【OG12-(1&2)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（1）

泾渭不凡

这里加上汇总链接，里面有相应要求阐述，如果大家觉得要求过于抽象，可以先参照发起人冰冻童鞋在本楼1-4层的样板展示~
汇总链接：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668154-1-1.html
【OG12-(3&4)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（2）链接：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668951-1-1.html
OG12-1


Ecoefficiency (measures to minimize environmental
impact through the reduction or elimination of waste
from production processes) has become a goal for
companies worldwide, with many realizing significant

(5)cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge and
Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but
suggest that simply adopting ecoefficiency
innovations could actually worsen environmental
stresses in the future. Such innovations reduce

(10) production waste but do not alter the number of
products manufactured nor the waste generated
from their use and discard; indeed, most companies
invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to
increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no

(15) guarantee that increased economic growth from
ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,
since in today's global markets, greater profits may
be turned into investment capital that could easily be
reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even

(20) a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could,
were it to grow much larger, generate more total
waste and destroy more habitat and species than
would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy. Senge
and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global

(25) environment and sustain economic growth,

businesses must develop a new systemic approach
that reduces total material use and total accumulated
waste. Focusing exclusively on ecoefficiency, which
offers a compelling business case according to

(30) established thinking, may distract companies from
pursuing radically different products and business
models.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Questions 1-3 refer to the passage on page 358.



1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A)explain why a particular business strategy has
been less successful than was once anticipated

(B)propose an alternative to a particular business
strategy that has inadvertently caused
ecological damage

(0present a concern about the possible

consequences of pursuing a particular business
strategy

(D)make a case for applying a particular business
strategy on a larger scale than is currently
practiced

(E)suggest several possible outcomes of
companies' failure to understand the economic
impact of a particular business strategy

Main idea

This question requires understanding the passage
as a whole. The passage starts out defining a
goal—ecoerficiency—that has become popular
among companies throughout the world and that
would be expected to bring overall ecological
benefits. It then immediately introduces Senge
and Carstedt, who have concerns about this idea.
The rest of the passage is devoted to explaining
their concerns, though the passage does not
present a particular alternative strategy.

AThe passage never discusses whether

ecoefficiency is or is not successful but only
the possible consequences of it.

B Lines 26-28 state that Senge and Carstedt
believe that a new systematic approach must
be found, but a particular alternative
strategy is never offered.

C Correct. After defining ecoefficiency, the
rest of the passage is devoted to describing
the concerns Senge and Carstedt have about
it as a goal for companies.

D The passage reports on particular concerns
about the strategy and does not advocate
expanding its adoption.

E The passage is concerned with
environmental impact, not economic
impact.

The correct answer is C.



2.The passage mentions which of the following as a
possible consequence of companies' realization of
greater profits through ecoefficiency?

(A)The companies may be able to sell a greater
number of products by lowering prices.

(B)The companies may be better able to attract
investment capital in the global market.

(C)The profits may be reinvested to increase
economic growth through ecoefficiency.

(D)The profits may be used as investment capital
for industries that are not ecoefficient.

(E)The profits may encourage companies to make
further innovations in reducing production
waste.

Supporting ideas

This question asks for identification of an example
given in the passage of what could result from the
greater profits that may come with ecoefficiency.
Such profits are specifically mentioned only in
lines 14 and 17. The increased growth and profits
referred to in line 14 are associated with increased
waste generated indirectly by ecoefficient
companies. The growth and profits referred to in
line 17 are associated with investment of this
capital in industries that may not be ecoefficient.

A The prices of companies' products are not
mentioned in the passage.

B Greater investment in ecoefficient
companies by outside sources is not
mentioned in the passage.

C The passage mentions increased profits from
ecoefficiency but not the use of these profits
to then increase growth through further
ecoefficiency.

D Correct. Lines 14-19 state explicitly that
company profits from ecoefficiency may be
invested in eco-inefficient industries.

E The passage does not discuss whether
companies will use increased profits from
ecoefficiency to become more ecoefficient.

The correct answer is D.

3.The passage implies that which of the following is a
possible consequence of a company's adoption of
innovations that increase its ecoefficiency?

(A)Company profits resulting from such innovations
may be reinvested in that company with no
guarantee that the company will continue to
make further improvements in ecoefficiency.

(B)Company growth fostered by cost savings from
such innovations may allow that company to
manufacture a greater number of products that
will be used and discarded, thus worsening
environmental stress.

(0A company that fails to realize significant cost
savings from such innovations may have little
incentive to continue to minimize the
environmental impact of its production
processes.

(D)A company that comes to depend on such
innovations to increase its profits and growth
may be vulnerable in the global market to
competition from old-style eco-inefficient
industries.

(E)A company that meets its ecoefficiency goals is
unlikely to invest its increased profits in the
development of new and innovative ecoefficiency
measures.

