3月28GMAT三战

zhouwenbin

记录下今天的状态，为2月18的二战做准备。
今天的结果：
M50 88%
V28 51%
Total 650 77%
原来真的是感觉题目简单了没法拿高分。
二战目标M51 V40 T750+ （2015/2/17）
二战结果
M50
V29
Total670
状态：做题不够兴奋和专注，做数学跑神了，和睡眠不足有关。做verbal部分时，阅读题读太慢，语法也有些点不能把握，逻辑基本靠半猜测，这两周没太花时间复习有关。

目标：这个帖子要每天来写，每天来总结知识点。不加链接了，直接复制过来，方便查看。
三站目标750+ M51 V40

计划
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1.两套GWD的SC，5题一组，然后看CD和manhattan上的staff解释
2.两套GWD的CR，5题一组
3.20个长难句（GRE－GMAT）
4.三篇阅读精读，句子结构，考题考点
5.NYtimes上的business板块的文章每天读完
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时间管理
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平常保证6:30pm到1:30am的复习强度，中间可以和人讨论
周末保证9:00am到晚12：00的复习强度
1.微信朋友圈，一天看一到两次就够，不聊天和gmat无关内容
2.facebook一天看两次就够
3.知乎只用来搜答案
4.睡觉时间控制在1：30；起床在7:30.起床后一定要吃早饭！
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CD上语法知识点总结
虚拟语气
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-290664-1-1.html
Provide和If
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-26271-1-1.html
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-907073-1-1.html

比较的深入分析
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-103101-1-1.html
附带大量练习
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-36523-1-1.html

Being 的正确使用情况
http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-64041-1-1.html
There being出现就错

which用法总结
http://forum.chasedream.com/foru ... 459&highlight=which指代小结

with 用法总结以及独立主格的用法
http://forum.chasedream.com/foru ... B%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC

absolute phrase
http://www.veritasprep.com/blog/2014/09/a-closer-look-at-absolute-phrases-on-the-gmat/

which跳跃指代
先更具规则来判断which指代的是什么，再判断这个指代是否正确，这个规则包括，which后的单复数判断，which指代物非时间（when／in which）或人（who）来判断。
the gmat tends to write sentences in which "which" stands for the eligible noun that is closet to the comma. By "eligible", i mean that the noun has to agree in terms of single/plural with the following verb

From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids
这句话把with small ribs and rails of cedar这个插入语去掉来判断，所以which指代canoe。

Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886,outnumber her letters to anyone else.
根据具规则，which不可指代人，所以必须指代letters。正确

Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
根据具规则，which后用了have，所以不可能指代industry。跳跃了。

In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.
根据规则which不可以指代时间1698

Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
a technique called xxx，这里前后都是一样的东西，所以which指代哪个都对

zhouwenbin

Although shehad been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and laterin the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’sparticipation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was televisednationwide.

A.   later in the United States House ofRepresentatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings onthe impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was　she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was

B.   later in the United States House ofRepresentatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figureuntil 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment ofPresident Richard Nixon, which were

C.   later in the Untied States House ofRepresentatives, it was not until 1974 that Barbara Jordan became a nationallyrecognized figure, with her participationin the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was

D.   then also later in theUnited States House of Representatives, not until 1974 did Barbara Jordanbecome a nationally recognized figure, as she participated in the hearings onthe impeachment of President Richard Nixon, being

E.    then also later in theUnited States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become anationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearingson the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was　　　Ｂ

"which" is fine in (b).

the gmat tends to write sentences in which "which" stands for the ELIGIBLE noun that's closest to the comma.
by "eligible", i mean that the noun has to AGREE IN TERMS OF SINGULAR/PLURAL with the FOLLOWING VERB.

here's an example:

the box of nails, which is on the counter, is to be used on this project.

in this case, "which" CANNOT refer to "nails", since the verb "is" is singular. therefore, the nearest eligible noun is "box (of nails)". so, "which" unambiguously stands for that.

in our observation, the gmat has been VERY good about this.
whenever i've seen a "which" that refers to "X + preposition + Y" rather than just Y, it has ALWAYS been the case that X was singular and Y was plural (or X was plural and Y was singular), and the verb had a form that matched X and didn't match Y.

