l's备考日记之SC错题+重点分析

lululuna

7/8创建
7/24复习一遍

74.  (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are

(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are

(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but

(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are

(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are

OA:  D
*",favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, " 状语

teddybearj4
babybearmm
source:http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-664442-2-1.html  12#、 16#

12#

选C的话，句子变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

不管是C、D，都是要表达are not the products of natural selection和but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments(先忽略CD的差别看语意)，LZ肯定也是这么理解的，如果坚持是not...but...平行。但是，这样会有歧义，变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
好像黄色部分“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”。
而实际上，语意来看只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是解释“natural selection”的。not...but...这里的but是用作了介词，变成了一个prep. phrase，就容易产生这种歧义。

再看D，如果把but的用法变成conj.:
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
作为conj.之后，but引导的从句are simply... 跟主句are not the products of natural selection是平行的。
还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but作prep.，simply作为一个adv.(修饰V或者prep. phrase)放在prep.和n.中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。

下面再摘一个Ron的举例，我觉得把C的ambiguous解释的蛮清楚了。
Consider this sentence:
Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well.

The most probable reading here is that all of the words 'loved by most of the students, but also hated by a fair number as well' are a description of 'the typical class president.' However, it's also possible that just "loved by most of the students" describes that phrase. So there are 2 interpretations:

1) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which the entire colored description attaches to “the typical class president”
2) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which “the typical class president” is described as someone who is loved by most students; in this instance, jimmy is contrasted with the typical class president because some people also hate him.

16#


I think Ron said when you have one part parallelism signals such as "and, or, but etc", you look for the words coming aftersignals as these words are 'locked in' words.  So does that mean we are not bound by existing words in the first part?那么这道题，如果是C选项：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that manybiological traits are not the products of natural selection, favoredbecause they enhance reproduction or survival, but simplyrandom by-products of other evolutionary developments.
我们找but后面的'locked in' word，但是不存在。
换句话说，but后面直接跟noun "by-products"  ("simply random by-products"是adv.+adj.+noun.这种连串修饰结构，核心词是noun)
那我们根据平行，在but前面那部分找noun "by-products"的counterpart，我们能找到以下nouns:
"the products of natural selection"
"reproduction or survival"
甚至包括"survival"
——到底哪个词和"by-products"对应？这存在歧义。
所以C不对。
但如果改成D，通过"are"这个locked-in word，和前面的"are"对应上，于是我们知道"by products"是和前面的"the products of natural selection"对应的。

AlienX
Source:http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-338703-2-1.html  11#

comma有一定的影響
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. (<--意思怪怪, 因為少了一個comma)

文法上74的C&D都對, 可是D會比較清楚.

35.       (26325-!-item-!-188;#058&002592)

In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, which is a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not seriously interfering with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.

(A) which is a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not seriously interfering

(B) a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not seriously interfering

(C) a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere

(D) which is a substance to promote blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere

(E) which is a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not a serious interference

OA:  c
* ",a substance that promotes blood clotting, " 同位语，是插入语成分

Q31. p1-sc 41. (26601-!-item-!-188;#058&002718)

The budget for education reflects theadministration's demand that the money is controlled by local schooldistricts, but it can only be spent on teachers, not on books, computers,or other materials or activities.

(A) the money is controlled by local schooldistricts, but it can only be spent

(B) the money be controlled by local schooldistricts, but it allows them to spend the money only

(C) the money is to be controlled by local schooldistricts, but allowing it only to be spent

(D) local school districts are in control of the money, but it allows them to spend the money only

(E) local school districts are to be in control of the money, but it can only spend it

OA:B
*only的位置
不是修饰动作，是修饰经费只能花得几个方面，A/C/E out

*demand+ that be

*but it 从句
  适用babybearmm在此楼 74题中间讲到的'locked in' word方法；
  but 后面是 在ABDE选项中均是it
   A， it 往前找， 可以与money 平行，指代money; 也可以与budget平行，指代budget；=>ambiguity
   B,   it 不指代money，因为money出现在了spend之后，逻辑意思对
   D/E 均指向budget,都正确

小结：
三题都涉及了but转折中间插入其他成分或者长从句，but之后补出主语，谓语动词等情况来排除歧义的情况，
尽管有的题目选对了，但这个确实是以往做题中没有注意到的点。
take care!!

Q37.     p2-sc   30.        (26078-!-item-!-188;#058&002967)

Most of the purported health benefits of tea comes from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the body's bloodvessels.

