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是原文吗?
JOURNAL ARTICLE
The Large-Scale Streaming of Galaxies
Alan Dressler
Scientific American
Vol. 257, No. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1987), pp. 46-55
Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24979477
Page Count: 10
The origin and fate of the universe are imprinted on the motions of its constituents. In the early 1920's, soon after the discovery that our own galaxy is one of billions, it was shown that distant galaxies are receding in all directions. It was evident that the universe is expanding and the galaxies are being swept apart, carried by a uniformly enlarging fabric of spacetime.
galaxy测量,说根据galaxy的发光偏红可以推测出宇宙是向外扩张的,并且某些科学家还发现了扩张的速度和路程的关系什么的,(有题目考到第二段的作用,楼主选的是,给出证据解释上面提到的一种理论)但是最后提到不知道宇宙的终结(the other end of time)是什么,有可能星球的万有引力会抵消向外扩张的力量,甚至倒转。(有考到题目,总之知道原理就能选对
More recently it has become clear that galaxies are not at rest with respect to this unfolding fabric. They show motions of their own, which offer insight into the texture of the cosmos: the extent of its fluctuations in mass density. What is already known of the motions suggests that matter is clumped together on unimaginably large scales, reflecting poorly understood events in the early universe. The motions may also answer a question about the other end of time: Will the expansion of the universe continue, or will the force of gravity ultimately stop the expansion or even reverse it, causing the universe to recollapse into primordial density? Several groups, including a group to which I belong, are engaged in mapping the pattern and scale of the cosmic flow.
p2:兩學者引用都卜勒效應裡的紅移現象(有題highlight這段問作用)
第二段是讲,两位 仁兄S和M通过实验发现了red shift,然后spectralline,怎么怎么的,没怎么看懂
The cosmological importance of galactic motions was established in the early part of this century, when the American astronomers Edwin P. Hubble and V. M. Slipher began measuring displacements of spectral lines in the light from other galaxies. Such shifts reflect the Doppler effect: the change in the wavelength of radiation or sound that results from motion of the source with respect to the observer. Most of the galaxies showed a red shift, meaning that the lines were displaced toward the red, or longer-wavelength, side of the spectrum. A red shift indicates motion away from the observer.
Sixty years later it is difficult to appreciate how radical suggestions that other galaxies are receding in all directions sounded when they were made in the early 1920's. They represented a change in world view in every way as fundamental as the Copernican revolution; the notion of a static universe was by then as well established as the geocentric universe had been in the 15th century. Indeed, Hubble himself at first interpreted his data as evidence for a motionless universe. He believed he had confirmed a theoretical analysis by the Dutch mathematician Willem de Sitter, who had found a static solution to Einstein's equations of general relativity. By including a term that described a dilation of time with increasing distance, the analysis gave rise to red shifts that increased for more distant galaxies, even without relative motion.
第三段是讲在1930年后,又发现了Huber Law,什么velocity equal to什么的,证明galaxies locomotion是uniform的
实验:2 个实验证明宇宙是扩张的观点;射线的 rate 测试出距离;
但是东西逃逸不出去后,就又回到了奇点,回到了 Big Bang;
By the late 1930's, however, the idea that the universe is expanding had seized nearly everyone, even the recalcitrant Hubble, and measuring the red shifts of galaxies at ever greater distances was the order of the day. When the red shifts of remote galaxies were correlated with their distances, estimated from their apparent brightnesses, a relation emerged that was as simple as one could have hoped: the recession velocity of a galaxy equals its distance multiplied by a constant. The implication of this linear relation, known as the Hubble law, was clear: the expansion of the universe is uniform. A being in a galaxy billions of light¬ years away would see the same relation between distance and red shift in surrounding galaxies as is seen from the Milky Way. By the 1970's it was generally accepted that the Hubble law has a second implication: the observed expansion of the universe was unleashed some 15 billion years ago in an explosive creation event, the big bang.
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