【OG12-(1&2)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（1）

泾渭不凡

这里加上汇总链接，里面有相应要求阐述，如果大家觉得要求过于抽象，可以先参照发起人冰冻童鞋在本楼1-4层的样板展示~
汇总链接：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668154-1-1.html
【OG12-(3&4)】GMAT-RC专项资料精炼提升（2）链接：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-668951-1-1.html
OG12-1


Ecoefficiency (measures to minimize environmental
impact through the reduction or elimination of waste
from production processes) has become a goal for
companies worldwide, with many realizing significant

(5)cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge and
Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but
suggest that simply adopting ecoefficiency
innovations could actually worsen environmental
stresses in the future. Such innovations reduce

(10) production waste but do not alter the number of
products manufactured nor the waste generated
from their use and discard; indeed, most companies
invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to
increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no

(15) guarantee that increased economic growth from
ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,
since in today's global markets, greater profits may
be turned into investment capital that could easily be
reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even

(20) a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could,
were it to grow much larger, generate more total
waste and destroy more habitat and species than
would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy. Senge
and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global

(25) environment and sustain economic growth,

businesses must develop a new systemic approach
that reduces total material use and total accumulated
waste. Focusing exclusively on ecoefficiency, which
offers a compelling business case according to

(30) established thinking, may distract companies from
pursuing radically different products and business
models.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Questions 1-3 refer to the passage on page 358.



1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A)explain why a particular business strategy has
been less successful than was once anticipated

(B)propose an alternative to a particular business
strategy that has inadvertently caused
ecological damage

(0present a concern about the possible

consequences of pursuing a particular business
strategy

(D)make a case for applying a particular business
strategy on a larger scale than is currently
practiced

(E)suggest several possible outcomes of
companies' failure to understand the economic
impact of a particular business strategy

Main idea

This question requires understanding the passage
as a whole. The passage starts out defining a
goal—ecoerficiency—that has become popular
among companies throughout the world and that
would be expected to bring overall ecological
benefits. It then immediately introduces Senge
and Carstedt, who have concerns about this idea.
The rest of the passage is devoted to explaining
their concerns, though the passage does not
present a particular alternative strategy.

AThe passage never discusses whether

ecoefficiency is or is not successful but only
the possible consequences of it.

B Lines 26-28 state that Senge and Carstedt
believe that a new systematic approach must
be found, but a particular alternative
strategy is never offered.

C Correct. After defining ecoefficiency, the
rest of the passage is devoted to describing
the concerns Senge and Carstedt have about
it as a goal for companies.

D The passage reports on particular concerns
about the strategy and does not advocate
expanding its adoption.

E The passage is concerned with
environmental impact, not economic
impact.

The correct answer is C.



2.The passage mentions which of the following as a
possible consequence of companies' realization of
greater profits through ecoefficiency?

(A)The companies may be able to sell a greater
number of products by lowering prices.

(B)The companies may be better able to attract
investment capital in the global market.

(C)The profits may be reinvested to increase
economic growth through ecoefficiency.

(D)The profits may be used as investment capital
for industries that are not ecoefficient.

(E)The profits may encourage companies to make
further innovations in reducing production
waste.

Supporting ideas

This question asks for identification of an example
given in the passage of what could result from the
greater profits that may come with ecoefficiency.
Such profits are specifically mentioned only in
lines 14 and 17. The increased growth and profits
referred to in line 14 are associated with increased
waste generated indirectly by ecoefficient
companies. The growth and profits referred to in
line 17 are associated with investment of this
capital in industries that may not be ecoefficient.

A The prices of companies' products are not
mentioned in the passage.

B Greater investment in ecoefficient
companies by outside sources is not
mentioned in the passage.

C The passage mentions increased profits from
ecoefficiency but not the use of these profits
to then increase growth through further
ecoefficiency.

D Correct. Lines 14-19 state explicitly that
company profits from ecoefficiency may be
invested in eco-inefficient industries.

E The passage does not discuss whether
companies will use increased profits from
ecoefficiency to become more ecoefficient.

The correct answer is D.

3.The passage implies that which of the following is a
possible consequence of a company's adoption of
innovations that increase its ecoefficiency?

(A)Company profits resulting from such innovations
may be reinvested in that company with no
guarantee that the company will continue to
make further improvements in ecoefficiency.

(B)Company growth fostered by cost savings from
such innovations may allow that company to
manufacture a greater number of products that
will be used and discarded, thus worsening
environmental stress.

(0A company that fails to realize significant cost
savings from such innovations may have little
incentive to continue to minimize the
environmental impact of its production
processes.

(D)A company that comes to depend on such
innovations to increase its profits and growth
may be vulnerable in the global market to
competition from old-style eco-inefficient
industries.

(E)A company that meets its ecoefficiency goals is
unlikely to invest its increased profits in the
development of new and innovative ecoefficiency
measures.

The answer to this question will be an inference
about what may result from a company's increased
ecoefficiency. The passage suggests several
outcomes from such an increase: a general
worsening of the environment; a tendency for
companies to manufacture more of particular
products, which will then be thrown away by
consumers; the possibility that increased profits
will result in greater investment in industries that
are not ecoefficient; and even the possibility that
ecoefficiency might allow so much growth that
more total waste will be produced and more
overall wildlife habitat destroyed.