(A) comes from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that

(B) comes from antioxidants--compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

(C) come from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and

(D) come from antioxidants--compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that

(E) come from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

OA: D
* S-V agreement
   benefits come ; not comes=>A/B OUT

*用上面提到的locked-in-words的方法
看到连词AND
STEP1:最后一个动词inhibit,那么前面要有个相应的动词项对应，在不了解句意的情况下，可以使come, be found
STEP2: inhibit动作的发出这个是谁，前面有benefits 和 antioxidants(compound)
          根据句意，应该是antioxidants(compound)，那么必须跟be found平行；
      C/E out

lululuna

7/9

7/24复习一遍

Q18. p1-sc 36. (26371-!-item-!-188;#058&002614)

Thomas Eakins's powerful style and his choices of subject--the advances in modern surgery, the discipline of sport, the strainsof individuals in tension with society or even with themselves--was asdisturbing to his own time as it is compelling for ours.

(A) was asdisturbing to his own time as it is

(B) were as disturbing to his own time as they are

(C) has been asdisturbing in his own time as they are

(D) had been as disturbing in his own time as it was

(E) have been as disturbing in his own time as

OA:B

(A) was as disturbing to his own time as it is

(B) were as disturbing to his own time as they are

(C) has been as disturbing in his own time as they are

(D) had been as disturbing in his own time as it was

(E) have been as disturbing in his own time as

split B/E
* tense: DON'T CHANGE THE TENSE IN ORIGINAL SENTENCE UNLESS REQUIRED!!
   B past / now - comparison
   E present perfect/ present perfect,
              no time indicator;
              no order of actions require a PP tense;
              no still in effect action taken
     ===> no PP tense

*meaning
   Sth(Plural) were distrubing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.
       THE EFFECTS IN THE PAST COMPARE WITH EFFECT NOW.

Ron:

1) about"DISTURBING TO"

   i HATE this problem. in standard english usage, "disturbing to X" is usuallyused only when X is aperson whose sensibilities have been disturbed. so thissentence appears to imply that the timeperiod itself was offended. but that'sthe problem with the gmat: they make the rules, so you just have to nod yourhead and say "ok"

2) about TENSE

  since thetense changes - from "were" to "are" - you need a newclause. you can't just have a verb without a subject; hence the requirement of"they".

"Ours" = "our time" hasn'tended yet, so the past tense is inappropriate.

Q19.p1-sc 37.(26417-!-item-!-188;#058&002629)

One report concludes that many schools do not have, or likely to have, enough computers to use them effectively.

(A) or

(B) nor

(C) or are

(D) nor are they

(E) nor are not

OA  :    D
*be likely to,须补出BE 动词 A/B out
*Meaning
C. schools do not have,  or (schools) are likely to have [错误，原意：应该是学校没有，将来也似乎不可能有足够的电脑……]
D. schools do not have, nor are they likely to have [学校没有，也似乎不可能有足够的电脑，语义对]
涉及双重否定的时候，应根据语义再看一遍；
*OR VS NOR
   OR 两项事物二选一/ 否定句里表示连接；
   NOR 两个表示否定意义的句子的连接；

Q30.p1-sc40. (26555-!-item-!-188;#058&002661)

With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B, companies conducting consumer taste tests of foods or beverages typically choose numbers such as 697 or 483 to label the products.

(A) With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B

(B) Because the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters Aand B have connotations they are aware of

(C) Because of anawareness of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B having connotations

(D) Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B

(E) Since the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters Aand B have connotations associated with them and they are aware of it

OA:  D

(A) With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B

(B) Because the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations they are aware of

(C) Because of anawareness of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B having connotations

(D) Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and2 and the letters A and B

(E) Since the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations associated with them and they are aware of it

* because 的必没有必要，其实没有因果关系，是条件关系“ 在 已经了解到…的情况下，公司conduct了这个test"
        

lululuna

07/12
7/27复习一遍

Q1.p2-sc 17 (25335-!-item-!-188;#058&002335)

The success of the program to eradicate smallpoxhas stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previously consideredpossible--better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such asmeasles and yaws.

