2月1日 北美一战已跪，放狗攒rp

chen833

作文：上个月就有的，什么摩托车公司想收购汽车公司的IR：有一道讲两个公司签合同，送gift走后门，获得benefit的
      还有一个manager喜欢改schedule的什么的
      其他的想不起来了
阅读：一个是材料回收的，我看到本月机经好像已经有了
         一个是climate change的，讲什么geoengineering的，第一段是讲现在气候变化越来越严重啦，导致花开得早了，海平面上涨啦，第二段说解决这个最好办法是减少carbon emission，但是更有效的办法是。。。第三段说要全世界合作来。。。第四段，提出了三点什么。。有明确的1,2,3，问题有一道就是问文章结构的
         一个是讲M这个人最近出名啦，是因为研究交通，他在某一个路口把所有的traffic light啊什么的都取消了，后来反而交通不仅拥挤了，而且事故也少了，求考古
逻辑：45岁以上的人正在增加，45岁以下的人正在减少，调查显示45岁以上的人喜欢喝咖啡，45岁以下的人喜欢喝可乐，所以目测咖啡的消耗量要比可乐多，问weaken，选项有人喜欢喝咖啡还是可乐不是定数啦，还有一个选项讲25岁什么的
          某岛海边种一种树，然后好像这个树的利用率不高，有一家外国木头公司就想以低价收购这个木头，问的啥记不清了
          A说：为了减少什么什么成本，我们城市应该把那些花钱的项目都取消掉，比如说公园啊啥的，B说虽然A这样做对financial有好处，但是hurt community，公园啥的应该留着，但是要收钱了，就像公共交通一样。问B是怎样回应A的说法的？有个选项说提供了一个alternate做法，并且使用了类比的手法。
数学，坐标系上给出三个点，（2.3）（-6，-6）（6，-2）好像是啊，数字有点不确定，求三角形面积 答案都是很复杂的，几倍根号几那种。
         65岁以上的人占10%，然后10%的65岁的人又怎么怎么样了，问这个怎么怎么样的人占总百分比多少？
         还有个问perfect square的，具体题目忘了
         N!/(3^6),求N最小是多少 答案有，12,15,3^6,6^3
         还有一道DS，求三角形ABF（并没有说是直角三角形）面积，A：已知FG：AF=1:3， B：已知EF：BF=1:5 图片附件里我画了一下


暂时就想到这么多，如果想到别的我会再发帖补充的

wsywsywsy

狗主加油！！！谢谢！！！！加CD寂静群，大家一起讨论方法!

晨依Jacqueline

求IR补充~~

盐水柠檬

这个么狗主
17*.交通规划
V1:有三段，不止一屏。第一段讲了某个人好像是R什么，给一个地段重新设计了交通规划，本来这个路口是交通灯之类的交通管制很多而且事故很多，但是R通过把他们置换成一个circle（可能不是这个词，但是大概意思就是那种圆盘，大家都知道的吧？），结果是交通顺畅了（举了卡车能迅速通过的例子）然后事故也少了。第二段说R的宗旨是“time什么什么”（刚还记得的，一瞬间忘了）。之后说他给另一个town规划的例子，是一条原本交通量很大的路。第三段说他是怎么规划这条路的，R说要让它更像village。然后关键是让驾驶员认为路ambiguous and what (ambiguous同义词，有一题这两个词高亮），使他们不知道路的哪里是自己的（不知道所以会更小心？可能是这个意思吧）
By zhangxiao91z (v 29)
V2：P1：建筑师M，以建造了城市D的某类交通设施而闻名，之后介绍这种设施的各种优点，以及效果。
P2：与其说是M对道路各类参数的仔细调查，还不如说是M的成功在于改变了人们对time ***的改观，举例提出某town Q.
P3:说明Q道路改造的原理：与其改造为清晰宽阔的大路，还不如改造为混沌的，与行人间距缩小的窄路，改变人们对“快速”的要求。事实证明效果很好。
By fiona128876
V3:一篇交通规划的那个，第一段是说环岛 roundabout的，随着环岛的增加，引起了一些变化，iru公交车能够快速通过， cylist use more signaling etc. 这里有一个细节题，问的是有了那个环岛后，为什么事故还是增多了。有一个问题是问文章第三段还是第四段中出现的ambuigity和另外一个词的作用是什么，选项有说对比他之前那个小镇的设计，还有说sum up新设计的特征什么的。
by amanilulu
v4:机经17交通规划，下面机经阅读汇总中的的英文原文和考试文章高度接近，大致内容和主人公完全一样，只是行文略有不同。下面是就是楼主直接引用的机经阅读汇总中的原文：

An unassuming Dutch traffic engineer showed that streets without signs can be safer than roads cluttered with arrows, painted lines, and lights.

