 30%. This may be at least in part because the greater awareness customers retain about the cost of an item, the more likely they are to use it.

Which of the following would, if true, best serve as an alternative explanation of the results of the study?

b) Many people who attend the theatre festival believe strongly that they should support financially.

d) Usually, people who bought tickets to individual players did immediately prior to each performance that they attended.

套票的鸽子率高。可能原因,人们觉得是只是想金钱方面支持一下。这个理由按说在中文语义里应该是对的。但是解释说这也同样适用于买单独票的电影。无法解释为什么单个电影的出席率更高。所以应该是买单独票的人在电影临开场之前要买这个动机会强更多。

667

Although there is no record for poet Edmund Spenser parentage. We do know that as youth spencer attended the Merchant Tailors school in London for a period between 1560 and 1517. Records from this time indicating merchant tailors. Dan had only three members. My name is spencer. Robert Spencer listed as a gentleman. Nicholas spencer elected the bills water in 1568. And John spencer listed as a journeyman class maker of this. The last was likely the least affluent of the street and most likely and his father since school accounting record these elements as a scholar who attended the school and reduce reduced fee.

The following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

d) Most of those his father were members of the merchant's Guild were students at the merchant Tailors school.

b) The merchant Tailors school did not reduce its fees for the children of the more affluent members.

OG上的解释很牵强。不清楚这个诗人的出身,但是就能从他小时候上学的学费被减免,这个记录就能判断出他们学校的其中一个最穷的委员就是他爸?

这是什么逻辑?为什么不能反过来说?只要是委员的孩子就能够在那里上学?

这个argument本身有问题。但是作为一道题目,他问的可能是假如这个结论是对的。那要补充上什么样的假设才能让这个结论更加对?

问题是减学费也不能说他爸一定是那个协会里最穷的人吧?

感觉说服程度不如委员的孩子一定在学校里呢?(这道题先放着,等遇到了高人请教一下

672

Archeologists: Researchers excavating a burial site in Cyprus found a feline skeleton lying near humans that skeleton. Both skeletons were in the same sediment at the same depth and equally well-preserved, suggesting that the feline and human were buried together about 9,500 years ago. This shows that felines were domesticated around the time farming began when they would have been useful in protecting stores of grain from mice.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the archaeologist argument?

c. Paintings found near the burial site seem to show people keeping felines as domestic companions, but do not show felines hunting mice.

d. In Cyprus, there are many burial sites dating from around 9,500 years ago, in which the remains of wild animals buried alongside human remains.

考古学家找到了一个猫的Skeleton。和人的skeleton放在一起。而且成分是一样的。说明他们被埋的时候是同一时间。考古学家就猜测猫在当时被圈养起来。圈养的原因可能是农耕时代可以用来保护粮仓里的粮食,免遭老鼠咬。

题目问的是?是否存在其他可能猫的头骨和人的头骨放在一起。

选项里一个作为陪伴;另外一个是埋在一起不代表家养了。

其实这两个选项都对。但后者程度更严重。直接否定了猫被家养的这个事实。都不是攻击家养的原因了。

673

Farmer: Several people in the past few years have claim to have seen a mountain lion in the suburban outskirts—the latest just last month—and, while mountain lions were thought to have been driven from this entire region about 20 years ago. There is no reason for people who reported seeing a mountain lion have deliberately can call come a false report for local wildlife managers should begin to urgently address mountain lions presence.

c. No person who claims to have seen a mountain lion had anyone else with them at the reported site sighting.

d. There have been no regional reports in the past year of mountain lions migrating to the area.

e. Recent surveys show that more than half of the people in the region report that they have never seen a mountain lion before.

很多人称自己在前几年看到过一只山上的狮子。在城市的边郊。有人说早在20年前就见过这个狮子来过。这一片地方。问题问的是哪一个选项能够削弱这个农夫的argument?

农夫的arguments是狮子存在,要采取行动。

那按理说,能质疑狮子的存在都是对的。

cde三个选项都是这个方向的。第一眼真的很难排除。存在的理由,是有人报告见过。而怀疑他们的报告真实性,就相当于削弱了结论。另外两项,一个是在质疑狮子出现的原因。没有迁移哪里来的狮子。但是这个并没有直接攻击存在的理由。还有一个,大多数人都反应说没见过。也不能证明别人见过是假的。

这道题真的太考验强逻辑能力了……想想我们平时中文语言世界里的论述……上述两类的错误真的不要太多。

674

The heavy traffic in the sauna is a growing drain on the city's economy—the clogging of the streets of the central business district alone costs the economy more than 1.2 million dollars over the past year. In order to address this problem, officials plan to introduce congestion pricing, by which drivers would pay to enter the city's most heavily trafficked areas during the busiest times of the day.

Which of the following, if true, would most strongly indicate that the plan will be a success?

c. In other urban areas. Congestion pricing has strongly encouraged carpooling. Sharing the sharing of rights by private computers.

d. Several studies have shown that a reduction in traffic and 15% in the sauna can result into five hundred or more new jobs.

城市拥堵导致经济下滑。尤其是中心城区的拥堵。造成了去年120万的损失。 为了解决这个问题,政府打算收费。希望能缓解拥堵,同时不再造成经济上的损失。有哪个选项证明这个arguments是对的?(理解错了,是以为哪个能指出这个方案是会成功的?