(A) what they had not previously consideredpossible--better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as

(B) what they had not previously considered apossibility--better control, if not eradication, of such infections like

(C) something they had not previously consideredpossible-better control, if not eradication, of such infections as

(D) something not considered a previouspossibility--better control and perhaps eradication, of other infections suchas

(E) the possibility of what they had notpreviously considered--better control and possibly eradication of infectionslike

*such as
B/E out

* consider
   consider A possible  认为……可能
   consider possible A  认为……可能
   consider A 考虑A
   B/D out

* A/C split
   1)what/ sth ==> 认为都可以；(RON认为是Minor的错误）
  2) the other infections==> one …… the other,并没有出现one， the other特指，与such as冲突；
       such as 和 such …… as
       A. control of…… other infections such as ==>歧义， such as 是指的 control 还是infection;
       C, such infections as ,明确指infections 举例；


attention tip: 做的时候把关注点放在了other infectios上，认为other不能去，没有考虑到such as引起的歧义；其实在此，因为such infections as已经限定了infection不是前面提到的smallpox,是其他的infections, other 就显得不那么必要了

RON:
source：https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/forums/the-success-of-the-program-to-eradicate-smallpox-t1161.html?hilit=The%20success%20of%20the%20program%20to%20eradicate%20smallpoX

There are 2 problems with A.

- Major problem is "THE other infections." THE is too definitive here, carrying the connotation of"every single one of the other infections."

* THE is also incompatible with "such as":

- Correct: I never read this book, but I read the other books on the shelf.

- Correct: I never read this book, but I read other books on the shelf, such as "Right Hand, Left Hand" and "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich."

- Incorrect: I never read this book, but I read the other books on the shelf, such as "Right Hand, Left Hand" and "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich."

- Minor problem is "what they had not..." vs. "something they had not..." The "what" construction is awfully strong, suggesting that this was THE ONE THING they hadn't thought possible.

* As an analogy, compare the meanings of "I want to do what I love for a living" and "I want to do something I love for a living." The first suggests that the speaker has one particular field in mind;the second doesn't.

  

lululuna

7/12

7/27复习

Q13.     p2-sc   19.        (25427-!-item-!-188;#058&002348)

Some anthropologists regard the early hominids'manner of walking as being less efficient than in modern human beings.

(A) as being less efficient than in

(B) as less efficient than it is in

(C) as less efficient than that of

(D) to be less efficient than that of

(E) to have been less efficient than it is in

OA: C
*regard as
  没有regard to be!!!!!
*COMPARISON
  A 没有相应介词短语对应；
  B， it= same copy错；
  C，正确
  D，comparison 正确
  E，it= same copy 错

Q32.     p2-sc   28.        (25890-!-item-!-188;#058&002817)

In 1997, despite an economy that marked its sixth full year of uninterruptedexpansion with the lowest jobless rate in a quarter century, the number ofUnited States citizens declaring themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20percent, at 1.34 million.

(A) declaring themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20percent, at

(B) declaring themselves bankrupt jumped by almost20 percent, to

(C) who declared themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20percent, to

(D) who declared themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent, at

(E)to declare themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent, at

OA:  B

* tense
in 1997 => past simple tense
  A/C out

*almost的位置
almost形容数量，不是动作；
D/E out

*关于 declaring VS who declared
superbat28 #3
source:http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-592590-1-1.html

其实没有区别~如果你把C改成jumped，也对。但是相比之下，B更简洁一些。

二者有区别的时候，主要是以下几种情况：
限制性修饰VS 【无逗号V-ing定语结构】：                                      
A)前者如若有情态动词不可换成后者；                                                
B)如果修饰句和主句想表达与主句时态不一样的情况，用前者。                    
C)在法规后一般用后者，强调多次重复性的感觉。

Q33.     p2-sc   29.        (26032-!-item-!-188;#058&002964)

Unlike many United States cities, where ariver is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio winds through the middle of the business district, and the River Walk, or Paseo del Rio, is the city's most popularattraction.

(A) Unlike many United States cities, where ariver is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio

(B) Unlike the river in many cities in the UnitedStates, which is nolonger the focal point of urban life, in San Antonio the river

(C) Today the river in many cities in the United States is no longer the focal point ofurban life, unlike San Antonio, whereit

(D) In few United States cities today, a river isthe focal point of urban life, but the river in San Antonio

(E) No longer do many cities in the United Stateshave a river as the focal point of urban life, but in San Antonio the river