And Monderman certainly changed the landscape in the provincial city of Drachten, with the project that, in 2001, made his name. At the town center, in a crowded four-way intersection called the Laweiplein, Monderman removed not only the traffic lights but virtually every other traffic control. Instead of a space cluttered with poles, lights, “traffic islands,” and restrictive arrows,Monderman installed a radical kind of roundabout (a “squareabout,” in his words, because it really seemed more a town square than a traditional roundabout), marked only by a raised circle of grass in the middle, several fountains, and some very discreet indicators of the direction of traffic, which were required by law.

这一段说的是M自己闭上眼睛，倒走到他设计的路中间，结果并没有像在普通道路上一样——所有的车刹车再启动，而是车辆依然有序行驶。As I watched the intricate social ballet that occurred as cars and bikes slowed to enter the circle (pedestrians were meant to cross at crosswalks placed a bit before the intersection), Monderman performed a favorite trick. He walked, backward and with eyes closed, into the Laweiplein. The traffic made its way around him. No one honked, he wasn’t struck. Instead of a binary, mechanistic process—stop, go—the movement of traffic and pedestrians in the circle felt human and organic.
实验一年后的结果：拥挤减少、事故减少A year after the change, the results of this “extreme makeover” were striking:Not only had congestion decreased in the intersection—buses spent less time waiting to get through, for example—but there were half as many accidents, even though total car traffic was up by a third.（对应题目：1问公交车怎么样的2改革给D这个地方带来了什么影响）Students from a local engineering college who studied the intersection reported that both drivers and, unusually, cyclists were using signals—of the electronic or hand variety—more often. They also found, in surveys, that residents, despite the measurable increase in safety, perceived the place to be more dangerous. This was music to Monderman’s ears. If they had not felt less secure, he said, he “would have changed it immediately.”
Monderman believed that the best way to change people’s behavior was to change the context. （出题点：改变了人的观念）This simple insight was one of the foundations of his traffic revolution,which took root a decade before he remade Drachten.：（他说在实施这个理论前必须做好多准备工作学习了N多东西（有题） In the mid-1980s,Monderman, then a regional safety inspector for Friesland, was dispatched to the small village of Oudehaske to check the speed of car traffic through the town’s center (two children had been fatally struck). Previously, Monderman, like any good Dutch traffic engineer, would have deployed, if not an actual traffic light, the tools of what is known as “traffic calming”: speed bumps, warning signs, bollards, or any number of highly visible interventions.（交代了背景：作为交通安全官员，M被发配到一个小村里去检测城镇中心的车速。按常理，控制车速的手段不外乎装红绿灯、减速带等）
但是M觉得在这个town，既没有必要也太贵。But those solutions were falling out of favor with his superiors, because they were either ineffective or too expensive. At a loss, Monderman suggested to the villagers, who as it happens had hired a consultant to help improve the town’s aesthetics, that Oudehaske simply be made to seem more “villagelike.” The interventions were subtle. （正评价，嘿嘿）Signs were removed, curbs torn out, and the asphalt replaced with red paving brick, with two gray “gutters” on either side that were slightly curved but usable by cars. As Monderman noted, the road looked only five meters wide, “but had all the possibilities of six.”
The results were striking. Without bumps or flashing warning signs, drivers slowed,（出题：M在两地措施的共同之处） so much so that Monderman’s radar gun couldn’t even register their speeds. 通过这种改进（把town改造的更villagelike,车速都自然降低了，雷达都检测不到……好夸张啊-。-）Rather than clarity and segregation, he had created confusion and ambiguity.（出题，这两个的目的：M的总目的）注意这段：因为他的方法制造了一种错觉，司机不知道哪条是他该走的路，所以开车不会很莽撞，反而更小心Unsure of what space belonged to them, drivers became more accommodating.（两处措施的相同点） Rather than give drivers a simple behavioral mandate—say, a speed limit sign or a speed bump—he had, through the new road design, subtly suggested the proper course of action. And he did something else.He used context to change behavior.用观念改变行为（两地措施相同点） He had made the main road look like a narrow lane in a village, not simply a traffic-way through some anonymous town.
Q1：问文章主旨，答案是介绍了某人改善交通状况的一种方法及其效果。迷惑选项有介绍了什么实验之类，还有改善交通都要采取M的这种思路，语气过于霸道，以偏概全，M的方法虽然有效，但文中并没有说这种方法放之四海而皆准。