这里有个链条。他默认经济下滑是拥堵造成的。那么为了让经济上行,就要减少拥堵,那么罚款是减少拥堵的好办法。

所以要的论据是罚款之后,没那么堵了。或者说不罚款的话,会更堵。

而不是干扰项特别强的不堵之后,经济好了,招的人多了。这个是在攻击这个argument的前提。和plan success不success无关。

(太难了太难了,枯

675

Economist: The most economically efficient way to reduce emissions of air pollutants is to tax them in proportion to the damage they are likely to cause. But in country Y, many serious pollutants are untaxed and unregulated. And policymakers strongly oppose new taxes. Therefore, the best way to achieve a reduction in air pollutant emissions in country Y would be to institute fixed upper limits on them.

The following is an assumption of the economist's argument?

b. Country Y's policymakers believe that air pollution emissions should be reduced with maximum economic efficiency.

e. Policymakers in country Y do not oppose setting fixed upper limits on air pollutant emissions as strongly as they oppose new taxes.

a. Policymakers in country Y oppose all new taxes equally strongly, regardless of any benefits they may provide.

减少污染源最有效的方法就是上税。产生多少污染,上多少税。

在这个国家,污染不上税不受监管。政策制定者也不想加新税。

所以最好的办法只有强制要求大家的排污上线。

这个argument的assumption是什么?

污染源不会减少,除非和伤害成正比。所以无关。

开始边看选项边晕的题。

我问题可能在于,不知道怎么预判assumption(搜一下文章看一下

有两个吧,一个是确实不好上新税,另外一个是强制管用能让用。

太难太难了,变态难。

后来谷歌到了GMATclub的解释。稍微明白了一些。

https://gmatclub.com/forum/economist-the-most-economically-efficient-way-to-reduce-emissions-of-201255.html

assumption是问你去判断作者没有说出来默认对的话是什么。但是我自己有点代入,开始去judge这个arguement的质量。所以才选了A。认为对新税一概不支持,不管有什么好处。这个时候我实际上attack的是premise而不再是这个argument的assumption了。assumption是premise与conclusion之间的unstated的必须要正确的内容。


真的感觉这道题再做一次还是会不小心错。

这道题也相应地反映了我自己的一个思维缺陷。喜欢去attack别人本身认为是对的事情。而不是从assumption入手去说服别人。一般大家的推理过程,把自己确认是对的事情,结合自己感知到的信息,得到一个自己的判断结论。如果要说服对方再三思自己的结论的话,最后不要直接上attack别人默认是对的事情,可以借力assumption。而assumption对方比较容易接受,是因为他们自己也会承认其中的不必然性。attack premise是件最难的事了,而且经常会上海到别人的ego。

676

太难了太难了要哭了

Humans get Lyme disease from infected ticks. Tick get infected by feeding on animals with Lyme disease, but the ease of transmission from host animal to tick varies. With most species of host animal, transmission of Lyme disease to ticks is extremely rare, but white-footed mice are an exception, readily passing Lyme disease to ticks. And white-footed mouse populations greatly expand, becoming the main food source for ticks, in areas where biodiversity is in decline.

The information in the passage most strongly supports which of the following?

B) Very few animals that live in areas where there are no white-footed mice are infected with Lyme disease.

C) Humans are less at risk of contracting Lyme disease in areas where diversity is high.

D) Ticks feed on white-footed mice only when other host species are not available to them.

最可怕的三个选项。

这题理出来逻辑链都没有用。是细节要难哭了。

脑补了没有白脚鼠,那动物就不太会被这种病感染。但这是针对tick。原文中说到对于很多宿主来说,这种病毒的传播很少会到tick身上。一下没看出B的animals对应原文。但是不看答案是很难看出来的了。好可怕。这个是偷换了概念,把very few animal替换了tick。这个坑挖的……

D选项的话是犯了绝对化描述的概念。Tick只是把白脚鼠当主食,不是有其他alternative的时候也完全不吃。忽略了only的范围。

这50道题真的做得开始恍惚,怀疑世界……错题总结花了大概4,5个小时,去挨个选项搞明白为什么不选,梳理逻辑链。不过真正成长也从总结开始,这样一点点慢慢地意识并纠正自己的不足。
 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-14 13:50:48 | 显示全部楼层
12-13

由于昨天CR错得惨不忍睹,而且OG上错题解释已经让我无法自圆其说。我觉得我应该是缺了什么部分的知识。如果不补上,这样做下去只是浪费题目而已。所以我谷歌了下 CR的strategy。

然后找到了这篇。

https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/save-time-on-gmat-critical-reasoning-questions/

再次强调这种题应该先看问题问什么,然后有针对性地带着问题去看。比如题目要找assumption,那就应该积极找premise是什么,conclusion是什么,然后中间跳过没有提到的就是assumption。说明assumption实际上在premise和conclusion之间起着桥梁的作用。

最简单的题型是这种

Blah blah blah blah blah blah both P and Q.  Blah blah blah P more than Q blah blah.   Blah blah blah Q instead of P blah blah.  Therfore, blah blah T.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Blah blah blah P or Q blah blah
B. Blah blah blab Q instead of P
C. Blah blah P and Q blah blah T
D. Blah blah blah W and T
E. Blah blah blah without any T

