【OG12-(3&4)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（2）

泾渭不凡

这里加上汇总链接，里面有相应要求阐述，如果大家觉得要求过于抽象
可以先参照发起人冰冻童鞋在本楼1-4层的样板展示~
汇总链接：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668154-1-1.html

【OG12-(1&2)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（1）链接：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668155-1-1.html

【OG12-(5&6)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（3）
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-670169-1-1.html

注：（1&2）25号进行问题总结。。。需要滴直接链接肥去啊~~
OG12-3




         Archaeology as a profession faces two major
problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor.
Only paltry sums are available for excavating and
even less is available for publishing the results

(5)and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet

archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day.
Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation,
resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the
highest bidder.

(10)      I would like to make an outrageous

suggestion that would at one stroke provide
funds for archaeology and reduce the amount
of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific
archaeological expeditions and governmental

(15) authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open
market. Such sales would provide substantial
funds for the excavation and preservation of
archaeological sites and the publication of results.
At the same time, they would break the illegal

(20) excavator's grip on the market, thereby decreasing
the inducement to engage in illegal activities.

               You might object that professionals excavate to
acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient
artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage,

(25) which should be available for all to appreciate, not
sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that
has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But,
you might reply, everything that comes out of the
ground has scientific value. Here we part company.

(30) Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming
that every artifact has potential scientific value.
Practically, you are wrong.

            I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and
ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of

(35) one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus,
archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually
indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard.
Even precious royal seal impressions known as
I'melekh handles have been found in abundance

(40) —more than 4,000 examples so far.

         The basements of museums are simply not
large enough to store the artifacts that are likely
to be discovered in the future. There is not enough
money even to catalog the finds; as a result, they

(45) cannot be found again and become as inaccessible
as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with
the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more
accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging
museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be

(50) photographed and the list of the purchasers could
be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could
even be required to agree to return the piece if it
should become needed for scientific purposes.
It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal

(55) digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the
open market. But the demand for the clandestine
product would be substantially reduced. Who would
want an unmarked pot when another was available
whose provenance was known, and that was dated

(60) stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist
who excavated it?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
说明由于饭饭考虑不周，空间不是很充足，此次只能贴题目，题目解释请看童鞋们自己手中的OG吧~下次开始贴继续贴上解释~
9.The primary purpose of the passage is to propose
(A)an alternative to museum display of artifacts
(B)a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the
archaeological profession
(C)a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value
from those that have no such value
(D)the governmental regulation of archaeological
sites
(E)a new system for cataloging duplicate artifacts

10.The author implies that all of the following statements
about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT
(A)a market for such artifacts already exists
(B)such artifacts seldom have scientific value
(C)there is likely to be a continuing supply of such
artifacts
(D)museums are well supplied with examples of
such artifacts
(E)such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those
already cataloged in museum collections

11.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as
a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum
basements?
(A)Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to
such artifacts.
(B)Space that could be better used for display is
taken up for storage.
(C)Artifacts discovered in one excavation often
become separated from each other.
(D)Such artifacts are often damaged by variations
in temperature and humidity.
(E)Such artifacts often remain uncataloged and
thus cannot be located once they are put in
storage.

大家理解一下~word粘贴到这里真的有些操作不来~

泾渭不凡

OG12-4


LineTraditionally, the first firm to commercialize a
new technology has benefited from the unique
opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing
followers to adapt to a standard or invest in

(5)an unproven alternative. Today, however, the
largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in
developing integrated approaches for successful
mass production and distribution.
Producers of the Beta format for videocassette

(10) recorders (VCRs), for example, were first to develop
the VCR commercially in 1975, but producers of the
rival VHS (Video Home System) format proved to be
more successful at forming strategic alliances with
other producers and distributors to manufacture

(15) and market their VCR format. Seeking to maintain
exclusive control over VCR distribution, Beta
producers were reluctant to form such alliances and
eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for
the global VCR market.