Q2：好像是从文中能infer出什么？答案是公交车穿过路口更快，因为spend less time waiting to get through.

Q3：两个地方措施的共同之处？选项记不清了，似乎是制造confusion让人们更小心。这篇文章所有答案好像都没有机经汇总那么难选的。楼主建议各位熟读文章，吃透意思，若遇到此题肯定不是问题。

Q4: M的措施的总原则是什么？答案选制造confusion and ambiguity，因为这样司机开车才会更加小心，以避免出事。

Q5:问M对一个地方采取交通改善措施之前会做什么？答案选仔细研究当地的traffic状况（因为只有这样才能拿出更有针对性的措施）。
by 跳跳巧虎(v 44)
问题：
Q1：D的优点没在文中提到？（定位P1）
Q2：M改造交通的理念的实质是什么？（定位P2）
Q3：高亮fuzzy and ambiguous,提问作用（定位P3）
   
Q4:主旨题
Q5:根据文章，改革的这个人做了什么 我选了在改革之前仔细研究该地的具体情况
Q6: 有个高亮题，confusion and ambiguity，问作者评价还是态度的
反正应该选正评价的(V 40)

考古：
1.1.5 改善交通理论
V1 by 老张1119
是说一个叫什么Modesman的人提出一个改善某地交通的理论
第一段是说他通过这个理论而走红他好像是把这个地区的所有交通灯还是什么的都remove了然后一年后大家惊讶的发现这个地区的交通变好了公交车什么的可以开的更快了（有题）
第二段是说他说在实施这个理论前必须做好多准备工作学习了N多东西（有题）（这一段后面的东西失忆了）
第三段是作者观点说他虽然改善了交通但是这同时he creates the confusion and ambigious，因为这样一来这个地区路好像就变得不像大城市里的路了变窄了还是啥的然后就变得很乡土好像==
问题具体怎么问的忘了好像回文章定位就行
V2 by cc1990 740
第一篇是说一个人M，用新的方法解决城市交通问题，就是不用严格的红绿灯之类的，装了一些乱七八糟的东西后…反而公交车等待通过的时间少了(有考题，问公交车怎么样的)，虽然交通数量上升但不堵。M用的方法是改变人们对时间的观念。最后一段是说这个人M又在另一个地方实验，让这个地方更villagelike，最后也是成功的。题目不是很记得了。。但不难。
V3 by tonality 740
M这个人去到德国一个什么城市，在原来十字路口的地方改建，traffic light好像没有完全去掉，用discreet形容的，留下了一些法规规定不能去掉的指示吧。（这里有和他在下一个城市的比较，另个城市好像把指示灯都去掉了吧，这个没有完全去掉）后来，那个人又去了德国的O这个地方。说关键在于改变什么的Time的观念。这里有题的。
V4 by lesezeichen 680
一篇是讲一个M因为他的2001project出名了，为什么呢？因为他在一个D城市做了一个治理交通的措施，把信号灯之类的都拿掉了，结果效果很好，在交通增长的情况下，这里的交通却很好，bus可以很容易通过（有考点），事故也少。到这里分别是第一段和第二段。第三段就说了他又在另外一个城市做了project，也柏油路弄成石块路之类的，总之就是相比那些明确的交通信号信息，他的改造让这个城市变得village like，有了confusion和ambuguity（有考点，问提到这两个是要干嘛）。然后M就说，要改变交通，就要改变交通的context，改变大家的concept of time（这里面的逻辑关系大家要再仔细读哈，不过不重要）。大概如此了
V5 by jsmart
traffic的，三段，M改进了traffic，使交通变好了，然后好像他自己又发现问题了……记得一题是M和另一个O观点相同之处，有一个选项是都说交通枢纽不放交通灯想起来再补充…
v6 by sunicity
寂静上的那篇关于交通的，有一个阅读参考材料，基本就是那篇。后面问了D城市实施之后怎么样了，应该是公交车通过更快了。还有一个是作者说confusion and ambigous的作用，我选的是概括了M这个人的主要思想。
V7 by 小遥遥
还有一篇阅读也很长，是讲什么一个人改变了crossover的设计，然后就不那么堵了。。。他认为是改变人的观念（有出题）啊神马的。
好像有两个城市对比吧（有出题，对比，不确定）
还有一道题是改变了之后，bus怎么了（我选的是神马神马quickly，因为文章中有说到bus怎么怎么了，在破折后之间）
V8 by cecihanjiabei 730