这样的话只要没带结论T的选项直接排除。带了PT或QT的都可以。所以就只剩C。这也确实是我之前做题时的思路。但是难度升阶之后,到处都有T,就出现了我之前的幻觉,觉得每个选项都对。

这个时候要上否定测试法。把选项表述的意思否定之后,看是否会影响结论。如果不影响,那就不是假设。如果影响,那才是假设。

下面这篇文章专门讲怎么快速把assumption找出来。原来是我之前错的题是因为总是找不出来假设。

https://magoosh.com/gmat/2013/assumptions-and-the-negation-test-on-the-gmat/

否定测试,就是假定否定成立的话,看影不影响结论。如果不影响,那么就不是假设。如果影响,那就是假设。

而且假设实际上可以有多种。

(再次吹爆国外的content mkt的功底,不仅边讲解清楚策略,以及放了配套练习,可以马上实测一下自己有没有理解文章里的策略。那个练习还是想实际考试一样的操作界面,右上角有时间提示,这个答题交互细节可以说走心了)

文章里举了个例子。

The Spotted Mole is a rodent that burrows underground and eats all forms of vegetable matter. Farmers are concerned that this mole could eat some of their commercial fruits, planted in above-ground planters and bins. The farmers need not worry about the Mole, though, because throughout the region in which the Spotted Mole is found, birds of prey such as hawks and falcons are active, and these birds would prey upon the Spotted Mole if the mole came above ground at all.  Therefore, the Spotted Mole poses no threat to these totally above-ground fruits.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) The birds of prey capture and kill every single Spotted Mole that comes above ground.
(B) Some land-based mammals active in this region, such as fox, will also hunt and eat the Spotted Mole on a regular basis.
(C) No other animal could pose as significant a threat to the above-ground fruits as could the Spotted Mole.
(D) The times of day the Spotted Mole feeds are the same as the times of day that the birds of prey are in the air.
(E) Larger burrowing mammals, such as badgers or weasels, can dig up the burrows of the Spotted Mole, endangering those that remain underground.

结论是不用XX鼠患(大概没查字典)担心,因为地面上有天敌盯着。
我当时上来就选了A。然后错得很惨烈。实际上不用那么惨烈绝对,农民baibai也是可以不用担心的。而应该是捕食关系的二者活动时间要一样,如果这个不成立的话,结论就是错的,农民baibai不能指望天敌了。

果然用了这个方法之后,很多选项就能很快排除了。包括昨天做的错题。不能用新税那题用这种方法看就瞬间通透了。(但除了641,还是没绕过弯来……

除了assumption类型的题还有另外7种。削弱/加强结论,可推出的结论/inference,明确argument的结构,找矛盾点,补充argument,评价argument的质量。前4种占到了75%的比例。前三种题型都可以通过找到assumption的方法解决。

今天只刷了25道。(AWA一直来不及写嘤嘤

686

Economist: The price of tap water in our region should be raised drastically. Supplies in local freshwater reservoirs have been declining for years because water is being used faster than it can be replenished. Since the price of tap water has been low, few users have bothered to adopt even easy conservation measures.

The sections in boldface play which of the following roles in the economist's argument?

B) The first is an observation for which the second provides an explanation; the second is the main conclusion but not the only conclusion.

C) The first is a premise supporting the argument's main conclusion; so is the second.

这个就属于前面提到的第五种类型的题目,判断argument的结构。第一句实际上就去吃呼吁大家行动:水价应该提高。原因是供量下降严重,因为V用>V产,V用大又因为价格低,大家都不省着点用。这个链条就感觉是供量下降是第一层原因,然后水价低是更深层的原因。

这个最后归因于水价低,所以提高水价,我本来理解为这两个都算是结论。只是呼吁行动是总结论,本质原因水价低算是初步结论支持最后结论的。

但OG上解释说这水价低,也只能算成argument里的premise,而且是基于观察的premise,或者说causal claims。


694

City council member: Demand for electricity has been increasing by 1.5 percent a year, and there simply is no more space to build additional power plants to meet future demand increases. We must, therefore, begin to curtail usage, which is why I propose passing ordinances requiring energy-conservation measures in all city departments.

The city council member's proposal assumes which of the following?

E) The city department that successfully conserve energy will set a good example for residential and industrial consumers of electricity.

A) Existing power plants do not have the capacity to handle all of the projected increase in demand for electricity.

这个就是典型的找assumption的题。结论是shi政单位省电,premise是用电需求上升,没地建电厂,只能想法省电。(艹脑子打结了
这里的leap是,要想证明这个结论是对的,那么作者默认的成立的假设是,不省电就以后不够电用,也就是没有别的办法再供更多的电了。所以是默认现有电厂无法满足未来的需要。

但我还是忍不住翻了attack了premise,如果单位们不起好头,那么就达不到最终省电的目的。但是这个已经和结论无关了?啊啊啊,为什么这题和641一样把我脑子带沟里去了。我还是要再找找assumption其他的strategy,感觉还是有个知识gap没有补上。

704

For the period from the eighth century through the eleventh century, the shifting boundaries between Kingdom F and Kingdom G have not been well charted. Although a certain village in a border region between the two kingdoms usually belonged to Kingdom G, ninth-century artifacts found in the village were in the typical Kingdom F style of that time. It is unclear whether the village was actually a part of Kingdom F in the ninth century or whether it was a part of Kingdom G but had merely adopted Kingdom F's artistic styles under Kingdom F's cultural influence.

