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这三种限定性修饰的区别, 在我看来, 并不是correctiveness的问题. 我不鼓励把它作为解题点, 尽量靠其他明显, 有把握的知识点进行排除.
这个总结的一些观点只取证于OG, 加上我的主观分析, 所以很可能有错. 请大家辩证来看, 帮助完善.
以下例子均取自OG.
A. 对于政府法令的限制修饰(注意不是定语从句), 用现在分词.
100. Wisconsin, Illinois, Florida, and Minnesota have begun to enforce statewide bans prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings.
(A) prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(B) prohibiting that landfills accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(C) prohibiting landfills from accepting leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(D) that leaves, brush, and grass clippings cannot be accepted in landfills（C）
(E) that landfills cannot accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
Prohibiting 限制修饰bans
178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
Allowing限制修饰sentences
在这里必须要注意: 我说的是限制修饰, 而非宾语从句.
130. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of their ancestral lands in the eighteenth century.
(A) that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of
(B) that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because of their unlawful seizure of
(C) two upstate New York counties to owe restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for their unlawful seizure of
(D) on two upstate New York counties that owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because they unlawfully seized（A）
(E) on the restitution that two upstate New York counties owed to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of
这题的正确答案是A. rule后面that引导的是宾语从句(rule虽然是政府法令, 但它是动词), 而非限制性定语从句. 不要混淆.
B. 分词比从句简洁, 但分词有局限性: 不能跳跃修饰.
178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
In B and C the verb phrases (performing... ) do not clearly modify criminals, because another noun (sentences) intrudes, ...
而定语从句可以跳跃修饰, 也可以就近, 关键看逻辑意思.
114. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light
虽然这是个非限定性定语从句, 但我认为它是代词按逻辑意思指代最经典的例子!
除了以上涉及的, 我没有发现两者之间的其他区别.
C. with(前面没有逗号)也是限定修饰. 但with有两点禁忌.
1. with所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑宾语, 后面不可以再补出宾语.
102. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself
B: …and the prepositional phrase containing this participle (with... it) is unidiomatic.
192. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words.
(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added
(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it（C）
(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added
虽然这里OG没有对D中with…it的结构提出质疑, 但我相信这也是错误的原因之一.
2. 当把with放在句末做修饰的时候要很小心, 因为with既可以做修饰, 又可以做伴随, 所以会有歧义.
212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.With在句子的谓语动词之后, 特别是在句末, 跟在名词后面, 很容易引起歧义, 因为分不清究竟限定修饰名词, 还是做谓语的伴随.
但当with前面的名词是特指, 不可以被限定性修饰, 这个禁忌就不存在.
56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya (C)
(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
这个without没有歧义, 肯定做伴随. 因为the Maya不可能被限定(Maya人就是Maya人, 不能说什么样的Maya人造了…言下之意, 还有另外一部分Maya人没有参与建造, 而句子本身要表达的意思是整体Maya人, 即使要对其进行修饰, 也只能是非限定性修饰.) 另外还有一些因为是特指而不会引起歧义的例子:
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.
(A) if there is a lack of some other doctor totestify (B) unleersonName>ssersonName> there will be another doctor to testify
(C) without another doctor's testimony
(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctor (C)
(E) lacking another doctor to testify
今天头一直很晕, 再加上总结的很仓促, 请大家斧正.
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发表于 2005-5-8 12:22:00
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发表于 2005-5-8 13:07:00