一个人提出改变交通状况的两种方法，一个是不利用traffic lights一类的，在中间建造一个圆的区域，有喷泉什么的；另一个是改造成country-like的，机经中写的很正确！问题是两者有什么相似，第一种方法有什么结果。
V9 by 千堂月莎 710
那个神奇的设计师改造十字路口的文，问了第三段的作用是什么，在give a summary of BLABLA 和解释one of change的意图之间犹豫了下，选了后者。
还问了两城市的案例有什么相似，选项有:A和B都关于移除，一个是交通灯一个是其他信号标志吧，C是说都以提高行车速度为目标，E是都造成了行人和司机们彼此 more consideration 的效果
V10 by lynnfordream
考的那个交通改造的问题啊。记得一个细节就是说在D的地方减少了一半的事故率，同时交通量增加了1/3,然后有道题就是问D这个地方带来什么影响的。其中一个是事故发生数目减少了，貌似还要算下1/2*4/3=2/3所以还是应该减少了。楼主选成了什么drivers产生ambiguous的感觉，后面点了next以后一回想觉得应该选那个数目减少了a !
V11 by sarahstanny
M道路交通口改造巨牛气
与JJ同，可参照。
出题点：M是要对交通口情况调查的，traffic flow /volume的数据知晓，不是乱规划。
公交车开的更快了。confusion and ambigious的目的：选指出M的总风格
V12 by jxjscxd 680
第二篇：是那篇改善交通理论的那篇，JJ里已经很详细了，3段，前人们描述得都没有问题。
我补充一些我个人的看法：
有个问题问到M这个人的改革给D这个地方带来了什么影响，其中A选项说事故减少了，E选项说制造了confusion和ambiguity，我认为绝对是选A的，因为E说的是给另外一个地方O带来的影响。
还有一个问题我在看JJ的时候就不怎么确定，结果果然不幸遇到了，问两个地方的措施有什么共同之处：
A说remove the traffic lights， B说都不装traffic signal ，CD貌似都在说以提高车速为目的，E的意思是说造成了两个地方的行人和车辆都具有了主观能动性，不仅仅是被动接受。我在B和E之间徘徊了很久，最后选了B，也不知道对不对。
V13 by sweettrainbow 750
我觉得这个JJ中有点理解上的错误
1.JJ中提到的在第一个城市中实施的一系列措施对城市有什么改善（选项有:
A. make the moving traffic quicker（貌似就是JJ中的Bus faster）
B. reduce the number or the severity（严重性是这样拼的吧）of the accidents
我在这两个中纠结了很久，最终选了B，因为其实原文中的两个破折号当中只说了buses spent less time waiting to get through(见JJ原文)，等的时间少了，但没有说move faster吧，但是确实说道accident减少了，or后面的严重性可不可以忽略啊（任然疑问中）
2.那道两个城市中的共同点：这个我觉得是JJ误导的地方，或许是我自己理解有问题。其实两个地方的措施是不一样的。第一个城市是在一个中心建立roundabout island，第二个是说把道路建的更加village like。只有一点是相同的，就是这个人设计的理念。
3.这个人的措施作用（我貌似选了让大家更cooperative，不确定）
V14 by stoneless521
一片是之前就有总结的，关于改善交通的，题目就记得一道，是两个城市的改造有什么共同之处或者目的：A貌似是都移除了交通灯 B貌似是移除了交通标志之类的C是提高车速E是让人有了能动性。和寂静上的一致
V15 20allen 700
交通改造那片问了最后一段confusion和神马的作用
还有就是问D那地儿有啥改善原文很明确有bus 通过的快了没碰见选项里有accident的所以应该不必纠结
问infer 答那人之前认真地研究了traffic flow 什么的
V16 by dreamwst 740
交通改造的那题，注意是讨论两个案例，有不同，这个会考。
2000年的：公车通行速度加快（有题）人们互打手势多了
1980年的：感觉更像村落才变慢
其他的看JJ够了。那个类似原文蛮好的。
V17 by aaintw 740
有三段，是从原文好几段中整合的。第一段说在Drachten的改进，第二段说在 Oudehaske的改进，第三段是在 Oudehaske的效果。