The answer to this question will be an inference
about what may result from a company's increased
ecoefficiency. The passage suggests several
outcomes from such an increase: a general
worsening of the environment; a tendency for
companies to manufacture more of particular
products, which will then be thrown away by
consumers; the possibility that increased profits
will result in greater investment in industries that
are not ecoefficient; and even the possibility that
ecoefficiency might allow so much growth that
more total waste will be produced and more
overall wildlife habitat destroyed.

A Hie passage suggests generally that
ecoefficiency will increase companies'
profits, but there is no suggestion that these
companies will therefore then abandon
ecoefficiency as a goal.

B Correct. Lines 6-12 strongly suggest that it
is possible that the increased growth that
may come from ecoefficiency may result in
more products being manufactured, which
may result in more waste as those products
are discarded by consumers.

C The passage does not suggest that
ecoefficiency may fail to increase a
company's profits.

D The passage suggests that ecoefficiency has
allowed many companies to increase profits,
but it does not suggest that eco-inefficient
companies are more profitable or
competitive in the global marketplace.

E As with option (A), there is no suggestion
that companies are likely to abandon
ecoefficient strategies once they have
realized increased profits from such
strategies.

The correct answer is B.

bazinga0116

超级厉害！！！

bazinga0116

好感谢LZ啊！！！！！！

sunny20111126

挺好的，一直在看

泾渭不凡

Q4：
Main idea
文章论调：一个现象，通过排除种种假设，得到结论
OG中的主旨题一般都给出了逻辑线，所以可以查看自己的思路是否正确。
A：well-known是一个攻击点，这里是个未解决的现象。
B：这里的自然现象是个fact,not a debt. 并且也没有alternativemethods
C：同样，并非一个controversialtheory
D：是通过不同方面来解释，并没有question
E: 文章陈述一个事实的种种可能，正确
（这里的其他四项均为与文章无关的选项，所以比较好判断）
Q5：supportingidea（细节题）
定位：Theyruled out local bias because breakage data
obtained from otherPleistocene sites were similar
to the La Breadata.
（这里可以看出，凡是文章中出现了1,2,3这种分类的情况，应该大致要了解每个点讲了什么，随后可以方便定位）
A：没提及
B：从定位可以看出，这也是排除localbias的主要依据
C：没提及
D：在最后第二句的时候给出了这个结论，但是这个是对于整个大整体的结论，并没有细分下去
E：虽然有在最后陈述说是有这个现象，但是并没有提及各个地区之间的比较
Q6：supportingidea (细节题)
这个细节出在了文章的结尾，类似于考结论
定位：.The explanation they consider
(20) most plausible is behavioral differences between
extinct and present-day carnivores—in particular,
more contact between the teeth of predators and
the bones of prey due to more thorough
consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.
A：文章前面已经排出了demographic的因素
B：文章已经排除了preservation的问题
C：取出之后的保管没有提到
D：根据定位的题目改写得到
E：这里是个干扰项，虽然都是牙齿碰到骨头，但是并不是在与其他的动物撕咬中断掉的。最后一句话有给出相关信息，但是不是导致牙齿断掉的直接因素。
（前两个是相反选项，就是说将问题推向了另外一边。第三个是无关选项，最后一个是相似选项，混淆作用。）
Q 7：logicalstructure（应用，类似一道weaken的逻辑题）
定位：demographic biasbecause older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples.
老的个体并没有在化石中明显偏多，意思是说各个化石的行程时间不是主要的因素。要weaken就说明时间是有差异的,或者说发现的时候是有时间差异的现象，但是被覆盖了
A：这个选项没有理解
Quote emmaweng的解释：
首先文中说排除是统计原因是因为样本中的老动物不多。
那么反推，如果老动物多了，即第一段开头给的化石动物的牙齿损坏程度比现在动物大也可能是因为在化石动物的样本中年龄老的数量多。
由此得出老动物多意味着牙齿损坏程度大，即OG的解释。

OG的imply即是A选项，所以不是不是削弱是支持。
（还是不是很理解，希望大牛可以解释一下）
B：现代和古代的比较和本文没有关系
C：年轻和老的个体比较也与本文无关
D：把老的误认为新的，而之前排除的原因是因为老的数量没有更多，现在更多了，说明是因为这个因素的影响，直接weaken
E：同样，古代和现代比较无关系

8 logical structure（对于信息的反推）
定位： Theyrejected preservational
bias because a total absence of breakage in two
extinct species demonstrated that thefractures
were not the result of abrasion within the pits.
反而言之，如果没发现，那么就说是有在保存上的问题，导致有碎片产生
A：是由于对于在LB的化石的损害造成的碎片，bingo
B：这个是来自于其他的bias了，错误
C：如果damage是一个因素的话，那么虽然也可能由于对于尸体的consumption是一个因素，但是不能直接由没有发现的那个事实推导出来
D：无关信息，现代和古代的对比无关文章内容
E：这个是最后的behavioral的区别，相关但不是所述内容。

