督促自己写OG阅读分析

阿尔的阳光

bigbaox 发表于 2018-6-14 11:34
加油lz，8号刚考完输了，唉，阅读是gmat之根本，也拿出og开始分析了！

加油老铁~

阿尔的阳光

     It is an odd but indisputable fact that the seventeenth-century English women who are generally regarded as among the forerunners of modern feminism are almost all identified with the Royalist side in the conflict between Royalists and Parliamentarians known as the English Civil Wars. Since Royalist ideology is often associated with the radical patriarchalism of seventeenthcentury political theorist Robert Filmer—a patriarchalism that equates family and kingdom and asserts the divinely ordained absolute power of the king and, by analogy, of the male head of the household—historians have been understandably puzzled by the fact that Royalist women wrote the earliest extended criticisms of the absolute subordination of women in marriage and the earliest systematic assertions of women’s rational and moral equality with men. Some historians have questioned the facile equation of Royalist ideology with Filmerian patriarchalism; and indeed, there may have been no consistent differences between Royalists and Parliamentarians on issues of family organization and women’s political rights, but in that case one would expect early feminists to be equally divided between the two sides.Introduce the confusing facts----Women at 17th century were at Royalists side but critical of the radical patriarchalism, since theorist Robert Filmer equates family and kingdom.But the equation is not reasonable otherwise women will be equally divided between the two sides.

    Catherine Gallagher argues that Royalism engendered feminism because the ideology of absolute monarchy provided a transition to an ideology of the absolute self. She cites the example of the notoriously eccentric author Margaret Cavendish (1626–1673), duchess of Newcastle. Cavendish claimed to be as ambitious as any woman could be, but knowing that as a woman she was excluded from the pursuit of power in the real world, she resolved to be mistress of her own world, the “immaterial world” that any person can create within her own mind—and, as a writer, on paper. In proclaiming what she called her “singularity,” Cavendish insisted that she was a self-sufficient being within her mental empire, the center of her own subjective universe rather than a satellite orbiting a dominant male planet. In justifying this absolute singularity, Cavendish repeatedly invoked the model of the absolute monarch, a figure that became a metaphor for the self-enclosed, autonomous nature of the individual person. Cavendish’s successors among early feminists retained her notion of woman’s sovereign self, but they also sought to break free from the complete political and social isolation that her absolute singularity entailed.
   Introduce CG's view/explaination----Royalism engendered feminism and supported by the example of MC.

阿尔的阳光

    There are recent reports of apparently drastic declines in amphibian populations and of extinctions of a number of the world’s endangered amphibian species. These declines, if real, may be signs of a general trend toward extinction, and many environmentalists have claimed that immediate environmental action is necessary to remedy this “amphibian crisis,” which, in their view, is an indicator of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity.    Many environmentalists attribute environmental degradation caused by human activity to the recent reports of apparently drastic declines in amphibian populations
    To evaluate these claims, it is useful to make a preliminary distinction that is far too often ignored. A declining population should not be confused with an endangered one. An endangered population is always rare, almost always small, and, by definition, under constant threat of extinction even without a proximate cause in human activities. Its disappearance, however unfortunate, should come as no great surprise. Moreover, chance events—which may indicate nothing about the direction of trends in population size—may lead to its extinction. The probability of extinction due to such random factors depends on the population size and is independent of the prevailing direction of change in that size.
    Explain the differences between a declining population and an endangered one.Also mention another factor that may cause extinction--chance event
    For biologists, population declines are potentially more worrisome than extinctions. Persistent declines, especially in large populations, indicate a changed ecological context. Even here, distinctions must again be made among declines that are only apparent (in the sense that they are part of habitual cycles or of normal fluctuations), declines that take a population to some lower but still acceptable level, and those that threaten extinction (e.g., by taking the number of individuals below the minimum viable population). Anecdotal reports of population decreases cannot distinguish among these possibilities, and some amphibian populations have shown strong fluctuations in the past.
   Reports of population decreases cannot distinguish among 3 kinds of declines: apparent declines, declines that take a population to lower but acceptable level, declines that threaten extinction.Persistent declines, especially in large populations, indicate a changed ecological context
  