Which of the following would, if found in ninth-century sites in the village, best help in determining whether the village was a part of Kingdom F or Kingdom G in the ninth century?

C) Knives and other utensils made from metal typical of ninth-century mining sites in Kingdom F.

E) Numerous teeth from the ninth century with a chemical signature typical only of teeth from people who had grown up in the heart of Kingdom F.

8世纪到11世纪期间,某个在国界上的村子可能在9世纪的时候属于F国,因为出现了9世纪的F过特色艺术作品。哪个证据可以证明村子就是属于F国的?

不成立的话,结论就错的。OG这里体现为原来F国市中心的人口的牙齿可以证明这一点。

706

Infotek, a computer manufacturer in Katrovia, has just introduced a new personal computer model that sells for significantly less than any other model. Market research shows, however, that very few Katrovian households without personal computers would buy a computer, regardless of its price. Therefore, introducing the new model is unlikely to increase the number of computers in Katrovian homes.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

E) Most personal computers purchased in Katrovia are intended for home use.

C) Katrovians in households that already have computers are unlikely to purchase the new Infotek model as an additional computer for home use.

结论:新个人电脑不会增加某国的家庭电脑数量。premise:没有个人电脑的家庭不会买电脑,不管有多便宜。而且这个新的电脑卖得比其他model便宜。

如果不是家用,那结论会被削弱。但这种和assumption又什么区别?


709

Transportation expenses accounted for a large portion of the total dollar amount spent on trips for pleasure by residents of the United States in 1997, and about half of the total dollar amount spent on transportation was for airfare. However, the large majority of United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997 did not travel by airplane but used other means of transportation.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true about United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997?

C) Per mile traveled, those who traveled by airplane tended to spend more on transportation to their destination than did those who used other means of transportation.
A) Achieving political compromises is not all that is necessary for the proper functioning of a government.

交通费用占到了大家出去玩的很大比例。交通费里有一半都是坐飞机。但是大部分人都选择不坐飞机出去玩。
这说明不坐飞机的大家出去玩花的比坐飞机的要少。

CR给人的挫败感比SC RC都更大,是属于看完OG开完网上的建议都没理清楚为什么对,为什么错的难。枯……
 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-16 23:19:05 | 显示全部楼层
12-14 & 15

CR总结3 (最后75题

每25题的错误率就从7题到最后的11题。

虽然被虐得很惨,不过收获还是很大的。认清楚了很多单词以及用法不再是我们中文思维里面以为的。算是修正了自己原来错误的看法。但还处于比较模糊的阶段。还需要再多经历些题目或者事情来加固新的认知。

686

Economist: The price of tap water in our region should be raised drastically. Supplies in local freshwater reservoirs have been declining for years because water is being used faster than it can be replenished. Since the price of tap water has been low, few users have bothered to adopt even easy conservation measures.

The sections in boldface play which of the following roles in the economist's argument?

B) The first is an observation for which the second provides an explanation; the second is the main conclusion but not the only conclusion.

C) The first is a premise supporting the argument's main conclusion; so is the second.

这个就属于前面提到的第五种类型的题目,判断argument的结构。第一句实际上就去吃呼吁大家行动:水价应该提高。原因是供量下降严重,因为V用>V产,V用大又因为价格低,大家都不省着点用。这个链条就感觉是供量下降是第一层原因,然后水价低是更深层的原因。

这个最后归因于水价低,所以提高水价,我本来理解为这两个都算是结论。只是呼吁行动是总结论,本质原因水价低算是初步结论支持最后结论的。

但OG上解释说这水价低,也只能算成argument里的premise,而且是基于观察的premise,或者说causal claims。

694

City council member: Demand for electricity has been increasing by 1.5 percent a year, and there simply is no more space to build additional power plants to meet future demand increases. We must, therefore, begin to curtail usage, which is why I propose passing ordinances requiring energy-conservation measures in all city departments.

The city council member's proposal assumes which of the following?

E) The city department that successfully conserve energy will set a good example for residential and industrial consumers of electricity.

A) Existing power plants do not have the capacity to handle all of the projected increase in demand for electricity.

这个就是典型的找assumption的题。结论是shi政单位省电,premise是用电需求上升,没地建电厂,只能想法省电。(艹脑子打结了

这里的leap是,要想证明这个结论是对的,那么作者默认的成立的假设是,不省电就以后不够电用,也就是没有别的办法再供更多的电了。所以是默认现有电厂无法满足未来的需要。

但我还是忍不住翻了attack了premise,如果单位们不起好头,那么就达不到最终省电的目的。但是这个已经和结论无关了?(是的,回过头来看,其实是自己对assumption还是有误解。也是犯了中文思维里最常见的argument的错误,总是攻击人家本来就以为对的事情,那就肯定会闹得不愉快。要攻击的只能是人家的推理。推导的那个过程。

704

For the period from the eighth century through the eleventh century, the shifting boundaries between Kingdom F and Kingdom G have not been well charted. Although a certain village in a border region between the two kingdoms usually belonged to Kingdom G, ninth-century artifacts found in the village were in the typical Kingdom F style of that time. It is unclear whether the village was actually a part of Kingdom F in the ninth century or whether it was a part of Kingdom G but had merely adopted Kingdom F's artistic styles under Kingdom F's cultural influence.