(20)Despite Beta's substantial technological head
start and the fact that VHS was neither technically
better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS
quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a
dominant position. Strategic alignments with

(25) producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS
advantage. The perception among consumers that
prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS
format further expanded VHS's share of the market.
By the end of the 1980s, Beta was no longer in

(30) production.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
12.The passage is primarily concerned with which of
the following?
(A)Evaluating two competing technologies
(B)Tracing the impact of a new technology by
narrating a sequence of events
(C)Reinterpreting an event from contemporary
business history
(D)Illustrating a business strategy by means of a
case history
(E)Proposing an innovative approach to business
planning

13.According to the passage, today's successful firms,
unlike successful firms in the past, may earn the
greatest profits by
(A)investing in research to produce cheaper
versions of existing technology
(B)being the first to market a competing technology
(C)adapting rapidly to a technological standard
previously set by a competing firm
(D)establishing technological leadership in order to
shape product definitions in advance of
competing firms
(E)emphasizing the development of methods for
the mass production and distribution of a new
technology

14.According to the passage, consumers began to
develop a preference for VCRs in the VHS format
because they believed which of the following?
(A)VCRs in the VHS format were technically better
than competing format VCRs.
(B)VCRs in the VHS format were less expensive
than competing format VCRs.
(0VHS was the first standard format for VCRs.
(D)VHS prerecorded videotapes were more
available than those in Beta format.
(E)VCRs in the Beta format would soon cease to
be produced.


15.The author implies that one way that VHS producers
A carefully restricting access to VCR technology
B. giving up a slight early lead in VCR sales in orderto improve long-term prospects
C. retaining a strict monopoly on the production of prerecorded videotapes
D.sharing control of the marketing of VHS format VCRs
E   sacrificing technological superiority over Beta format VCRs in order to remain competitive in price

16. The alignment of producers of VHS format VCRs with
producers of prerecorded videotapes is most similar
to which of the following?
(A)The alignment of an automobile manufacturer
with another automobile manufacturer to adopt
a standard design for automobile engines
(B)The alignment of an automobile manufacturer
with an automotive glass company whereby the
manufacturer agrees to purchase automobile
windshields only from that one glass company
(0The alignment of an automobile manufacturer
with a petroleum company to ensure the
widespread availability of the fuel required by a
new type of engine developed by the
manufacturer
(D)The alignment of an automobile manufacturer
with its dealers to adopt a plan to improve
automobile design
(E)     The alignment of an automobile dealer with an
automobile rental chain to adopt a strategy for
an advertising campaign to promote a new type
of automobile

17.Which of the following best describes the relation of
the first paragraph to the passage as a whole?
A. It makes a general observation to be exemplified.
B.  It outlines a process to be analyzed.
C. It poses a question to be answered.
D. It advances an argument to be disputed.
E. It introduces conflicting arguments to be reconciled.

justabeginning

本来想坐一个沙发的，却发现已经有人坐了...

泾渭不凡

本来想坐一个沙发的，却发现已经有人坐了...

-- by 会员 justabeginning (2012/2/25 3:24:53)

2楼就素沙发啦~~哈哈~~一楼也素贴题的哇~~撒花欢迎路飞啊~~欧啦啦啦啦~~饭饭好开心哪~~

h14zpsn

OG-3
回忆：
这是一篇讲述解决考古难题的文章
1：考古学现在面临两个困难，一是资金缺少；二是盗墓猖獗
2：作者提出一个建议，既可以解决资金问题，又可以解决盗墓问题
3：作者建议把挖出来的东西卖掉
4：很多人有异议，说不应该把古物标价卖出，因为他们都是知识的，属于整个社会。作者表示同意
5：很多人又说这些古物每件都有自己的研究价值，作者保留了自己的一件
6：作者举了两个例子，说是有一大批的罐子被挖出来，他们都是一样的
7：并且许多图书馆的地下室已经塞满了，他们可能就这么被尘封了，无法和世人见面。
8：现在电脑技术那么发达，人们可以把文物的信息录入到电脑里面去，然后让购买者进行购买。并且同时让他们答应如果一有研究用途，那么会归还文物。
9:作者最后总结说，虽然这样不能杜绝非法开采，但是可以减少需求，因为如果市面上有了专家认定的文物，谁还会去买那些没有被鉴定过的呢？
（没有回视，ohyeah,突然觉得有一点的阅读技巧很好用，就是说在你阅读的时候使用图像记忆法。一个是你在脑子里描绘出文章所讲述的内容的图像。一个是你要记住你现在这个段落长的样子---有没数字啊，长短大小啊等等，方便你回去找）
结构分析：
文章中心：提出一个newproposal来解决当下的考古界的难题。
开头：交代背景---there are two major problems in the archaeology fields.
(1)   资金缺少
(2)   盗墓猖獗
作者提出方法：scientificarchaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavatedartifacts on the open market.
(这里明确作者的意图，是要解决前文提出的问题)
然后正面论证：statewhy it is correct and practicable
然后进行反面论证：explainthe potential flawed and unethical parts in this proposal.
               反驳（1）认为开采是为了知识，并且应该珍惜。
               作者态度：同意，应该卖那些没有研究价值的东西
               反驳（2）每件东西都有价值
               作者态度：不同意，因为有些是大量相同的，价值无法体现（例子1，2）
               作者提出另外一个观点，可以使得古物与大众见面，而不是藏在地下。
最后作者总结，说明虽然不能完全断绝，但是可以有效抑制。并给出了原因
可能的问题：
文章的主要意图（anew proposal to a problem）
那件事实是真的的话会weaken掉作者的反驳
文章中举了罐子的例子是为了作什么