    It is indisputably true that there is simply not enough long-term scientific data on amphibian populations to enable researchers to identify real declines in amphibian populations. Many fairly common amphibian species declared all but extinct after severe declines in the 1950s and 1960s have subsequently recovered, and so might the apparently declining populations that have generated the current appearance of an amphibian crisis. Unfortunately, longterm data will not soon be forthcoming, and postponing environmental action while we wait for it may doom species and whole ecosystems to extinction.
   Data for the identification of real declines is not sufficient but postponing environmental action will doom species and whole ecosystems to extinction.

阿尔的阳光

    In an effort to explain why business acquisitions often fail, scholars have begun to focus on the role of top executives of acquired companies. Acquired companies that retain their top executives tend to have more successful outcomes than those that do not. Furthermore, existing research suggests that retaining the highest-level top executives, such as the CEO (chief executive officer) and COO (chief operating officer), is related more positively to postacquisition success than retaining lower-ranked top executives. However, this explanation, while insightful, suffers from two limitations. First, the focus on positional rank does not recognize the variation in length of service that may exist in top executive posts across companies, nor does it address which particular top executives (with respect to length of service) should be retained to achieve a successful acquisition outcome. Second, the relationship between retained top executives and acquisition outcomes offered by existing research is subject to opposing theoretical explanations related to length of service. The resource-based view (R8 V) suggests that keeping acquired company top executives with longer organizational tenure would lead to more successful outcomes, as those executives have idiosyncratic and nontransferable knowledge of the acquired company that would be valuable for tfie effective implementation of the acquisition. The opposing position, offered by the upper echelons perspective (UEP), suggests that retaining top executives having short organizational tenure would lead to more successful outcomes, as they would have the adaptability to manage most effectively during tiie uncertainty of the acquisition process.   Conventional scholars and study intending to explain why business acquisitions often fail suggest that highest-level top executives is related more positively to postacquisition success than retaining lower-ranked top executives.
Although insigtful, this argument has two limitations:
A: did not specifically point out which type of top executives should be retained (longer or shorter tenure)
B: existing research is subject to opposing theoretical explanations

    Responding to these limitations, Bergh conducted a study of executive retention and acquisition outcome that focused on the organizational tenure of retained company top executives in 104 acquisitions, followed over 5 years. Bergh considered the acquisition successful if the acquired company was retained and unsuccessful if it was divested. Bergh's findings support the RBV position. Apparently, the benefits of long organizational tenure lead to more successful outcomes than the benefits of short organizational tenure, While longer tenured top executives may have trouble adapting to change, it appears that their perspectives and knowledge bases offer unique value after the acquisition. Although from the UEP position it seems sensible to retain less tenured executives and allow more tenured ones to leave, such a strategy appears to lower the probability of acquisition success.
   Bergh conducted a study to respond to mentioned limitations and concluded that although “longer tenure” has problem in adapability but still  lead to more succesful outcomes,supporting RBV.