Which of the following would, if found in ninth-century sites in the village, best help in determining whether the village was a part of Kingdom F or Kingdom G in the ninth century?

C) Knives and other utensils made from metal typical of ninth-century mining sites in Kingdom F.

E) Numerous teeth from the ninth century with a chemical signature typical only of teeth from people who had grown up in the heart of Kingdom F.

8世纪到11世纪期间,某个在国界上的村子可能在9世纪的时候属于F国,因为出现了9世纪的F过特色艺术作品。哪个证据可以证明村子就是属于F国的?

不成立的话,结论就错的。OG这里体现为原来F国市中心的人口的牙齿可以证明这一点。

706

Infotek, a computer manufacturer in Katrovia, has just introduced a new personal computer model that sells for significantly less than any other model. Market research shows, however, that very few Katrovian households without personal computers would buy a computer, regardless of its price. Therefore, introducing the new model is unlikely to increase the number of computers in Katrovian homes.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

E) Most personal computers purchased in Katrovia are intended for home use.

C) Katrovians in households that already have computers are unlikely to purchase the new Infotek model as an additional computer for home use.

结论:新个人电脑不会增加某国的家庭电脑数量。premise:没有个人电脑的家庭不会买电脑,不管有多便宜。而且这个新的电脑卖得比其他model便宜。

如果不是家用,那结论会被削弱。但这种和assumption又什么区别?

709

Transportation expenses accounted for a large portion of the total dollar amount spent on trips for pleasure by residents of the United States in 1997, and about half of the total dollar amount spent on transportation was for airfare. However, the large majority of United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997 did not travel by airplane but used other means of transportation.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true about United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997?

C) Per mile traveled, those who traveled by airplane tended to spend more on transportation to their destination than did those who used other means of transportation.

A) Achieving political compromises is not all that is necessary for the proper functioning of a government.

交通费用占到了大家出去玩的很大比例。交通费里有一半都是坐飞机。但是大部分人都选择不坐飞机出去玩。

这说明不坐飞机的大家出去玩花的比坐飞机的要少。

712

When there is less rainfall than normal, the water level of Australian rivers falls and the rivers flow more slowly. Because algae whose habitat is river water grow best in slow-moving water, the amount of algae per unit of water generally increases when there has been little rain. By contrast, however, following a period of extreme drought, algae levels are low even in very slow-moving river water.

Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the contrast described above?

A) During periods of extreme drought, the populations of some of the species that feed on algae tend to fall.

D) Australian rivers dry up completely for short intervals in periods of extreme drought.

啊,理解错了,以为是天敌的数量增加导致algae的数量减少。但人家说的是天敌数量也减少。所以是天敌数量少是algae少了之后的后果。不是algae少的原因。这题不应该。

716

The difference in average annual income in favor of employees who have college degrees, compared with those who do not have such degrees, doubled between 1980 and 1990. Some analysts have hypothesized that increased competition between employers for employees with college degrees drove up for income for such employees.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanation described above?

越来越多大学生找不到工作,证明increased competition是错的。

717

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

According to the last pre-election poll in Whippleton, most voters believe that the three problems the government needs to address, in order of importance, are pollution, crime, and unemployment. Yet in the election, candidates from parties perceived as strongly against pollution were defeated, while those elected were all from parties with a history of opposing legislation designed to reduce pollution. These results should not be taken to indicate that the poll was inaccurate, however, since ____________.

选的结果不是假的。那证明最后投票的人和调查的人不是同一拨。而且票的人没有参与调查。

我本来是选的E

但正确答案是D

D) all the candidates who were elected were perceived as being stronger against both crime and unemployment than the candidates who were defeated.

啊是我误会了accurate的意思。我以为题目要的是已经正确反映民意了,但是投票不是完全根据民众认为什么最重要选的。而是有其他民众认为很重要的因素影响了他们最后的投票结果。如果是我选的E还是属于英语中不accurate反映民意的范畴。中英文对accurate的理解差异。英文中不仅是不作假,还是真实心意。拒绝投票就不等于真实心意了。

721

As a construction material, bamboo is as strong as steel and sturdier than concrete. Moreover, in tropical areas bamboo is a much less expensive construction material than either steel or concrete and is always readily available. In tropical areas, therefore, building with bamboo makes better economic sense than building with steel or concrete, except where land values are high.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the exception noted above?

这个是我自己没有理解multistory的意思。唯一能解释竹子不适合在地段贵的地方用来盖房的解释就是,竹子不适合用来盖多层楼。E选项说长竹子的地方越来越贵,只能把竹子砍掉了,这个也没有正面回答为什么不能用竹子来盖楼。

725

Proponents of the recently introduced tax on sales of new luxury boats had argued that a tax of this sort would be an equitable way to increase government revenue because the admittedly heavy tax burden would fall only on wealthy people and neither they nor anyone else would suffer any economic hardship. In fact, however, 20 percent of the workers employed by manufacturers of luxury boats have lost their jobs as a direct result of this tax.

