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Which of the following, if true, provides evidence that most logically completes the argument below?

According to a widely held economic hypothesis, imposing strict environmental regulations reduces economic growth. This hypothesis is undermined by the fact that the states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth. This fact does not show that environmental regulations promote growth, however, since ______.

正确答案: A

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GWD TN 17逻辑求解!!

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发表于 2015-12-17 20:51:00 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
如题

Which of the following, if true, provides evidence that most logically completes the argument below?

According to a widely held economic hypothesis, imposing strict environmental regulations reduces economic growth. This hypothesis is undermined by the fact that the states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth. This fact does not show that environmental regulations promote growth, however, since ______.
A. those states with the strictest environmental regulations invest the most in education and job training  
B. even those states that have only moderately strict environmental regulations have higher growth than those with the least-strict regulations
C .many states that are experiencing reduced economic growth are considering weakening their environmental regulations  
D. after introducing stricter environmental regulations, many states experienced increased economic growth  
E. even those states with very weak environmental regulations have experienced at least some growth


这道题答案选A。但是我记得按GWD课上他讲的,逻辑题一定要客观,严禁加入任何题目所给信息之外的主观背景或者个人推测,他当时还举了一个树枝砸车的例子。
然而这A选项所表达的意思是,这些strictest的州对教育和工作培训进行了大量的投资。
然而这个选项和题目中讨论的经济增长有个GAP,那就是教育和工作培训会导致经济增长,但是这个因果关系题目中和选项中根本没有提及,显然是属于主观推测的,这样的推测不是应该被禁止的吗?
这个题有更好的解释方法吗?
我现在GWD逻辑题答得很不好,每道题都要2-3分钟,正确率也不高,希望能得到大家的指点,谢谢大家啦!
发表于 2015-12-18 14:46:45 | 显示全部楼层
楼主,首先这道题可以理解为support/strengthen题型:

根据经济假设,严格的环境政策不利于经济增长。然而这个经济假设是不对的,因为那些制定了非常严格的环境法规的州,经济增长也是最快的。但是这个事实并不能说明环境法规可以促进经济增长,因为—————

所以答案应该是用来支持conclusion: “环境法规不能促进经济增长”。也就是说,我们需要找到一个新的fact+题干中的条件,来支持conclusion.

具体到这道题,其实这个题的逻辑漏洞是把同时发生的关系(严格的环境法+快速经济增长),硬推出因果关系(环境法--》快速经济增长)。所以A选项说明,严格环境法的地方教育投资也大,而经济增长是由教育投资导致的。从而可以支持“环境法规不能促进经济增长“。
另外,我也非常赞同GWD的说法,不能过度推测乱加条件。但是这里的前提是,题目问的是什么。
如果是conclusion题型,那么我们找出题干中的facts, 仅仅根据这些facts来推conclusion.
如果是assumption/weaken/strenghten 题型,则是题干中的facts+正确选项中的facts,可以推出题干中的conclusion.

之前在CD上写了一些逻辑题的想法,希望对楼主有用。
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1230261-1-1.html


发表于 2015-12-21 21:11:58 | 显示全部楼层
CD出的逻辑书里有讲到果因推理,我觉得这个题目应该是归为这一类.
果:the states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth
推出因:environmental regulations promote growth
然后题目是要weaken这个果因推理
CD书里讲了削弱果因推理的两种方法:
   一.A,B之间是否真的具有因果关系。
   二.是否存在C导致A,而不是B导致A。
那么这个题目的A选项就是引入了C条件(education, job training),所以削弱了fact和reason的关系。
B,C,D,E选项都是在说其他的states,可以理解为与本题无关,希望这个说法对楼主有帮助~
发表于 2015-12-23 05:01:51 | 显示全部楼层
Which of the following, if true, provides evidence that most logically completes the argument below?

According to a widely held economic hypothesis, imposing strict environmental regulations reduces economic growth. This hypothesis is undermined by the fact that the states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth. This fact does not show that environmental regulations promote growth, however, since ______.
A. those states with the strictest environmental regulations invest the most in education and job training  
B. even those states that have only moderately strict environmental regulations have higher growth than those with the least-strict regulations
C .many states that are experiencing reduced economic growth are considering weakening their environmental regulations  
D. after introducing stricter environmental regulations, many states experienced increased economic growth  
E. even those states with very weak environmental regulations have experienced at least some growth

问题:which most logically completes the argument below?
策略:1.划掉那些对complete the argument below 没有帮助的选项
         2. 在剩下的选项中找最好的

分析题目:
1. argument 是:we can't infer from the facts that environmental regulations promote growth
2. what is the fact: states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth

初步思维:
1. find something that attacks the relation between strictest environmental regulations AND highest economic growth -> it should be a right answer
2. delete anything that helps the relation
3. delete anything that has no help at all

分析选项
A:  it attacks the relation, so keep it.
B:  it helps the relation, cross it out.
C:  no help at all, cross it out.
D: it helps the relation, cross it out.
E:  no help at all, cross it out.
发表于 2015-12-24 04:08:09 | 显示全部楼层
A选项说明那些经济增长快的states虽然有严格的环境保护法,但事实上他们的经济增长和环境法没有关系..这些州都是搞和环境无关的事业--教育,培训

环境法对他们没有任何影响...