OA: E

*unlike Noun1 ，Noun2
Noun1和Noun2比较对象需要相同=》A/C out

D=>改变句意，不是几乎城市，而是很多城市，没有河再作为……;
B=> which,我认为是有歧义的，指代US/ many cities
      PREP上这题 which如果指代the United States说the United States is no longer the focal point of urban life，
      我觉得是可以成立的。。于是这就产生了歧义。。这才是GMAT SC不允许的。

RON:
SOURCE:https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/forums/post7853.html?hilit=Unlike%20many%20United%20States%20cities,%20where%20a%20river%20is%20no%20longer%20the%20focal%20point%20of%20urban%20life#p7853

the correct answer here is still pretty ugly, so let's criticize the four incorrect choices.

choice a:

faulty comparison:

'unlike many u.s. cities, ... the river in san antonio...' --> can't compare cities to a river

choice b:

comparison isn't so good:

the second part should start directly with 'the river' (instead of 'in san antonio the river...'), so that the comparison is more clear.

much more importantly, poor use of the relative pronoun 'which':

'...cities in the united states, which is no longer the focal point...'

relative pronouns like which, by default, refer to the noun that's closest to the left, which in this case is the united states. therefore, this relative pronoun is used in a way that's either ambiguous (if you allow it to potentially refer to other nouns) or just plain wrong (if you follow the rule strictly).

choice c:

faulty comparison again

'the river...' is being compared to san antonio.

choice d:

drastic change in meaning

this sentence has completely gotten rid of any reference to the concept of 'no longer'. while all theother sentences say that things have changed, this sentence presents the situation as if it's always been that way.

Q41.     p2-sc   32. (26170-!-item-!-188;#058&003042)

The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originallyflowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having beenredirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into theMississippi by way of the Illinois River.

(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrenceby way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing

(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St.Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing

(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St.Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the constructionof

(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St.Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by theconstruction of

(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St.Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the constructionof

*原句句意有转折，找locked-in-words
A having之前，没有与之相对称的； 错
B 看上去是对的，但逻辑意思不对；
C, but 之前有对应，但是sentence fragment错
D, but 之前有对应，但是sentence fragment错
E，省略了BUT，但不影响句意

*选E得更重要的原因，是看上去形式工整完美的B有个致命的缺点
chronological actions
Chicago and Calumet Rivers had flowed into St'L by way of ,but they have  been redirected by constructing
这句话，在于CC两条河任然流进St L，只是方式不同了；
             一旦用了had flowed into，就改变了句意，表明CC两条河不再流入St.L 这个河了，但事实上不是这样的
这个点很tricky,但也体现了GMAC语义为王的特点；
所以依据原句判断句子意思，不能作为排除选项的一条死线，逻辑语义最重要！

7/27补充，
by constructing，指向句子主语they/rivers=>这样一来，就有歧义，因为river不可能修造canal
=》应该用through construction，指向方式方法，而不是动作词
==> A/B OUT

lululuna

！特例！
Gmat总有一些自己总结出来的general rule放在大部分题目里是正确的，看似无懈可击，常常误用排除正确选项。
看到特例整理出来，有助于提醒自己从meaning角度出发来考虑问题！

！动词不见得是最优的

p2-sc20. (25474-!-item-!-188;#058&002354)

The human nervous system and a telephonesystem superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange.

(A) The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries

(B) The human nervous system and a telephone system bear a superficial resemblance because they both carry

(C) The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries

(D) Superficially, a telephone system resembles the human nervous system both because they carry

(E) There is a superficial resemblance between at elephone system and the human nervous system, not only because they both carry

*idiom

not only……but also，没有but also与之对应，A/E out；

both ……and……

*第二个because之后是its，那么指向主语，是单数名词；A/B错

*Meaning

Sth1和Sth2很像，因为他们都有blablabla的特征，那么第二个because应该是they；

基于第二个because是it,可以推断出，原文要讲的是，一个像另一个，主语应该是一个单数；

D 主语虽然是某物，用了resemble动词，看似比C项好，但是它有个逻辑意思的错误，在于because 后面的they，没有先行词与之对应；

Q38183.

Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively than they were

A.      to set dividends more conservatively than they were

B.      to set dividends more conservatively than they have been

C.      to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends

D.      that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividends

E.      that they will be more conservative than they have been to setdividends

*A/B were/been之后补出动词，setting,因为前面没有对应的setting，所以这里不可以省略
*去掉插入语 “，in order to conserve cash," 该句子是 analysts expect automakers to do sth. D/E out

7/25补充

The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange.