考题1两处改进的共同点，和寂静上的选项一致，但是我因为不记得狗主答案，自己选了E 都是人具有cooperative，因为在我看到的文章中好像D地中有people更cooperative的，（可是回来看寂静找不到了><）然后O地处出现了driver accommodating，就选了E。我确定自己看到的文章中没有“He used context to changebehavior.”这最后一句……关于是否两处都取消了红绿灯或是信号，我是觉得没有。


考题2改革带来的影响，选减少交通堵塞那个。确定。其他不记得了不过寂静真的很完善了，自己看的话这篇文章不知道要看多久。
原文  

材料：感谢freewer提供，太牛了！必须是原文！



(原文，已确认，重要！！！！——irenechl)
Freedom for traffic
An unassuming Dutch traffic engineer showed that streets without signs can be safer than roads cluttered with arrows, painted lines, and lights.

And Monderman certainly changed the landscape in the provincial city of Drachten, with the project that, in 2001, made his name. At the town center, in a crowded four-way intersection called the Laweiplein, Monderman removed not only the traffic lights but virtually every other traffic control. Instead of a space cluttered with poles, lights, “traffic islands,” and restrictive arrows,Monderman installed a radical kind of roundabout (a “squareabout,” in his words, because it really seemed more a town square than a traditional roundabout), marked only by a r aised circle of grass in the middle, several fountains, and some very discreet indicators of the direction of traffic, which were required by law.
这一段说的是M自己闭上眼睛，倒走到他设计的路中间，结果并没有像在普通道路上一样——所有的车刹车再启动，而是车辆依然有序行驶。As I watched the intricate social ballet that occurred as cars and bikes slowed to enter the circle (pedestrians were meant to cross at crosswalks placed a bit before the intersection), Monderman performed a favorite trick. He walked, backward and with eyes closed, into the Laweiplein. The traffic made its way around him. No one honked, he wasn’t struck. Instead of a binary, mechanistic process—stop, go—the movement of traffic and pedestrians in the circle felt human and organic.
实验一年后的结果：拥挤减少、事故减少A year after the change, the results of this “extreme makeover” were striking:Not only had congestion decreased in the intersection—buses spent less time waiting to get through, for example—but there were half as many accidents, even though total car traffic was up by a third.（对应题目：1问公交车怎么样的2改革给D这个地方带来了什么影响）Students from a local engineering college who studied the intersection reported that both drivers and, unusually, cyclists were using signals—of the electronic or hand variety—more often. They also found, in surveys, that residents, despite the measurable increase in safety, perceived the place to be more dangerous. This was music to Monderman’s ears. If they had not felt less secure, he said, he “would have changed it immediately.”
Monderman believed that the best way to change people’s behavior was to change the context. （出题点：改变了人的观念）This simple insight was one of the foundations of his traffic revolution,which took root a decade before he remade Drachten.：（他说在实施这个理论前必须做好多准备工作学习了N多东西（有题） In the mid-1980s,Monderman, then a regional safety inspector for Friesland, was dispatched to the small village of Oudehaske to check the speed of car traffic through the town’s center (two children had been fatally struck). Previously, Monderman, like any good Dutch traffic engineer, would have deployed, if not an actual traffic light, the tools of what is known as “traffic calming”: speed bumps, warning signs, bollards, or any number of highly visible interventions.（交代了背景：作为交通安全官员，M被发配到一个小村里去检测城镇中心的车速。按常理，控制车速的手段不外乎装红绿灯、减速带等）
但是M觉得在这个town，既没有必要也太贵。But those solutions were falling out of favor with his superiors, because they were either ineffective or too expensive. At a loss, Monderman suggested to the villagers, who as it happens had hired a consultant to help improve the town’s aesthetics, that Oudehaske simply be made to seem more “villagelike.” The interventions were subtle. （正评价，嘿嘿）Signs were removed, curbs torn out, and the asphalt replaced with red paving brick, with two gray “gutters” on either side that were slightly curved but usable by cars. As Monderman noted, the road looked only five meters wide, “but had all the possibilities of six.”
The results were striking. Without bumps or flashing warning signs, drivers slowed,（出题：M在两地措施的共同之处） so much so that Monderman’s radar gun couldn’t even register their speeds. 通过这种改进（把town改造的更villagelike,车速都自然降低了，雷达都检测不到……好夸张啊-。-）Rather than clarity and segregation, he had created confusion and ambiguity.（出题，这两个的目的：M的总目的）注意这段：因为他的方法制造了一种错觉，司机8知道哪条是他该走的路，所以开车不会很莽撞Unsure of what space belonged to them, drivers became more accommodating.（两处措施的相同点） Rather than give drivers a simple behavioral mandate—say, a speed limit sign or a speed bump—he had, through the new road design, subtly suggested the proper course of action. And he did something else.He used context to change behavior.用观念改变行为（两地措施相同点） He had made the main road look like a narrow lane in a village, not simply a traffic-way through some anonymous town.

