从句, 前面没有逗号的分词, 前面没有逗号的with同为限定性修饰

jjll

以下是引用薰衣紫草在2005-5-8 12:22:00的发言：

这三种限定性修饰的区别, 在我看来, 并不是correctiveness的问题. 我不鼓励把它作为解题点, 尽量靠其他明显, 有把握的知识点进行排除.

这个总结的一些观点只取证于OG, 加上我的主观分析, 所以很可能有错. 请大家辩证来看, 帮助完善.

以下例子均取自OG.

A.  对于政府法令的限制修饰(注意不是定语从句), 用现在分词.

100.  Wisconsin, Illinois, Florida, and Minnesota have begun to enforce statewide bans prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings.

(A) prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(B) prohibiting that landfills accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(C) prohibiting landfills from accepting leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(D) that leaves, brush, and grass clippings cannot be accepted in landfills（C）
(E) that landfills cannot accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
Prohibiting 限制修饰bans

178.  In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.

(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
Allowing限制修饰sentences

在这里必须要注意: 我说的是限制修饰, 而非宾语从句.
130.  In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of their ancestral lands in the eighteenth century.

(A) that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of
(B) that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because of their unlawful seizure of
(C) two upstate New York counties to owe restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for their unlawful seizure of
(D) on two upstate New York counties that owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because they unlawfully seized（A）
(E) on the restitution that two upstate New York counties owed to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of
这题的正确答案是A. rule后面that引导的是宾语从句(rule虽然是政府法令, 但它是动词), 而非限制性定语从句. 不要混淆.

B. 分词比从句简洁, 但分词有局限性: 不能跳跃修饰.
178.  In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.

(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
In B and C the verb phrases (performing... ) do not clearly modify criminals, because another noun (sentences) intrudes, ...

而定语从句可以跳跃修饰, 也可以就近, 关键看逻辑意思.

114.  From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light

虽然这是个非限定性定语从句, 但我认为它是代词按逻辑意思指代最经典的例子!

除了以上涉及的, 我没有发现两者之间的其他区别.

C.     with(前面没有逗号)也是限定修饰. 但with有两点禁忌.

1.     with所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑宾语, 后面不可以再补出宾语.
102.  Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself
B: …and the prepositional phrase containing this participle (with... it) is unidiomatic.

192.  Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words.
(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added
(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it（C）
(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added
虽然这里OG没有对D中with…it的结构提出质疑, 但我相信这也是错误的原因之一.

2.        当把with放在句末做修饰的时候要很小心, 因为with既可以做修饰, 又可以做伴随, 所以会有歧义.

212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.With在句子的谓语动词之后, 特别是在句末, 跟在名词后面, 很容易引起歧义, 因为分不清究竟限定修饰名词, 还是做谓语的伴随.

但当with前面的名词是特指, 不可以被限定性修饰, 这个禁忌就不存在.

56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

(A)  huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
(B)   without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
(C)  the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
(D)  there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya  (C)
(E)   were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
这个without没有歧义, 肯定做伴随. 因为the Maya不可能被限定(Maya人就是Maya人, 不能说什么样的Maya人造了…言下之意, 还有另外一部分Maya人没有参与建造, 而句子本身要表达的意思是整体Maya人, 即使要对其进行修饰, 也只能是非限定性修饰.) 另外还有一些因为是特指而不会引起歧义的例子:

128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of pro­ducing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.

(A)  requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B)   requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C)  requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D)  application of commercial fertilizer and irriga­tion that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E)   irrigation and application of commercial fertil­izer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties

146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical proce­dures.

(A)  if there is a lack of some other doctor totestify                                                                                       (B)   unleersonName>ssersonName> there will be another doctor to testify
(C)  without another doctor's testimony
(D)  should there be no testimony from some other doctor (C)
(E)   lacking another doctor to testify

今天头一直很晕, 再加上总结的很仓促, 请大家斧正.

有没有哪位NN帮我找个without做限定修饰而非状语的例子？谢谢先。

jason00

thx

jason00

xiexie, great!

llxx1985cn

牛人就是牛人啊~

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-8-3 13:28:28编辑过]

songyeonpp

看牛人讨论感到很羞愧自己的无知

elinaqu

太好的帖子了，非常感谢

tomatopig

太牛捏~~

文明

这个帖子之前就瞅过，但是坦白说，除了感叹“19遍OG-SC”的紫草妹妹和小教主（小教室的主人携隐妹妹）实在值得钦佩之外，很惭愧地说偶只是看了她们的结论，不过今天，偶花了很长时间把妹妹们列举的例子对照着11th版本思考了个遍，然后觉得自己有些不同的理解，很想写出来，也许、多数、甚至一定是有错的，但还是想写出来，一来整理一下自己理解的碎片，最希望大家拍砖，但不是在网路的另一端拍出声来，而是在这里拍出字来，更希望得到版主前辈牛牛和路过的同志们多多指导帮助。

同意有逗号分隔的【句子（尾词是名词），分词结构】或者【句子（尾词是名词）+with/without结构】是修饰逗号前句子的主语行为，表伴随；但是偶之愚见——

【句子（尾词是名词）+分词结构】和【句子（尾词是名词）+with/without结构】，按照OG的喜好，也是偏向修饰句子的主语行为动作，表伴随居多。

OG10-192. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English. Spanish. and Italian words.
                    

