关于因果型结论的削弱

fanyufengtoefl

遵循lawyer和携隐两位大神的方法，在削弱因果型问题时采用以下方法：A.是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B.割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C.因果颠倒了。D.显示因果关系的资料不准确。
但B 割断因果时，有果无因算不算否前提？
例如：2.        (24227-!-item-!-188;#058&000711)

Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.

(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.

(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.

(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.

(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.

削弱方案：

别的原因导致unjustified

Cost不多、Cost多但justified

不justified所以认为cost多
调查不正确
四种削弱方法

但解此题应围绕cost进行，所以他因削弱是不是与之矛盾了？
“cost不多”算不算否认前提？

求大神指导

danielsu

binglunwanxzy 发表于 2014-10-7 17:38
大神，请收我一百“！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！我看到的最精彩的回复！！！！！！！！！！ ...

同意！               

binglunwanxzy

soulwangh 发表于 2013-12-18 00:29
The answer is C.

TOP PRINCIPLE for CR: Tie to the conclusion.

大神，请收我一百“！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！我看到的最精彩的回复！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

fanyufengtoefl

soulwangh 发表于 2013-12-18 00:29
The answer is C.

TOP PRINCIPLE for CR: Tie to the conclusion.

thank you a lot, but now I have a new question,that is"what's the irrelevant choice?how to judge a choiceis relavent or not'?

soulwangh

fanyufengtoefl 发表于 2013-12-17 22:47
自己顶一下…………求大神解决问题……

The answer is C.

TOP PRINCIPLE for CR: Tie to the conclusion.
The conclusion is the cost of the program is unjustied.
SECOND PRINCIPLE for CR: attack(weaken) or defend( strengthen ) THE LINE OF REASONING
The conclusion is based on Comparison between the Cost of tridational treatment and the new treatment program. The arguer's line of reasoning is  that if A and B have similar results, an gratuitous assumpton that C attacks, then A is unjustified because the cost of it is more then that of B.

A: Do not tie to the conclusion and the line of the reasoning, Irrelevant.
B: The same as A
C: CORRECT.
D: commits Straw Man fallacy:                                                                        

[size=12.000000pt]This error occurs when an author attempts to attack an opponent’s position byignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and insteaddistorts and refashions the argument, making it weaker in the process. Infigurative terms, a “straw” argument is built up which is then easier for theauthor to knock down.
        
This choice unjustifiably assumes the triditional treatment is overmedication. It is reasonalbe for this choice to attack overmedication and thus justify the high cost of the  new program, but it is problematic for the choice to attack the traditional treatment by recasting it into a distorted verson to prove the cost reasonable.

F: The mere fact of regular visit, without more explanitive information, does not necessarily justified the high cost. It is very possible that regular visit is just a result of overmedication, a reason which supports rather than undermines the conclusion of the argument.

fanyufengtoefl

自己顶一下…………求大神解决问题……