阿尔的阳光

   Historians remain divided over the role of banks in facilitating economic growth in the United States in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Some scholars contend that banks played a minor role in the nation's growing economy. Financial institutions, they argue, appeared only after the economy had begun to develop, and once organized, followed conservative lending practices, providing aid to established commercial enterprises but shunning those, such as manufacturing and transportation projects, that were more uncertain and capital-intensive (i.e., requiring greater expenditures in the form of capital than in labor).  Proponets of point view A: anks played a minor role in the nation's growing economy, appeared only after the economy had begun to develop, and once organized, followed conservative lending practices
   A growing number of historians argue, in contrast, that banks were crucial in transforming the early national economy. When state legislatures began granting more bank charters in the 1790s and early 1800s, the supply of credit rose accordingly. Unlike the earliest banks, which had primarily provided short-term loans to well-connected merchants, the banks of the early nineteenth century issued credit widely. As Paul Gilje asserts, the expansion and democratization of credit in the early nineteenth century became the driving force of the American economy, as banks began furnishing large amounts of capital to transportation and industrial enterprises. The exception, such historians argue, was in the South; here, the overwhelmingly agrarian nature of the economy generated outright opposition to banks, which were seen as monopolistic institutions controlled by an elite group of planters.
Proponets of point view B: banks were crucial in transforming the early national economy. the supply of credit rose as state legislatures began granting more bank charters.As Paul Gilje asserts,the expansion and democratization of credit became the driving force of the American economy,except in south where overwhelmingly agrarian nature of the economy generated outright opposition to banks.

GMAT_800

阿尔的阳光 发表于 2018-5-29 20:15
Conodonts, the spiky phosphatic remains (bones and teeth composed of calcium phosphate) of tiny  ...

LZ 我也照你这样分析了CONODONTS 这篇。可是问第二段的作用那道题还是不明白。 看了OG的解释也不明白。。。

想向你请教下 你知道为什么正确答案是E不是B 吗？

一般GMAT 的文章 都是TRADITIONAL VIEW BLA BLA BLA, NEW DISCOVERY 怎么DIFFERENT FROM / CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL VIEW
然后就会CONTRAST 两种view

我觉得这篇文章也是这个思路啊 为什么B 不对呢？

阿尔的阳光

GMAT_800 发表于 2018-6-25 01:02
LZ 我也照你这样分析了CONODONTS 这篇。可是问第二段的作用那道题还是不明白。 看了OG的解释也不明白。。 ...

这道题刚开始我也错了。
就是做完主干提炼才真正读懂。
第二段其实两个观点都是传统观点，因为第一段说了这个化石很有争议，而因为有了新的化石发现，科学家重建解剖结构有关于脊椎动物演化的假设有重要意义。由此第二段开始讲两个已有的假设
然后第三段是在讲这个新发现得出的结论是支持第二个假设的。但是文章没有很明确先交代已有假设。。。
让人很容易以为第二段是基于第一段的发现得出结论的
B就错在 a view derived from the 1981 discovery of conodont remains。因为观点是已有的争议而非新发现得出的。
不知道我说清楚了吗，你再倒回去体会一下文章

GMAT_800

阿尔的阳光 发表于 2018-6-25 16:00
这道题刚开始我也错了。
就是做完主干提炼才真正读懂。
第二段其实两个观点都是传统观点，因为第一段说了 ...

好的 谢谢！

我觉得这篇文章好难啊 反复读了 也分析了结构还是读不懂诶！
做完这篇后就很丧气 感觉之前练习分析阅读文章什么的没有用 遇到这样的文章还是打回原形了 要是考试遇到了这样的怎么办啊！

阿尔的阳光

GMAT_800 发表于 2018-6-27 02:31
好的 谢谢！

我觉得这篇文章好难啊 反复读了 也分析了结构还是读不懂诶！

这种文章肯定是700以上难度，遇到了只能尽量争取做对几道。。我觉得阅读没有捷径的。只能量变到质变

阿尔的阳光

GWD

     Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pin-nipped family, use a different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals and sea lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocids species, by contrast, use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However, recent studies on harbor seals, a phocids species, found that lactating females commenced foraging approximately 6 days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period.
     The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may have to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller than many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids. In addition, there is already some evidence suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocids species that is similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a maternal foraging strategy.



Old views by zoologists: phocids use a different maternal strategy than do otariids(O uses a foraging strategy which includes a long lactation period and foraging trips during lactation),but females of all phocids species, by contrast, accumulated large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites and fasted during lactation.


New findings suggest: a phocids species made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period


Explain the finding: to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation,Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller than many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids.That's why this phocids uses the same maternal strategy as most of otariids do ,so dose the ringed seal