(A)  to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
                    

(B)  added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
                    

(C)  to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added

(D)  with English, Spanish, and Italian words  having been added to it

(E)   and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian  words are added
                    

     D offers an awkward adverbial construction, which cannot be used to modify nouns.
     

OG10th在这里对于D项【with结构】的注释，是副词结构，不可以修饰名词。偶更加坚定的认为满分巨牛Tony说的“不要对with有好感”，偶剽窃一下：尤其是没有逗号的情形，对with和分词结构都要警惕。

OG11-98. As rainfall   began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.
                

(A)        whose access to water was less limited

(B)        where there was access to water that was less limited   

(C)        where they had less limited water access

(D)        with less limitations on water access

(E)         having less limitations to water access

D            Limitations is a countable quantity, so it must be modified by fewer, not less这里OG没有讲with结构的问题，姑且当它是可行的吧
                                

E             As a countable quantity, limitations should be modified by fewer, not less; having is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans

请留意E项的解释：【句子（尾词是名词）+with结构】不确定是修饰最靠近的名词clans还是句子的主语Anasazi

The correct answer is A.

 

至于OG10-  56. Architects and stonemasons, the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel.（已代入正确答案C）

我觉得紫草妹妹说的the Maya限定不限定的，不是我这里想说的关键，所以暂且忽略，我引用这个，正确答案使用了【句子（尾词是名词）+with/without结构】是想举证，这个without结构也是修饰句子主语行为表伴随，而不是修饰最靠近的名词。

 

此外，对于这个——分词结构遇到having done就要躲的公理，我想说的是固定搭配用法除外，因为暂时还没整理出其他例子，所以将以下例子视为特例：

OG10-226.
       Pablo Picasso, the late Spanish painter, credited African art with having had a strong influence on his work.

 再有就是关于现在分词，OG的规则里面确实有视同“现在、延续”的含义，很多很多此解释现在分词都用到【ongoing】这个词，大家可以留意一下的。下面抽一个作为佐证：
    

 

OG10-106. The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.
                        

(A)  increasing the pressure
        

(B)   the increasing pressure
            

(C)  increased pressure
            

(D)  the pressure increased

(E)   the pressure increasing

 

 In choice B, ......increasing implies without warrant that the increase has been continuing for some indefinite period of time, not that it occurs as a consequence of the bank's decision.
    

 

偶引用以上的例子只是想说一下自己学习OG到现在的体会，并不是或说绝对不是总结出什么规律啦，例如紫草妹妹引用的一个例子：

OG10-167. Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape's and so were probably without language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.（已代入正确答案B）

就跟偶上面的说法不一致，所以请注意，偶说的只是自己对OG偏好的领会，也许、多数、甚至一定是有错的，所以才写出来请大家拍砖指正！

最后，帖子有点长，希望大大们愿意瞅瞅，然后给偶指导指导哈！

顺便：同志们看看OG11紫皮书第57题的注释里面，竟然用了【Some other doctor is better expressed as another doctor. 】我狂晕，【比较级跟as连用不是死罪吗？】OG自己怎么可以这样误人子弟呀？我倒！爬起来再瞅一遍，没看错呀，这到底是怎么啦！

偶唯一可以将它理解为【expressed as】搭配，better做adv.修饰“is expressed”，而不是比较句型啦。大家看看有没有合理解释，指导一下偶喽！

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-8-25 14:51:45编辑过]

songlovegt

To 紫草妹妹

A. 对于政府法令的限制修饰(注意不是定语从句), 用现在分词.

找到了一个例子用定于从句的

69. (28225-!-item-!-188;#058&003542)

 

The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of

high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing the
            

Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek up to $100,000

in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.

 

(A) passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek

up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling

(B) the passage of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, which allows

companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the

sole intent that they will sell

(C) the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows

companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the

sole intent of selling

(D) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999, and it allows

companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the

sole intent to sell  (C)

(E) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, passed in 1999 and allowing companies to

seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of

selling

答案是C，不过是非限定性修饰

Mayanist

以下是引用薰衣紫草在2005-5-11 8:48:00的发言：

多谢携隐费时探讨!

我认为分词短语修饰的歧义只限于前面有逗号的分词. 没有逗号的分词就近修饰, 前面有逗号的分词才可能做伴随. 所以分词短语的歧义只限于没有逗号.

反例: OG11-98E的解释暗示分词可以跳跃修饰；E Limitations must be modified by fewer, not less; having is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans
                    

98. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.

(A) whose access to water was less limited

(B) where there was access to water that was less limited

(C) where they had less limited water access

(D) with less limitations on water access

(E) having less limitations to water access

98. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.

(A) whose access to water was less limited

(B) where there was access to water that was less limited

(C) where they had less limited water access

(D) with less limitations on water access

(E) having less limitations to water access