定从修饰问题终极大讨论开始!

Avantasia

ColaMM，你说的With做状语确实有道理，但是就with构成的介宾短语现在有困惑：

56）Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport

(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya

(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel

(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya（C）

(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters

这里面with是简单的介宾结构，放在一个N后面，为什么不会产生歧义？

而OG212就是这样的歧义啊？

212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving

(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve

(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving

(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）

(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve

The best choice, A, offers an adjective phrase (aimed at 是形容词短语，不是动词过去分词) unequivocally modifying policy and exhibiting grammatical parallelism (decreasing... and improving). （名词+形容词短语，形容词短语修饰该名词）In choice B, the gerund the decreasing is not grammatically parallel with the infinitive to improve. Likewise, in C and D, the decreasing of... costs is not parallel with improving the efficiency. In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing... and improving in modifying the noun aim. （固定用法：with the aim of doing 错误用法：with the aim to ）Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy. （？？？）

colacat

以下是引用-Aquarius-在2005-3-30 1:40:00的发言：

(A)  ublished in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists. Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.

有点糊涂了？A里面不就是用的单数吗？怎么还会歧义啊？！

谢谢！！

A 里面的whose 可以修饰the owner and editor ,认为是主语的定语后置.

Avantasia

哦，明白了，感谢！

另外上面的with问题MM帮忙看一次吧，困惑。。。

colacat

以下是引用薰衣紫草在2005-3-30 10:46:00的发言：

我就是想说中心词未必一定是修饰对象．

关于ＷＨＯＳＥ，（清一下嗓子），不好意思，确实可以指代东西，刚找到一个例子．

143. Recently discovered fossil remains strongly suggest that the Australian egg-laying mammals of today are a branch of the main stem of mammalian evolu­tion rather than developing independently from a common ancestor of mammals more than 220 mil­lion years ago.

(A)  rather than developing independently from

(B)   rather than a type that developed independently from

(C)  rather than a type whose development was independent of

(D)  instead of developing independently from

(E)   instead of a development that was indepen­dent of

实在抱歉

对,中心词不一定就是指代的对象

我想说的是,指代对象的判定和排除,很大程度上是要靠单复数和逻辑含义来确定.

我比较倾向于les的观点,就是先找中心词,然后找修饰语,如果都不行就是无指代对象.基本上SC中

我认为是逻辑为本,语法规则为纲.所以就象 gemj说的,不要去强求一个简单的判断准则.要会变通.

colacat

以下是引用-Aquarius-在2005-3-30 20:52:00的发言：

哦，明白了，感谢！

另外上面的with问题MM帮忙看一次吧，困惑。。。

晕,你回的真快

56我没看明白,你问的什么

212的话,要分清楚句子的成分

A是过去分词做定语,修饰policy  实际上可以看作是定语从句 a policy which is aimed  at decreasing operating costs and........的简化

而E是介宾短语做状语.而不是定语.

Avantasia

56题里面without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel应该是一个简单的介词短语，按理说可以修饰前面的名词或者谓语build，但是为什么不是歧义呢？

212里面的with结构和56里面的应该是相同的，因此有修饰歧义，OG里面也是这么说的，可为什么说56就不歧义呢？

谢谢MM了！！！

colacat

晕,这两个都是做状语的啊.

Avantasia

with引导的介宾结构应该是可以做定语的吧，OG里面的 ：

152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970's, it was feared that scien­tists might inadvertently create an "Andromeda strain," a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it

怎么解释呢？

薰衣紫草

我认为这个问题要从with做定语从句的性质着手: with如果引导定语从句, 那么这个定语从句就是限定性定语从句, 对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用. that和(不是跟着逗号)的以wh开头的词, 如who, which..., 引导的定语从句也是这样.

56）Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport

(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya

(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel

(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya（C）

(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters

Maya人后面不应该跟一个限定性定语从句, 因为那些建筑就是Maya人(整体)造的, 且Maya人就是Maya人, 没有可限制的. 如果要修饰, 也只能用非限定性定语从句来进行补充、说明. 所以把without理解成定语从句就是不对的, 更不用说歧义了. 这里without只能做状语.

212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving

(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve

(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving

(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）

(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve

这里的a policy 是一个泛指. with跟在它后面既可以做一个限定性定语从句来限定, 修饰它, 也可以将with理解成一个状语修饰整个句子, 所以存在歧义.

再来谈谈152

152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970’s, it was feared that scientists might inadvertently create an “Andromeda strain,” a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it.

(A) it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it

(B) it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it

(C) kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it

(D) kill vast numbers of humans who have no natural defenses against them（C）

(E) kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against them

humans是泛指, with在这里就是要起限定作用来修饰humans, 因为不是所有的人都没有natural defenses, 总有些人有natural defenses.

无独有偶.

OG上有一句极其相似的用WITH做定语, 却不是正确选项的例子.

102. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.

(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged

(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it

(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself

(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）

(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself

a concert performance 也是个泛指, with也起了限定作用.

我斗胆总结一个这样的规律: that/wh-引导的定语从句优于with引导的定语从句; with基本上做状语.

因为:

1.当修饰特指对象的时候 (如Maya), 不存在限定性定语从句, 出现with就是状语.

2. 当修饰对象是泛指, with容易引起歧义, 既可以做状语修饰句子, 又可以是非限定性定语从句修饰名词. 而用that/wh-就不会有这个问题. 上面的152, 102都有这个倾向. 即使没有that这样的选项, 就近修饰的过去分词也强于with. 212中可以体会

注:wh-指不跟着逗号的以wh开头的词 (又一个限定性从句)

走笔至此, 不禁感叹SC之博大精深. 恨不能亲赴ETS, 拜山以求赐教.

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-31 3:28:59编辑过]

Avantasia

似乎考意思推断是唯一的方法了，不过有两点不同意：

1.Maya那题without引导介宾短语如果做定语的话应该修饰前面的名词，即clusters，修饰MAYA不知道为什么

2.个人感觉with优先做状语，但是如果前面有N，且做状语解释不同的时候，做定语修饰前面的名词，如果都可以则歧义，但是ETS连信都能暴发在火山里面，而且也使介宾短语后置造成的歧义，这个with，我怕判断歧义的时候会心虚，继续请教

1.        The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania affords the visitor with unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(A) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania affords the visitor with unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(B) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania permits the visitor unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(C) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania gives the visitor the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without telephoto lenses.

(D) The visitor to the Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania has the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.（E）

(E) Even without the aid of telephoto lenses, the visitor to Tanzania’s Lake Manyara Park has an unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees.

ColaMM在20楼说的定从修饰中心词的说法有道理，但是上面一题的D中，playing in trees应该是修饰lions的后置定语，without按照Cola说法就不会修饰trees，可以前的讨论是有歧义啊？困惑