A，The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only because the former carries  

B，The human nervous system and a telephone system bear a superficial resemblance because they both carry  

C，The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries  

D，Superficially, a telephone system resembles the human nervous system both because they carry  

E，There is a superficial resemblance between a telephone system and the human nervous system, not only because they both carry

OA: C

*because ……and because its ……
  it是必须有先行词，A/B OUT
*其实根据its pathways coverge……可以推断，讲的是nerveous sys， 不是两者，或者tele sys
直接narrow down到选项C

lululuna

7/12创建
7/27复习

！特例！

Gmat总有一些自己总结出来的general rule放在大部分题目里是正确的，看似无懈可击，常常误用排除正确选项。
看到特例整理出来，有助于提醒自己从meaning角度出发来考虑问题！

！these/that不一定不能单独用来指代

[OG16]2.

Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but they then veer off toward higher latitudes, in many cases changing direction toward the east before dissipating over the colder, more northerly waters or over land.

(A) Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but

(B) At first, hurricanes travel from east to west, because that is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics, but

(C) While hurricanes travel from east to west at first, the direction of the prevailing winds blowing in the tropics, and

(D) Because hurricanes at first travel from east to west, since it is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics,

(E) Hurricane, beginning by traveling from east to west, because this is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics,

OA:B

*未划线部分veer off
  根据句意，需要有词语跟veer off对应，那么begin 或者是travel应该与veer off 相对应， A/Eout
* at first, begin =>redundancy, A错
* conjunction问题
  C，while后面缺少主句，直接and之后的句子无法成为主句=》sentence fracture
  D，because 和since重复；而且此题也没有因果的意思
  E， sentence fracture

PREP07 PART2#34题

Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.

(A) hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine‘s

(B) hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine

(C) hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine

(D) the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(E) the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine

OA: A

*opening modifier
  D/E out
*like比较
effect like morphine's (effect)
B/C错

lululuna

7/28复习一遍

！特例！
Gmat总有一些自己总结出来的general rule放在大部分题目里是正确的，看似无懈可击，常常误用排除正确选项。
看到特例整理出来，有助于提醒自己从meaning角度出发来考虑问题！

！主动不一定优于被动

p2-sc   21.        (25520-!-item-!-188;#058&002357)

Before scientists learned how to make asynthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts fromthe pituitary glands of human cadavers.

(A) scientists learned how to make a syntheticgrowth hormone, removing it painstakingly

(B) scientists had learned about making asynthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakingly

(C) scientists learned how to synthesize thegrowth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed

(D) learning how to make a synthetic growthhormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly

(E) learning how to synthesize the growth hormone,it had to be painstakingly removed by scientists

*sequence of actions
put the actions in chronological
"remove painstakingly" is ealier action than “learn to make…hormone”
B out

* opening modifer
  E, it 不可能learn  =》out

*V-ing
  1）same timeframework, same action( simultaneously)
  2)  direct outcome /result

  A=> no, two actions are in different timeframe;
            and "removing" is not the direct outcome of the previous sentce
  A out!

*C/D
  D 主动；
  C 被动；

babybearmm 1#
source:http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-739174-1-1.html

原句(A)尽管语法错误，但表达的意思是清晰的，就说：到底是谁"remove it painstakingly"？这个问题作者没说，也不重要。强调的只是受体，而不是subject.
所以正确选项(C)的passive voice恰如其分。而错误选项(B)(D)包含的意思是scientists是"remove it painstakingly"的主语，这就是在原句基础上凭空添加了主语，distort the meaning.

GWD30-Q1

The artist Renoir’s last word was “flowers,” spoken as theyarranged a bouquet of roses just picked from his garden in a vase on hisbedroom windowsill.

A.    as they arranged a bouquet of roses just picked from hisgarden  

B.     as a bouquet of roses had been just picked from hisgarden and was being arranged

C.    as a bouquet of roses just picked from his garden was being arranged   

D.    during the arrangement of a bouquet of roses justpicked from his garden   

E.   while they arrangeda bouquet of roses that had just been picked from his garden  

OA: C

7/26补充

Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.

(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves

(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves

(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves

(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

OA:C

this construction can't work, because it contains "... after exhausting the oil reserves" (with no subject) but the sentence never mentions the actual entity that will exhaust the oil reserves.

the way this sentence is currently written (intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhaustingthe oil reserves), it implies that the special fund will sustain the state's economy after it (the fund) finishes exhausting the oil reserves. the fund is definitely not going to exhaust the oil reserves, so this version of the sentence doesn't make sense

the only reasonable interpretation of the sentence is that the fund will sustain the economy. this is exactly the meaning conveyed by the modifier beginning with "intended..."

