看阅读JJ时找的一些接近原文大意的英文文章

speroli

明天上考场，今天攒人品。0830 阅读寂静里，找到一些看起来非常像原文所表达的意思的英文短篇，供大家熟悉下背景知识和词汇...

1. 蛾子与蝙蝠
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070529211003.htm

est University study. This is the first study to definitively show how an animal species uses acoustic mimicry as a defensive strategy.

The research was conducted by Jesse Barber, a doctoral student in biology at Wake Forest. William E. Conner, professor of biology at Wake Forest, co-authored the study.

In response to the sonar that bats use to locate prey, the tiger moths make ultrasonic clicks of their own. They broadcast the clicks from a paired set of structures called “tymbals.” Many species of tiger moth use the tymbals to make specific sounds that warn the bat of their bad taste. Other species make sounds that closely mimic those high-frequency sounds.

“We found that the bats do not eat the good-tasting moths that make the similar sounds,” said Barber, who has worked on this research for four years.

In the study, other types of moths that were similar in size to the sound-emitting moths, but did not make sounds, were gobbled up by the bats.
The researcher trained free-flying bats to hunt moths in view of two high-speed infrared video cameras to record predator-prey interactions that occur in fractions of a second. He also recorded the sounds emitted from each moth, as well as the sounds made by the bats.

All the bats quickly learned to avoid the noxious moths first offered to them, associating the warning sounds with bad taste. They then avoided a second sound-producing species even though it was not chemically protected. This is similar to the way birds avoid butterflies that look like the bad-tasting Monarch.

The two species of bats used were big brown bats and red bats. Barber raised the bats in the lab so behavior learned in the wild would not influence the results of the experiment.

Barber said anecdotal observations have suggested that animals such as snakes, owls and bees use acoustic mimicry. This study takes the next step and provides the definitive experimental evidence for how mimicking sounds helps an animal survive.

This research is to be published in the May 29 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

speroli

2. 动物的警惕性
Grouped individuals are less vigilant for predators than solitary conspecifics because: 1) grouping increases the likelihood of predator detection (detection effect) and 2) grouping makes it less likely that any given individual will be preyed upon (dilution effect). The author presents 2 models of vigilance behaviour and test them using data on the vigilance of elk Cervus elaphus. The 1st model, based on the detection effect alone, is implicit in many published formulations of the relationship between vigilance and group size. Although it predicts the direction of the relationship between vigilance and group size, it provides a poor explanation of the form of the relationship. The 2nd model incorporates both detection and dilution effects. Regression analysis on this "security model' indicates that the model provides a good prediction of both the direction and the form of the relationship between vigilance and group size, explaining 69% of the variance in vigilance frequency. The security model demonstrates that both detection and dilution are important in determining the frequency of vigilance behaviour but that the relative importance of these two effects changes across group size, with detection providing relatively less benefit as group size increases. -from Author

lydiawu

顶楼主！               

备考的lambert

Mark一下！               

Anniehhh

顶楼主！               

speroli

3. 姐妹信件（这个素材经常出现在gmat里似乎...)

Montagu was a copious writer of familial letters to her coterie and beyond. Her letters include discussions of health, domestic arraignments, travel plans, and reports of social events. About one-third of her correspondence focused on culture such as theater, opera, public spectacles, moral philosophy, and divinity.[4] Of these topics, history was discussed more than twice as much as any other topic.[4]
Her most frequent correspondence on literature was with her sister, Sarah Scott, followed by her friends, Elizabeth Carter and Gilbert West.[4] She and Scott were both avid readers of published letters throughout their lives, reading collections by Pope and Swift.[5] This influenced the women's own letter writing. Their frequency of correspondence waxed and waned over the years depending on the circumstances of their lives;[6] Montagu is recorded to have written Scott more frequently.[4]
Similarly, Montagu is noted to have sent more letters to Elizabeth Carter than to have received them.[4] Montagu was an ardent supporter of Carter despite her friend being of a lower class; Montagu respected Carter's skill and virtue. Montague felt comfortable enough to correspond with Carter about the responsibility of great wealth.[7]
Gilbert West influenced Montagu's thinking about religion, history, and literature. He also affected her style of writing for a time. Based on his example, she began writing in a more formal syntax, but she eventually became irritated with the restrictions and reverted to her freer, more natural style.[7]
Montagu corresponded with George Lyttelton frequently about literature and history, a relationship which would later lead to Lyttleton including three of her works in his Dialogues of the Dead. Their letters were known to have markedly different tones: hers were serious and intellectual, his responses tended toward flirtatious.[8]
Montagu maintained a close relationship with the elder statesman, William Pulteney, Lord Bath. Their relationship was purely emotional but described as a "pseudo-courtship".[7]
Lady Margaret Harley was a lifelong friend of Montagu's. It was Lady Harley to whom Montagu vented her frustrations over the institution of marriage and her desire for a truly companionate marriage — if she must have one at all. Montagu also expressed to Lady Margaret that marriage should include financial incentive.[6]
A collection of Montagu's letters were first published 1809 by her nephew and heir, Matthew Montagu, under the title, The Letters of Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu, with Some of the Letters of her Correspondents. The selection of letters reflect a concern for Montagu's moral reputation. Another edition of her letters was released in 1906 by Matthew's granddaughter, Emily J. Climenson, and her friend, Reginald Blunt. This revised collection expanded on Montagu's view of the social world including fashion, politics, and nobility.[4]

ninomisawa

mark！！！

SHAN-F

Mark一下！               

aapril13

顶楼主！               

gege1111