The information given, if true, most strongly supports which of the following?

加豪华游轮税可以增加财政收入,因为只会影响富人。但是税加了之后20%的工人失去了工作。

这题不太像CR了,更像是阅读理解。和argument无关。新税可以增加收入的前提是所得大于所失。

726

In Wareland last year, 16 percent of licensed drivers under 21 and 11 percent of drivers ages 21-24 were in serious accidents. By contrast, only 3 percent of licensed drivers 65 and older were involved in serious accidents. These figures clearly show that the greater experience and developed habits of caution possessed by drivers in the 65-and-older group make them far safer behind the wheel than the younger drivers are.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

前面数据表明65岁的司机因为经验丰富和习惯好,所以开车会更安全。

assumptions是开车一样多。

唉我去,第二遍做一下就看出来A是对的,气死我。

734

The kinds of hand and wrist injuries that result from the extended use of a computer while maintaining an incorrect posture are common among schoolchildren in Hartville. Computers are important to the school curriculum there, so instead of reducing the amount their students use computers, teachers plan to bring about a sharp reduction in the number of these injuries by carefully monitoring their students' posture when using computers in the classroom.

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to assess the likelihood that the teachers' plan will be successful?

学校里的孩子因为过度使用电脑不正确的姿势导致了手腕损伤。这个现象很常见。但电脑又必不可少。所以与其减少使用电脑的时间,不如老师在课上监控并纠正姿势,这样希望能减少损伤。

B) Whether hand and wrist injuries not caused by computer use are common among schoolchildren in Hartville.

不是因为过度使用电脑引起的手腕损伤不在我们的讨论主题里。所以不选(哎我一下没转过弯来,以为如果常见的话,那么采用监控的方式也不见得真的能减少损伤数量。又犯了常见的中式思维错误。声东击西。偷换主题。

736

Many people suffer from an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several winemakers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these winemakers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

有种物质人会过敏。这种物质会被用来当酒的防腐剂。那喜欢喝酒的人可以去找不放这种防腐剂的酒来喝就没事了。

leap是,其他放入的防腐剂不会引起过敏,或者酒里的其他物质不会引起过敏。这两个感觉都是对的啊。但是应该选前者。后者不是assumptions。因为他不在我们这个premis和conclusion的loop里面。即使后者是对的,也不一定能保证conclusion是对的。

我的想法是错的。

A) These winemakers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergic substances to their wine.

D) Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.

E) Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these winemakers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.

喝了不放的就没事。结论是这个。所以不能歪楼,去质疑可能酒里有除了sulfite还有会致过敏的物质。这个是跑题。不是要质疑没事。落点不是在没事。而是整个结论,不放的就没事。所以唯一能攻击的点是,不放就没有这种物质吗?而不是再加戏去质疑其他的防腐剂可能也会过敏。

这个题真的又打破了我我原来对assumptions的误解。

740

Studies in the restaurant show that the tips left by customers who pay their bills in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists' interpretation of the studies?

A) The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.

D) In general, restaurants who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.

E) The percentage of restaurant bills paid with a given brand of credit card increases when that credit card's logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is presented.

账单带信用卡的logo会让顾客付更多的小费。

看OG看得怀疑人生。

题目的点在心理学家的解读是出现logo能让人变得更大方,因为被提醒了自己有更高的支付能力。所以着眼点在于被提醒上???

好吧。A用的词是undermine,也就是没有credit card的人如果也因为看到这个logo付了更多的消费的话,那么就证明和心理学家的猜测没有什么关系。因为不在于有信用卡的人想起来自己更高的支付能力。undermine这个词可以看出来英文思维中对结论的否定程度是比中问更严谨以及程度上更绝对的。

E选项说的是某种信用卡的使用频率上升了,但是并不能直接证明和顾客被提醒要大方有关。这绕的有点。

742

Country X's recent stock-trading scandal should not diminish investors' confidence in the country's stock market. For one thing, the discovery of the scandal confirms that Country X has a strong regulatory system, as the following considerations show. In any stock market, some fraudulent activity is inevitable. If a stock market is well regulated, any significant stock-trading fraud in it will very likely be discovered. This deters potential perpetrators and facilitates improvement in regulatory processes.

In the argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the following roles?

E) It is a compound statement containing both the argument's main conclusion and an assumption used to support that conclusion.

第二次做知道选B了。

E错在assumption本来就是不会state出来的。而且唯一的conclusion也只是第一句话而已。

745

Although the discount stores in Goreville's central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long. In the five years since the opening of Colson's, a non-discout department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson's.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

只要spendless开张,其他折扣店都得倒闭。但腾出来的地不会空太久。因为Colson也是。开了之后5年周边的店都竞争不过他而倒了。这题靠的是两者的similarity,所以选项里找出一个不similar的例子就好了。

746

Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash. In order to reduce the amount of residual ash, Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year's total, the city of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year's number.

Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?