好比如说政府加强工业污水排放,对于那些没有工业的城市来说没任何意义!法律再松,我的工业污水排放都几乎没有,法律再严,我的工业污水排放还是那样-几乎没有。 是法律使我们城市工业污水排放低了吗?完全没关系


发表于 2016-1-20 19:55:22 | 显示全部楼层
这题出的挺好,中间转了一个弯,增加了难度。有点儿GWD的风骚劲儿。

这题如果换一种问法你可以秒选,不信你试试?
According to a widely held economic hypothesis, imposing strict environmental regulations boosts economic growth.
How to weaken the argument?
A. those states with the strictest environmental regulations invest the most in education and job training  
B. even those states that have only moderately strict environmental regulations have higher growth than those with the least-strict regulations
C .many states that are experiencing reduced economic growth are considering weakening their environmental regulations  
D. after introducing stricter environmental regulations, many states experienced increased economic growth  
E. even those states with very weak environmental regulations have experienced at least some growth

明显的归因错误是不是?

前提(果):economic growth
结论(因):imposing strict environmental regulations

果因推理怎么削弱?他因呗。A是明显的他因是不?就选A。

好了,现在这么一道题放在GMAC的工作人员手上,他每个月都要出题啊!每次都出新题,累死。找一道以前出过的题,要是可以提升一下难度不就又可以用了?怎么提升难度?之前题干中的逻辑关系太简单直接,把它变的复杂一些就好了。最好前面还可以加点儿迷魂阵,就是加入一些“垃圾信息”增加考生判断conclusion的难度,同时增加考生接受的信息量,让你在进入选项之前需要理解的信息增多,说白了就是障眼法,跟刘谦变魔术一个道理。

这题第一句是废话,你信不信?我们把第一句拿出来,你看题是不是还是那道题?选项是不是还是A?
The states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth. This fact does not show that environmental regulations promote growth, however, since ______.
是不是就是简单的果因推理找削弱?

According to a widely held economic hypothesis, imposing strict environmental regulations reduces economic growth. This hypothesis is undermined by the fact的目的就是为了增多逻辑关系,增加难度。其实这是一个“无用信息”。有他没他不影响解题。

这种烟雾弹太多了,考生在考试时一定要学会如何识别并且burn it

最后说你的错误在哪里:
但是我记得按GWD课上他讲的,逻辑题一定要客观,严禁加入任何题目所给信息之外的主观背景或者个人推测,他当时还举了一个树枝砸车的例子。
然而这A选项所表达的意思是,这些strictest的州对教育和工作培训进行了大量的投资。
然而这个选项和题目中讨论的经济增长有个GAP,那就是教育和工作培训会导致经济增长,但是这个因果关系题目中和选项中根本没有提及,显然是属于主观推测的,这样的推测不是应该被禁止的吗?


我问你果因推理削弱的时候,找他因,这个他因是不是必须是“新的信息”?肯定是啊!
因为在原逻辑链中前提结论都有了,除非我可以直接质疑因果关系(因果倒置),否则我一定要要引入“新信息”才能驳斥你的观点啊!首先,前提是不能否定的。你说因为地湿了,所以下雨了。你反驳说:地没湿。这是有效反驳吗?肯定无效啊!因为我要讨论的是“在地湿了”这个前提下,产生“地湿”的原因。你如果说“地没湿”,这是不是等于跟我说你跟我讨论的不是同一个问题?
结论可以直接否定吗?你说因为地湿了,所以下雨了。你反驳说“没下雨”。这也不是有效反驳啊!为啥?因为你只说我说的结论是错误的,但是没说为啥啊!比如:我说:你满身酒气,一定是喝酒了!你说:我没喝!这是有效反驳吗?不是。因为没给原因啊!
在前提结论和逻辑链都完整且因果关系没有倒置(或者说前提和结论发生的先后顺序已知)的情况下,我是不是必须要引入一个新的“证据”才能驳斥你的结论?能下手的就三个:前提,结论,逻辑关系。现在三个动哪个都不行,不让我引入“新的证据”,我怎么反驳你?逼死我啊?
所以,他因一定是必须是“新的信息”,是你之前没有说,或者有意无意忽略的“新信息” other fact。

这就是为什么削弱一定要有“新信息”的原因。
发表于 2019-10-19 14:04:24 | 显示全部楼层
我的解题思路:
先理解题:一个假设被一个事实推翻,但是这个事实并不能代表某个推论(environmental regulations promote growth)是正确的,求:另外一个符合此事实的推论。

看选项的时候要时刻记住符合此事实的前提,不能让选项牵着鼻子跑。这时我脑子里会提前预测一个答案:前提是增加环境条款的地方经济都上去了,但是环境条款不是直接促进经济发展的原因,那么肯定是1)环境条款间接促进了经济发展,或者2)其它某些因素促进了经济发展。我会找一个加强的选项。

选项A里面提到了,环境条款促进教育和职业培训(进而促进经济发展),跟我想的差不多,继续往下看
B里比较强与弱的环境条款对经济影响,貌似没提到环境如何间接促进经济发展
C经济下滑的州正在考虑减弱他们的环境条款,好像也不是我要找的
D环境条款加强之后,许多州的经济有所进步。这个选项看着不错,但是,原文里说了,环境条款不是促进经济发展的直接原因。这个先晾着
E即使那些环境条款很弱的州,经济也有所进步。这个初看,貌似提到了环境条款与经济进步的不直接相关性,但是并没有说到条款如何促进经济,此选项说了一个反面。

比较A和D,觉得A 与我最初的设想最近,逻辑上也说得过去。希望大家指正!
发表于 2020-6-29 10:39:01 | 显示全部楼层
kluivert 发表于 2015-12-24 04:08
A选项说明那些经济增长快的states虽然有严格的环境保护法,但事实上他们的经济增长和环境法没有关系..这些 ...

谢谢,解释很清楚
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