此题同理可用本楼第一题babybearmm提到的动作发出这个未指出这个问题，没有指出 动作的发出者 究竟是谁

另外关于A with介宾结构，ron的说法，结合OG13_7，好选项还是比出来的吧

it's definitely being used as an adverbial modifier. and yeah, it is a prepositional phrase (with theintention... -- and everything afterward basically just modifies intention)
this is the sort of construction that probably skirts the boundary of acceptability on the gmat - i'd think they would prefer other constructions (such as the one that's in the correct answer to this problem), although i would hesitate to declare this particular construction outright wrong.

in any case, there's a problem with the example you've cited here: 'the state's' should be its, becausethe use of this sort of modifier implies that alaska is still the subject.

lululuna

形容词没有用and连接的例子

Q40.     p2-sc   31.        (26124-!-item-!-188;#058&002968)

Gone are the sharp edges and jutting planes ofstyles from former eras; instead, designers of everything from cars to computermonitors have adopted a cornerless style of smooth surfaces and curves that is moreergonomic, conforming to the shape of the body rather than flaunting shapefor its own sake.

(A) more ergonomic, conforming to the shape of thebody rather than flaunting shape

(B) more ergonomic, conformed to the body's shapeand not to flaunting shape

(C) ergonomic, more conformed to the shape of thebody and not to shape flaunted

(D) ergonomic, conforming more to the body's shaperather than shape flaunted

(E) ergonomic, conforming more to the shape of thebody than flaunting shape

OA: A
* A OF B vs  B'S A
A OF B is preferrable here;
B/D out;

*comparison
B/C out

*A/E
比较的时二者[size=13.3333330154419px]ergonomic, conforming to；而不是仅仅comforming to；E out

91. (29477-!-item-!-188;#058&003926)

Although they are more temperamental and far more expensive than transistor-driven amplifiers,many audiophiles and audio professionals prefer the warmer, richer tones produced by  vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers.

(A) many audiophiles and audio professionals prefer the warmer, richer tones produced by vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers
(B) many audiophiles and audio professionals think the warmer, richer tones produced by vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers make them preferable
(C) warmer, richer tones are produced by vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers and they are thus preferred by many audiophiles and audio professionals
(D) vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers are preferred because they produce warmer, richer tones by many audiophiles and audio professionals
(E) vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers are preferred by many audiophiles and audio professionals because these amplifiers produce warmer, richer tones

OA: E
*comparison比较对象要一致
A/B/C out

*介词的位置
by跟在D项之后，有歧义

lululuna

7/28复习一遍

To do VS for doing

source:http://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/forums/to-do-vs-for-doing-t15996.html

tim:staff

my thought on this, based on the examples you provide, is that "to do" would modify a verb and "for doing" would modify a noun:

I bought a lawnmower to mow my lawn. (that's why I bought it)

I bought a lawnmower for mowing my lawn. (that's what it's used for)

sherrylsq: forum guest

Cherry gave two examples:

"She has to go home to do the housework".
"She has to go home for doing the housework".

These really do not have the same meaning. An English speaker would use the first construction only for this sentence. You will not hear an English speaker say the second. Here is why...

The first will be understood to mean "She has to go home IN ORDER TO DO the housework;" or, "She has to go home BECAUSE SHE NEEDS TO DO the housework." And this is, in fact, what we mean.

The second will be understood to mean "She has to go home AS A CONSEQUENCE FOR DOING the housework;" or, "She DID THE HOUSEWORK, AND SO she had to go home." And this doesn't make sense.

Look at it in another set of examples. Any verb may be substituted for "do":

"to X" (to sleep, to love, to give, etc.)
"for X-ing" (for sleeping, for loving, for giving, etc.)

1. He was sent home early from school TO SLEEP.
2. He was sent home early from school FOR SLEEPING.

The first means the teacher sent the student home IN ORDER TO sleep. He looked tired, and the teachers were merciful. They suggested that he go home FOR THE PURPOSE OF sleep.

In the second, the teacher sent the student home BECAUSE HE SLEPT in class. Going home was a CONSEQUENCE for sleeping when he should have stayed awake.