-- by 会员 h14zpsn (2012/2/24 6:30:38)

泾渭不凡

OG 12-1Q1: main idea
通过逻辑链来解题，在OG的解释当中有直接给出了文章的逻辑结构
The passage starts out defining a
goal—ecoerficiency—thathas become popular
among companiesthroughout the world and that
would be expectedto bring overall ecological
benefits. It thenimmediately introduces Senge
and Carstedt, whohave concerns about this idea.
The rest of thepassage is devoted to explaining
their concerns,though the passage does not
present aparticular alternative strategy.

A：这里没有解释为什么说比原来预期的差，而是推测推行这个措施可能会带来的后果
B：虽然在文章的最后提出了希望找寻一个观点，但是在文章当中并没有着重讲
（这里就是一个避重就轻的干扰选项，由于内容文章出现过，所以相当于一个文章的子集，并且作者并没有重点讨论。是相似选项）
C：在开始的时候，Peter Senge andGoran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simplyadopting ecoefficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental
stresses in thefuture.表明了文章的态度，并且文章下面的内容都是对于这个concern的解释
D：文章仅仅focus on了这个经济模式的缺点，并没有说想要扩展开去
（这里属于用文章没有说到的信息来进行论述。这类的强加作者意图的答案一般都是错的。是无关选项）
E：这里讲environment impact 偷换成概念economicimpact
（这里也是属于无关选项，因为对于Economicimpact 作者并没有提及，只是这种economicmodel所对于environment造成的impact而已）
2: 细节题（属于对于例子中的信息的应用）
Supporting ideas
定位：
indeed, most companies
invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to
increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no

(15) guarantee that increased economic growth from
ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,
since in today's global markets, greater profits may
be turned into investment capital that could easily be
reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries.
A：没提到，文章外信息，无关选项，排除
B：只是说从内部投资，并没有吸引外来投资，无关选项，排除
C：投资可以通过EFF提升效益，文章只是提到的EFF提高效益，并没有提到再投资的事情，无关选项，排除
D：greater profits may be turnedinto investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-styleeco-inefficient industries. 原文原句重新改写，正确
E：文章没有提到进一步未来的投资计划，所以这个是无关选项，排除
（并且从文章的立场来看，作者是想否定这种重投资的好处，而其他的几项却是增强，所以是错误的）
3：推断题
Inference（通过文章的信息来进行应用）
首先可以确定，文章说的是，接受这种innovation，虽然可以增加收益，但是增加的产品对环境有影响（所以一定要用文章里的信息）
A：文章没有提到说公司以后的发展会怎么样，错误
B：相当于是对于文章内容的一个简述。由于增加了收益，所以会进行再投资，生产的会更多，环境更严重（逻辑链完整，而且所有的信息都是可以从文章里面来的）
C：文章只是提到了接受的公司，并没提到没接受的公司。既然是inference，就应该抓住只有文章里面给的信息
D：没有提到说新旧企业之间的竞争优势问题，所以错误
E：没有说未来的企业会减少投资（错误）
（inference的题目一定要抓住文章的中心，并且也就仅仅用文章给的信息来解题，不要有任何的其他的联想。）

-- by 会员 h14zpsn (2012/2/24 6:30:23)

泾渭不凡

好的，我明白了~
谢谢饭饭姐哈~

-- by 会员 bob9603 (2012/2/26 14:29:31)

不客气哇~~~~~~~

bob9603

好的，我明白了~
谢谢饭饭姐哈~

泾渭不凡

是这样的饭饭姐~

我也是排除法做的这道题，但总想希望能够不通过排除法找到这个选项~
因为我没怎么觉得explanation和implication有什么联系，我觉得这两个单词是截然不同的意思啊饭饭姐~（ps：小菜爱钻牛角尖==，自己有时候也接受不了）

对了，我会加入饭饭姐这个组织哒~希望能向各位学到更多哈~

-- by 会员 bob9603 (2012/2/25 22:37:23)

嗯~~不是截然不同哇~~饭饭那个给你的解释中有啊~~implication查牛津高阶有“解释”的这一层含义~~同义词转换~~不是截然不同~~是相同的意思~~~
理解理解~~~饭饭也是常常牛角了~~O(∩_∩)O哈哈~~~欢迎提问啊~~虽然饭饭RC也不好~~互相讨论共同提高么~~

泾渭不凡

继续支持哇~~！！！期待客人越来越多哇~~~~

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/2/25 9:39:49)

谢谢suri亲~~~我们一起努力攻克RC~~~~欧拉拉~~~