烟减半,垃圾要回收,不能全部拿去烧。前提是,回收后的垃圾产生的烟没有回收前的多。

747

Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet's veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer’s products are of high quality.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the veterinarians' reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme?

A) Most of the veterinarians to whom the free promotional materials were offered were already selling the manufacturer's pet-care products to their clients.

C) The manufacturer's products, unlike most equally good competing products sold by veterinarians, are also available at pet stores and in supermarkets.

这个还是需要商业思维在里面但是就不一定合逻辑了。A选项已经在卖别的产品了,那就不太可能接受这家的促销方案,因为会引起竞争。而C选项是担心给其他销售渠道导流。感觉都对。但是A选项有个意思理解有偏差。就是已经在卖的不是别人家的产品。而是自己家的产品。所以有相应的促销方案应该是更同意才对。

748

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodin. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has changed. However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland ahs increased.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

卖的集数没变,制作人减少了,所以只能进口。如果制作时间也减少了(粗制滥造),就可以不用进口了。

很容易发散思维发散错了。比如觉得结论不对,为什么一定是买的V国的。又或者V国必须要生产很多,B国才有的买。但都和这个conclusion无关。这个assumption真的太tricky了。有点难讲清楚。

749

Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer's argument?

哎可惜了,第二次做看选项才反应过来。选项意思没有理解对。质量越好,才能越经得起岁月的冲刷。所以不好的都被淘汰了。好的才留下来。(这个和作品是一样的道理

750

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

OG上的解释是说这只是对现象有另外一种可能性的描述。不算challenge,只是another explanation。而后面的加粗部分就是another explanation。还不能理解英文里的challenge是什么时候才算。

757

With seventeen casinos, Moneyland operates the most casinos in a certain state. Although intent on expanding, it was outmaneuvered by Apex Casinos in negotiations to acquire the Eldorado chain. To complete its acquisition of Eldorado, Apex must sell five casinos to comply with a state law forbidding any owner to operate more than one casino per county.

Since Apex will still be left operating twenty casinos in the state, it will then have the most casinos in the state.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the prediction?

是题目本身没有看懂。M家有17个casino,AC家要买E,但要先卖出5个。AC要成为最大。哪些做法会削弱AC当大的可能性。

M是唯一合法的买家。卖掉的5个只能被M买的话,那AC就不可能当大。这个弯转得好多……。

A) Apex, Eldorado, and Moneyland are the only organizations licensed to operate casinos in the state.

D) Moneyland already operates casinos in the majority of the state's counties.

如果这是真的话,那么反而支持AC当大的结论,因为M不能再买别县的casino了。

758

It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. In fact, however, simply talking to other people—that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills —suffices. Evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited?

B) Many medical conditions and treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness also tend to increase that person's social isolation.

D) The study did not itself collect data but analyzed data bearing on the issue from prior studies.

这题只是说social 和mental sharpness有关,但是不能证明有因果关系。座椅只要能找到第三个因素就可以weaken了。比如说有些原因会影响mental sharpness,所以才会不得不引发social isolation。

国外的argument永远都是不去攻击你认为对的是对的,而是说你的推理是错的,所以结论也是错的。为什么国内的argument质量很低就是这个原因。

而我忍不住想选D是因为我想攻击他们论据的数据分析出错了。但这个没有落到推理出错上。而且,D讲的只是数据不是自己收集的,但不代表分析就一定有错啊。不是自己收集,分析对了也没毛病。这个无法攻击。
 楼主| 发表于 2019-12-19 10:03:05 | 显示全部楼层
12-19
IR部分概述+错题总结

因为IR的题不仅仅是选择,还有下拉框以及很多材料,所以纸质的OG并没有。官方题库的话只有54,虽然题量少不过还是挺费时间的我第一遍做没有办法掐表(不然只能都蒙。因为是在电脑上做,做完马上就能看到答案。分了三次完成,一共错了23题,接近一半了囧。做的时候感觉特别难,不知道题目在说什么,理解上出现了很多不确定的歧义,导致题目没有办法做。等到错题总结的时候,去查GMATclub或者beatthegmat发现原来是这个意思之后,题目就好做很多了。其实题目本身的quantitive的部分是不难的。还是很多用法我们不熟悉。比如说一个【半小时】,one half hour。再比如block rate,说的是酒店和会议主办方达成的合作预留房间的价格,outside the block,说的是自己另外订酒店的价格等等。这部分知识盲区的话没什么办法只能靠多做多总结了。错题总结的时候我自己也想了一些马后炮的可能比官方硬算更快的方法。都放在下面啦。

overview
语文和数学的能力要一起用。

30分钟12道题。

问题之间都是有联系的

答案的形式不只是多选题

features
不是自适应的,所以前面的题目不影响后面题的难度。

多题同屏,所以可以反复改答案。

有计算器,数学部分反而没有。

measured aspect
apply
predict results when new info were incorporated. 演绎推理

evaluate
judge the quality of the argument

infer
draw conclusion from the info. 归纳总结

recognize
identify facts or correlation etc.

strategize
work toward the goal within the context of particular needs or constraints

Question types & strategies
Multisource reasoning
2到3个信息源。一道题需要三个小题都答对才能拿到分。有点像是非题。