The only time these are interchangeable is when one of the following is true:

1. The meaning of "in order to" and "as a consequence for" will mean the same thing:

Ex. A: "He was paid $1000 TO BUILD the wall."
Ex. B: "He was paid $1000 FOR BUILDING the wall."

And, even here, be careful. The first (as Cherry pointed out) means he was paid BEFORE the work was done. The second means he was paid AFTER the work was done.

2. The meaning is about the INTENDED PURPOSE or SUGGESTED PURPOSE of an item (or person):

Ex. A: "A hammer can be used TO REMOVE nails."
Ex. B: "A hammer can be used FOR REMOVING nails."

Here, the meanings are quite the same.

7/15
这道题错的有点瞎，当时想的是to raise是动作的发出者，而rainfall和temperature不能发出raise这个动作，

Q40

184.

Japan'sabundant rainfall and the typically mild temperatures throughout most of thecountry have produced a lush vegetation cover and,

despite themountainous terrain and generally  poor soils, it has made possible theraising of a variety of crops.

A.      it has made possible the raising of

B.      has made it possible for them to raise

C.      have made it possible to raise

D.     have made it possible for raising

E.      thus making it possible for them to raise

OA:C

GWD28-Q1

Scientists claim that the discovery of the first authenticated mammal bones in amber could provide important clues of determining, in addition to how, when  mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies.

A.of determining, in addition to how, when mammalscolonized the islands of the West Indies
B.in the determination of how and when the islands of theWest Indies were colonized by mammals
C.to determine how mammals colonized the islands of theWest Indies and when they did
D.for determining when the islands of the West Indies werecolonized by mammals and how they were
E.for determining how and when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies

OA: E

GWD-18-Q19
New genetic evidence—together with recent studies of elephants’ skeletons, tusks, and other anatomical features—provide compelling support for classifying  Africa’s forest elephants and its savanna elephants as separate species.

A.    provide compelling support for classifying

B.    provide compelling support for the classification of

C.    provides compelling support to the classification of

D.    provides compelling support for classifying

E.     provides compelling support to classify

OA: D


205. (GWD-9-Q17)

Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas and electric company is intended to create a huge marketing network for the utilities in question with states opening their utility markets to competition.

A.and electric company is intended to create a huge marketing network for the utilities in question with states opening
B.and electric companies are intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open
C.and electric companies are intended to create a huge network that will be marketing the utilities in question, with states opening
D.company and electric company are intending to create a huge marketing network for the utilities in question, with states opening      
E.company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open

OA: E
1）intention(目的）是 to create a huge network
    所有后面的 for marketing ……并不是intention

2）for marketing是什么？
   建议你可以先读一下我总结的那些知识点，
   个人观点是： for marketing是a huge network的功能（what the network is used for……）

lululuna

7/15创建
7/28复习一遍

OG16新题

OG16_SC2

Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but they then veer off toward higher latitudes, in many cases changing direction toward the east before dissipating over the colder, more northerly waters or over land.

(A) Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but

(B) At first, hurricanes travel from east to west, because that is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics, but

(C) While hurricanes travel from east to west at first, the direction of the prevailing winds blowing in the tropics, and

(D) Because hurricanes at first travel from east to west, since it is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics,

(E) Hurricane, beginning by traveling from east to west, because this is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics,

OA: B

*看到连词，but/and，根据动作veer off,找前面句子中应该平行的动词，所以根据句子，应该有began travelling或者 travel与之相对应
  E out
*A/B项找split的点， A at first begin/ B, at first => redundancy =>属于绝对错（有保留，但目前为止可以判断为绝对错点） A out
*句子结构 C while从句后面直接加and，没有主句=》sentence fragment；
  D项 since, because同一句中只用一个， out；

Q3.p2-sc 34. (26262-!-item-!-188;#058&003094)

Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.

(A) hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(B) hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine

(C) hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine

(D) the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(E) the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine

OA: B

*openging modifier
C/D/E out
* comparison=>找split=》根据语义判断需要哪个
  effect VS morphines's (effect)
B/C/E out

General Rule

1) Redundancy=>绝对错点； 代词指代=>小错（不做绝对判断）
                                       代词these/that单独指代同类型=》 these/that不能作为代词直接指代，不能作为直接排除点
   ==>结合目前的题目，为止的题目是这样的

2)破题入手的方法， 当无法判断的时候，对选项进行比较，找split=>根据文章句意需要，判断哪个是正确的使用