h14zpsn

OG-4
回忆：
这篇是讲alignment的重要性
1：一般一开始的领头企业总是有优势的，因为他们可以给后来者制定规范。但是在现在的社会，那些能够大规模生产和输送的企业才是能够赚大钱的
2：Beta是第一个生产VCR模式的企业，但是后来被VSH超越过去了
3：VSH和其他的厂家合作来输送他的产品。事实上VSH并没有在质量和价格上优于Beta.
4:但是Beta总是希望垄断输送管道。并且后来逐渐丧失了国际的市场
5：VSH将小的优势逐渐放大成为一个统治性的优势。
5.1alignment给VSH更大的市场，市面上更多的卡带可以适合VSH的格式
6：到了1980年，Beta退出了市场
结构分析：
本文主题：阐述一个现象（当今社会alignment使得企业可以更加成功）
开头：给出观点 ：Althoughthe first firm can  standardize the wholeindustry, the final winner must be a firm that can get the successful massproduction and distribution.
第二，三段：给出例子
VSH和Beta的竞争
VSH：1:alignment， sharethe distribution market with other firms
2: follower and just a slightlead in sales at the very beginning, but get a dominant role finally
3: more customers can use VSHformat in the market
Beta:  1: the founderof VCR industry and powerful at the very beginning
           2: controlthe distribution market exclusively.
           3: At theend of 1980, no longer in production
可能的问题：
文章主旨题
Beta是因为什么丧失了市场
为什么作者要提到customerscan be more available in VHS format.

h14zpsn

Q9: 主旨题
文章主旨是提出一个proposal来解决资金短缺
A:虽然提到了说可以解决博物馆的储藏问题，但是这个是间接的原因不是直接的原因。属于intermediate的conclusion。
B：符合文章的主旨，照顾到了两个方面的内容
C：这个是文章论证的立足点，作为support用而不是method
D：是个人的建议不是政府的regulation
E：新系统不是关键问题，不是文章讨论的重心
Q 10：细节题：重点看statementsabout duplicate artifacts
A:在文章的最后，作者提到了这个市场的存在
B：在文章的第三段，说每个物品其实都有研究价值，但是由于过多，所以研究价值被降低
C：由于很多被挖了出来，duplicate的物品还是很多的，并且大部分源于museum
D：museumgets a lot of supply from the exhumed art factors. (para #4)
E:  这里的quality是错的，应该是quantity
Q11：supportingidea 也是一个细节题，重点落在storingartifacts in museum basements
A: 没有提到说official不让， 而是有些客观因素让这些东西闲置
B：并没有讲到说要有一个好的储存空间的利用
C：没有提到说separationafter excavation
D: 没有提到过
E：在文章的第5段，thereis not enough money even to catalog the finds; as a result, they cannot befound again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered.