zhouwenbin

Manhattan：
RIGHT:IN COMPARISON WITH (or TO) horses, zebras are vicious.
      A zebra can be COMPARED TO a horse in many ways.
      COMPARED WITH a horse, however, a zebra is very hard to tame.
Note: The GMAT ignores the traditional distinction between COMPARED TO (emphasizing
similarities) and COMPARED WITH (emphasizing differences).
SUSPECT:AS COMPARED WITH (or TO) horses, zebras are vicious.
WRONG:WHEN COMPARED TO horses, zebras are vicious.
        Zebras are MORE vicious COMPARED TO horses

zhouwenbin

• About 70 percent of the tomatoes grown in the United States come from seeds that have been engineered in a laboratory, their DNA modified with genetic material not naturally found in tomato species.
• The defense lawyer and witnesses portrayed the accused as a victim of circumstance, his life uprooted by the media pressure to punish someone in the case.
• Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.
  

An absolute phrase is a type of modifier that modifies an independent clause as a whole.

Structure of an Absolute Phrase

Often (but not always), this is the structure of an absolute phrase:

noun + participle (could be -ing or -ed) + optional modifier or object

Usage of an Absolute Phrase

It is often useful in describing one part of the whole person/place/thing or in explaining a cause or condition etc.

For example:

There was no one in sight and Sanders, his hands still jammed in his pockets, scowled down the empty street. (The underlined absolute phrase describes just the hands of Sanders)

We devoured the yummy pastries, our fingers scraping the leftover frosting off the plates. (The underlined absolute phrase describes just our fingers)

The underlined absolute phrase in sentence 1 above describes the DNA of the seeds.

The underlined absolute phrases in sentences 2 and 3 above describe conditions.

Some Alternative Structures of Absolute Phrases

Some absolute phrases have a different structure.

• The participle being is often omitted in an absolute phrase, leaving only a noun and a modifier:
  

The boys set off for school, faces glum, to begin the winter term.

• Also, an absolute phrase may contain a pronoun instead of a noun, or an infinitive (to + a verb) instead of a participle:
  

The customers filed out, some to return home, others to gather at the piazza.
[pronoun ‘some’ + infinitive ‘to return’ ; pronoun ‘others’ + infinitive ‘to gather’]

Now let’s look at the sentence correction question which uses statement 2.

Question: The defense lawyer and witnesses portrayed the accused as a victim of circumstance, his life uprooted by the media pressure to punish someone in the case.

(A) circumstance, his life
(B) circumstance, and his life
(C) circumstance, and his life being
(D) circumstance; his life
(E) circumstance: his life being

Solution:

“his life uprooted by the media pressure to punish someone in the case.” and “his life being uprooted by the media pressure to punish someone in the case.” are not independent clauses because they have no finite verbs in them.

With the coordinating conjunction (‘and’) and semi colon, you need an independent clause.

Accuracy wise, the use of ‘being’ is still suspect. ‘Being’ is not used to describe a state; it is used to describe an ongoing action such as ‘the tree is being uprooted’.

Colon is used if you need to give a list and hence, is not suitable here. Hence, options (B), (C), (D) and (E) are wrong.

Only option (A) describes circumstances suitably using the absolute phrase: his life uprooted by the media pressure to punish someone in the case.

Answer (A)

Karishma, a Computer Engineer with a keen interest in alternative Mathematical approaches, has mentored students in the continents of Asia, Europe and North America. She teaches the GMAT for Veritas Prep and regularly participates in content development projects such as this blog!

zhouwenbin

The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.

A.        The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
B.        That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably
C.        With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation
D.        With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation
E.        Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably

Ron的解释
* "namely" must be used either before a noun or before a noun phrase / clause.
you can't use it directly before an independent clause.
because of this principle, you can't say "namely they vary...". however, "namely that they vary..." and "namely considerable variation" are both fine.
this kills (a) and (e).

* "the fact of X doing Y" is universally incorrect.
this kills (a).

* the sentence openers starting with "with" are incorrect. to work properly, they'd have to be followed by a subject that's actually "with" those things.
example: with five all-state players in its backfield, ballard high looks to shut down opposing offenses completely --> this makes sense, because ballard high actually has five all-state players in its backfield, thus justifying the use of "with". there's no corresponding sense of possession / belonging here.
this kills (c) and (d).