表格题,一定要看懂图表里的数据是什么关系,如何组织的。这样做题的时候才能马上定位到需要的数据信息。

图表题,一定有仔细阅读附带的文字。因为这可以帮助你理解图的意思。里面可能有文本里没有的信息,能帮助你回答题目,

两部分分析的题。

每道题前有两个状态,他们不是相互排斥的。可以同时选。

2分半终一题。

看OG简介没什么感觉。还是直接上题吧。

Emmm题库里的题不是很多诶,我都不舍得做完……目前做是都对了,而且IR好像遇到了重复的题,整体难度感觉比纯语文要简单多了。

错题总结

这个是题干没看懂,没有区分清楚细节的不同。是完整的三天。三分之一,二分之一和一整天的区别。

coral ↓ ← sea star ↑ ← shrimp ↓ & phytoplankton ↑

cause and effect definition:cause是原因;effect是后果

这题不应该错,是词意理解的问题。

第一次见这种图。实际上是两张图合并了。红点看的是左边的纵轴。

所以第一题问highest height per floor时看的是最高的黑点,实际落在350-370。

第二题number of floors和height per floor时,应该是由height of roof决定的。两者相乘得出roof的height。所以是负相关。

negligible = unimportant

没有来得及看清楚对individual contributor的定义,是没有人向自己汇报。所以误会了

B不能算。

假设Value是X,那么2009年是1.1X

X/22,000,000 * (1+A)= 1.1X/20,000,000

又理解错了,确实不可能让别人算开立方。人家只是问从2006到2009年增长了多少。

所以就是1.21。21%。

哎太大意了。

这个did not respond positively很难理解啊。还以为是觉得focus group不公正。原来意思是反映campaignA的效果不好。

一开始512个players,所以是有256个队。玩到第4轮,就还剩16个队。

第二次做没有审题。

算权重的题太变态了吧。这个怎么快速在2分钟内做出来?

而且怎们知道第二次考试和最后一次考试的权重是一样的?那还有变量第一次考试的权重呢。

看了数据之后找到个马后炮的方法。假设三场考试的权重是一样的。找间隔相等的组数据,看最后分数。

然后看最大值落在哪场考试,如果最后分数比平均值大,那么说明权重最大。如果和平均值一样,那么和就是三分之一,如果小于平均值,那么说明权重小于最小。

A → BD

D→L

L→SY

误区1:以为review只要一轮就够了。

误区2:不知道题目在问什么。现在是根据答案明白了说选出review里含有L的最大的人数。

以后再遇到这样的题先罗列出链。然后再做。

对对对我也有这样的疑问。好吧后面的人说review就是有个supervisor loop。

这次边看题边看图看懂了。最大的部门是新合并的,原来的分支除了protection和suppression合并之外,就有7个分支了。

太细节的题了,要来回倒腾这张表,很浪费时间。关键是句子老是读不懂。

枯了枯了,原来那个问号是punctuation的一种!我还以为是填空的问号!!!

还漏了一个信息,other character一定在头或尾。还以为那句话说的是头和尾的格式是不一样的。

这个根本就不可能有时间做对,当时果断放弃。

median是898,mean是12361。确实超过300。

题目理解错了。其实说的是哪个年龄组能达到理想的按压深度。这个必须选C。哎说实话真的题目本身不难,主要是理解不够快。

我以为是最不可能的数是。原来它这个least修饰的不是possible而是value。

我去啊,第二题的one half hour原来指的不是1.5个小时。而是半小时!!!

所以对应的周锻炼时间应该是,3.5。所以是10-14之间。靠。生气。

期间开始看B站R神的CR视频了,一共55个小时,40个视频,这不知道要看到什么时候。哪怕1.5倍速也要36个小时。而且我最薄弱的项是SC。我在犹豫要不要跟完R神的视频。就先试听了一下CR部分的第一个视频(因为刚做完CR感触比较深)。也顺便把笔记贴上来了。确实讲得听清楚的。

(还是得买曼哈顿来做,啊有点儿绝望,好不容易把OG快要刷完了现在还有3本书要做……哭

P1 assumption和strengthen&weakeng,evaluate的题型
It needs to be true for the conclusion.

assumption 和 strengthen 是完全不一样的题型。

takeaway:当题目让你找assumption时,你要寻找的是比较weak和moderate的表述。

If the assumption doesn't exist, the conclusion dies.

而且比较常见的是,大家都默认assumption是对的,所以变得特别难识别。

当题目让你找strengthen或weaken的时候,选项比较strong的更可能是对的。

reverse method = 之前说到的negation。


这个否定法很有效,但就是很浪费时间。因为你总是要反过来考虑问题。


找assumption真的是很难的事情。因为大家都会默认什么事情是对。


开始讲第二种题型。strengthen和weaken。

这种题型的选项,都会引入新的信息。outside the scope。而assumption不会。


比较顺应大家的正常思路,但是会有多重可能。(非常考大家的发散性思维


不一定要是正确的。


这类题的做法是简化陈述。两句话:一句premise,一句conclusion。

第三类题型,evaluate。(实际上属于weaken的题。)

找出reasoning里必须要额外回答的问题,才能是结论对的。
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