h14zpsn

Q12：main idea（主旨题）

文章所表达的是说allegiant的重要性。
A 没有evaluating， 并且有没有说是两个competing technology
B 文章并没有说想要表达一个新科技的impact
C： 这里OG的答案提到了一个词的概念
Reinterpretan event implies that the author disagrees with an original interpretation.
由于前文没有提到，所以是错的
D：文章给出了个business strategy-successful in mass productionand distribution.然后用VSH和Beta的例子来进行阐述。
E：文章没有提到一个proposal, 他只是从historical 的case中寻找并且observe。
Q13：supporting idea
文章中的一句话：
That lead indeveloping integrated approaches for successful mass production anddistribution.
A: 没有提到
B：那个是以前，但是不是现在
C：没有提到说这种adaption可行
D：这个也是以前可行，但是现在不可行了
E：为原文原句的改写
Q14：supporting idea
由于有according to所以这里对于文章进行定位。
原文句子：the perception among consumers that prerecordedtapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHS’s share of themarket.
A:并没有说质量上好，而且有明确的指出VSH跟Beta在质量和价格上都没有差
B：没有说价格便宜
C：BETA才是最先的
D：对的，为原文原句改写
E：这个是结果，不是原因。
Q15：inference（需要我们考虑VSH是靠什么取胜的，那么就是文章的主旨，share the distribution.）
A:这个是Beta的手段，最后也导致了Beta的失败
B：VSH没有give up反而到后来变成了dominant power role
C:这个是beta的，VSH would like to share the information withother people
D: share thecontrol and distribution channel is the vital part of VSH strategy
E: 没有提到sacrifice，并且 VSH也没有在technology上优先于Beta
Q16: (application)
这题应用文章中的内容来进行阐述
VSH的format是share the control of VCRs and alignment is alsovery important in the business world.
Model: The VHSmachines and the tapes are mutually dependent products; a continual andwidespread supply of tapes is necessary for a consumer’s equipment.
总之是由各个类似相关的企业联合在一起来做这个事情，而且扩大了供应面
A：两个相似的企业，不符合提议，错误
B：only from one glass company, 这个是exclusive alignment。所以不对
C：汽车和石油供应商合作，从而可以使自己的产品受用面更加广，是对的
D：这个只是增加了销售途径而已，所以不正确。
E：analogous is the main idea at here.
Q17 (Logicalstructure)
文章结构，首先判断第一段为文章的总起段， 介绍了主要概念，所以这个文章是理念+例子的结构
A： 给出了一个simple observation，然后用例子来explain it.
B:没有给出process，后面也没有analysis
C：并没有给出一个question
D：后面的例子是来support and explain the former example
E: reconcile错误，这里没有给出说两个argument

泾渭不凡

OG12-3

一、回忆
      考古业面临两个问题：1、资金短缺；2、非法挖掘。
      作者提出对以上两个问题的解决方法：商业运作出售合法考古文物。
      预期反对：文物应作为科研应用，不应出售，反对市场运作。
      作者对预期反对进行驳斥：1、让步（弱同意）：文物是世界共同文化遗产，同意不出售独一无二文物。
                                                2、阐述作者观点：并非所有文物都具有科研价值。
     举例：很多相同无差异出土小陶罐。
     考古业可利用资源有限：地下室空间有限，难以全部储存；资金有限，难以很好的分类，以至于一些文物进入地下室之后再也找不到了。
     商业运作好处：可以有资源进行分类记录，并可以附加条件——可随时召回；一定程度上杜绝非法挖掘。

二、文章类型及结构
    （一）文章类型：问题解决型
              判断标志：文章起始出现问题。
              标志词语：suggestion~
    （二）文章结构：
              问题提出：资金和非法挖掘。
              解决方法提出。
              方法合理性论述：先预期反对，体现逻辑思维缜密，然后驳斥预期反对，进一步阐述理由，结合实例，并描述考古业现有状况。
              预期方法实施后的可能结果。

三、prephase-可能问题点。
      主旨题：掌握态度。
      细节题：列举考古业面临问题；或是问笔者提出方法有哪些实际效用。
      取非题：将文中某个小结论的前提取非，在问结论是否合理。
      预期反对可能作为出题点，可能问目的。
      可能根据本文论述特点问相似论述方法的句子。列出五个句子，问那个是相同论证方法。

泾渭不凡

OG12-4

一、回忆
      传统意义上，新科技产品开发者对产品定义会使该企业受益，迫使追随者适应该标准，或是迫使市场后进入者另辟蹊径。
      但是，现在，应用纵向整合的企业更受益。（注意概念：不同于纵向一体化战略）
      实例阐述：“产品开发者：VCRs的生产者”和“战略纵向整合者：VHS生产者（市场后进入者）”。
     细节记不太清楚了，注意数字、时间等定位。
     主要是将B公司的技术领先性优势慢慢被VHS的战略创新应用所取代，讲述联盟，阐述利益分享，市场分销等权利下放。。。大概这个意思，关键是理解该商业模式，术语不太好对应的说。
      模式理解：产品及附加产品分销权力下放，由附加产品销售者分销渠道占领，从而使得本产品在消费者心中造成“质量优质假象”。

二、文章类型及结构
      （一）文章类型：新老观点对比型（此处是新老商业模式对比）or 现象解释：对商务现象解释总结企业战略创新侧重方向。
                 判断词：traditionally; today。（时间前后对比）
       （二）文章结构：
                先阐述原始战略：技术领先。
                再阐述新型联盟战略怎样战胜旧战略，利用实例阐述，并对新战略生动讲述。
               （结构很清晰，就这些吧）

三、prephase-出题点
      战略类比应用题：问相同战略应用的选项。（属于标杆管理应用吧）
      对比题：两个企业不同战略应用的区别。
      取非题~：战略失败或成功的必要条件改变。
      细节题。