* the structure of choice (e) indicates that "this fact" is something other than the cited fact about fraternal twins' resemblance.
that kills (e).
* it's ALWAYS wrong to use "this" as a pronoun in formal english. so if you see "this is...", then you can just cross that choice out

* "it" is a pronoun with no antecedent in (c). (by contrast, in (d), "it" is fine because it's part of the special construction "it is a fact that...", which behaves in the same manner as constructions such as "it is surprising that...").

--

the correct answer is (b).

make sure that you understand that "that X does Y" is a noun clause, and can function as a noun; indeed, it's the subject of the sentence in the correct answer choice.

zhouwenbin

you should NEVER start a modifier with "being". in any such modifier, you should always be able to eliminate "being".
Being very reluctant to do X, Jim...
--> Very reluctant to do X, Jim...

zhouwenbin

as much.... as 得否定是 not so much... as

Ex:One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.

画斜线的部分并列

zhouwenbin

Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston.
A.        Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve
B.        Concerns about public health have led to the construction of three separate sewer systems between 1876 and 1904 to serve
C.        Concerns about public health have led between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving
D.        There were concerns about public health leading to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems serving
E.        There were concerns leading between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving A

分析
错选B，between 1876 and 1904 一定要用完成时态，但是这里的led不是在这个时间段里进行的，而且即使用完成时，也得用过去完成时，因为动作没有持续到现在。

[size=1.3em]actually, the placement of the modifiers in choice (a) is actually better, and more logical, than the placement of the modifiers in choice (b).

notice that we have two modifiers that modify "construction":
* between 1876 and 1904
* of three separate sewer systems

although there are no 100% hard and fast rules for the placement of modifiers like these, the general idea is that you should place modifiers as close as possible to the things that they describe/modify.

in this case:
"between 1876 and 1904" describes the CONSTRUCTION.
"to serve metropolitan boston" should be attached to SEWER SYSTEMS.
both of these are properly placed in choice (a): the first modifier is placed next to "construction", and the second modifier is placed close to "sewer systems".

in choice (b), neither of these modifiers is placed appropriately close to the word that it actually modifies.

zhouwenbin

下面这种句子怎么解释，同位语吗？
1.Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate.

2.The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room.

The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his“Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a newchemistry that Davy hoped to found.
                                                                           
A: a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a
B: a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of a
C: a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as well
D: critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision of   A
E: critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own envisioning of

The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their notpaying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.
                                   
A)of their not paying back their loans on time,
B)of not paying back their loans on time, a group
C)of not paying back their loans on time, with such a group
D)that they do not pay back their loans on time,
E)that they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group  B

同位语总结：

同位语结构的形式: (参考白勇语法)
1)  名词性同位语, 名词解释名词:
n. , n. ; n. , a/an + n.或 a/an + n. , n.
2)  that引导同位语结构:
抽象名词(evidence, result, principle等等) + that从句, that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释
3)  概括性同位语结构:
用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释对象;短语/句子, a program/ an advance/ a practice that...
4) 名词重复性同位语结构:
n. , n.(重复所修饰的名词) + that...或 n. , the same n.(重复所修饰的名词) that...
2. as well as前后对称,并且应当注意的是在A as well as B的用法中,强调的是A。

zhouwenbin

Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.

A. Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are
B. Reserve, now viewing the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation and are
C. Reserve who, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are
D. Reserve, who now view the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation, will be
E. Reserve, which now views the economy to be balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, is    A

分析
•view X to be Y is not idiomatic
View X as Y, here Y could be ADJ or NOUN
•remember that constructions appearing between two commas, unless they are part of a list (X, Y, and Z), are modifiers and can therefore be struck from the sentence.
in choice (c), the "who" is NOT part of the modifier (since it's outside the commas). therefore, if you strike it, you get
Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve who ... are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future
this is a sentence fragment; there is no main verb.
analogy:
my brother is a consultant --> this is a sentence.
my brother(,) who is a consultant --> this is a fragment.

(note that "Many financial experts believe that" is a completely disposable "warm-up" and can be disregarded without changing or restricting the grammar of the sentence at all.)