图片：感谢“我系大P”大人





感谢fargone提供

我总结了一下，这个理论主要说的就是去掉行驶线、交通信号灯等交通规则的“提示物”，激发人们的自觉地自我约束行为，这样的交通管理效果更好。

Shared spaceis anurban designconcept aimed at integrated use of public spaces.

Shared space removes the traditional segregation of motor vehicles, pedestrians and other road users. Conventional road priority management systems and devices such askerbs, lines, signs and signals are replaced with an integrated, people-oriented understanding of public space, such that walking, cycling, shopping and driving cars become integrated activities.

History

The term 'shared space' was used by Tim Pharoah to describe informal street layouts with no traffic demarcation (see for example "Traffic Calming Guidelines" published by Devon County Council, 1991). The shared space concept has been associated strongly with the work ofHans Monderman, based on the observation that individuals' behaviour intraffic is more positively affected by the built environment of the public space than it is by conventional traffic control devices and regulations.

The goal of shared space is an improvement in road safety, encouraging negotiation of shared areas at appropriate speeds and with due consideration for the other users, using simple rules like giving way to the right. The term shared space should probably not be too closely defined, since there is wide scope for varying the design concept.

Safety, congestion, economic vitality and community severance can be effectively tackled in streets and other public spaces if they are designed and managed to allow traffic to be fully integrated with other human activity, not separated from it. A major characteristic of a street designed to this philosophy is the absence of traditional road markings, signs, traffic signals and the distinction between "road" and "pavement". User behaviour becomes influenced and controlled by natural human interactions rather than by artificial regulation.

Monderman is quoted as saying: "We're losing our capacity for socially responsible behaviour, ...The greater the number of prescriptions, the more people's sense of personal responsibility dwindles."  Another source attributes the following to Monderman: "When you don't exactly know who has right of way, you tend to seek eye contact with other road users... You automatically reduce your speed, you have contact with other people and you take greater care."
但是这个理论也有人质疑，主要两个原因：一是觉得残疾人不方便；二是很多骑车的人觉得不安全（这段太长我替大家概括一下哈）

chen833

就是这篇！ambiguous 高亮这道题我也考到了

chen833

而且考古里的就是原文。。寂静太牛逼了

chen833

IR送礼的那个我补充一下，显示给了一些背景资料1,2,3,4说怎么样的情况算是送礼的，其中有一条送礼不超过50刀就不算，然后说某A公司有个人叫M，是administrative clerk，N是负责和B公司supply的人签合同的，某公司B有个职员叫b,是负责supply的然后下列哪些算送gift，哪些算no benefit的（各选一个）
（1）b给M送了一个100刀餐厅券，然后B就拿到了合同
（2）b给N送了100刀餐厅券，然后B就拿到了合同
（3）b给M还是N（忘了）送了100刀礼券，但是没有拿到合同
（4） b给M还是N送了40刀礼券，拿没拿到合同忘记了=。=

秋晨小仔

感谢楼主哈~~么个~

hujing92

求语法狗狗呀

盐水柠檬

谢谢狗主么么哒