A Hie passage suggests generally that
ecoefficiency will increase companies'
profits, but there is no suggestion that these
companies will therefore then abandon
ecoefficiency as a goal.

B Correct. Lines 6-12 strongly suggest that it
is possible that the increased growth that
may come from ecoefficiency may result in
more products being manufactured, which
may result in more waste as those products
are discarded by consumers.

C The passage does not suggest that
ecoefficiency may fail to increase a
company's profits.

D The passage suggests that ecoefficiency has
allowed many companies to increase profits,
but it does not suggest that eco-inefficient
companies are more profitable or
competitive in the global marketplace.

E As with option (A), there is no suggestion
that companies are likely to abandon
ecoefficient strategies once they have
realized increased profits from such
strategies.

The correct answer is B.

泾渭不凡

OG12-2


LineA recent study has provided clues to

predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene
era. Researchers compared the number of tooth
fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth

(5)fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000
years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho
La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage
frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly
higher than those in the present-day species.

(10)In considering possible explanations for this

finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias
because older individuals were not overrepresented
in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational
bias because a total absence of breakage in two

(15) extinct species demonstrated that the fractures
were not the result of abrasion within the pits.
They ruled out local bias because breakage data
obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar
to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider

(20) most plausible is behavioral differences between
extinct and present-day carnivores—in particular,
more contact between the teeth of predators and
the bones of prey due to more thorough
consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.

(25) Such thorough carcass consumption implies to
the researchers either that prey availability was
low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense
competition over kills and a high rate of carcass
theft due to relatively high predator densities.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.The primary purpose of the passage is to



(A)present several explanations for a well-known
fact

(B)suggest alternative methods for resolving a
debate

(0argue in favor of a controversial theory

(D)question the methodology used in a study

(E)discuss the implications of a research finding

Main idea

This question depends on understanding the
passage as a whole. The first paragraph reports the
findings of a recent study. The second paragraph
examines possible explanations for the findings,
ruling out all but one of them. It then suggests
some inferences that researchers have drawn
based on the findings and the explanation.

ASeveral explanations are entertained, but
only to be dismissed; the number of tooth
fractures is not presented as a well-known
fact.

BThe passage does not mention alternative

methods or a debate.
CThe likely explanation for the tooth fractures

is not shown to be controversial.
DThe passage does not question the

methodology of the study.
ECorrect. The passage explores possible

explanations for a recent research finding

and some tentative inferences that it might

support.

The correct answer is E.

5.According to the passage, compared with Pleistocene
carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in
the La Brea area

(A)included the same species, in approximately the
same proportions

(B)had a similar frequency of tooth fractures
(0populated the La Brea area more densely

(D)consumed their prey more thoroughly
found it harder to obtain sufficient prey

Supporting ideas

Skim the passage to find a comparison of La Brea
area carnivores with those from other areas. In
lines 17-19, the numbers of tooth fractures, or
breakage data, of Pleistocene carnivores at the
La Brea site are compared with those at other
sites. The carnivores at the La Brea site had about
the same frequency of tooth fractures as the
carnivores at other sites.

AParticular species are not compared in the
passage.

BCorrect. Tooth-fracture evidence at the
La Brea site and other sites is similar.

CPopulation density at different sites is not
compared.

DThorough consumption is the most likely
explanation of tooth fractures, but there is
no evidence of any difference between La
Brea and other Pleistocene sites.

EDifficulty of finding prey is implicated in

the final sentence, but the La Brea site is not
distinguished from other Pleistocene sites.

The correct answer is B.



6.According to the passage, the researchers believe that
the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores
found at La Brea was caused primarily by

(A)the aging process in individual carnivores

(B)contact between the fossils in the pits

(C)poor preservation of the fossils after they were
removed from the pits

(D)the impact of carnivores' teeth against the
bones of their prey

(E)the impact of carnivores' teeth against the
bones of other carnivores during fights over kills

Supporting ideas

As indicated by the phrase according to the passage,
this question asks about ideas mentioned or
expressed in the passage. After dismissing three
possible causes of the tooth fractures, the author
turns to the explanation researchers find most
plausible: more contact between the teeth of predators
and the bones of prey due to more thorough
consumption of carcasses (lines 20-24).



A Lines 11-12 dismiss aging as the cause.
BLines 13-16 rule out poor preservation

within the pits.
CPreservation after removal from the pits is

not discussed.
DCorrect. Carnivores' tooth fractures were

most likely caused by contact with the bones

of their prey.
ELine 28 mentions competition over kills, but

does not link it to tooth fractures.

The correct answer is D.

7.The researchers' conclusion concerning the absence
of demographic bias would be most seriously
undermined if it were found that

(A)the older an individual carnivore is, the more
likely it is to have a large number of tooth
fractures

(B)the average age at death of a present-day
carnivore is greater than was the average age at
death of a Pleistocene carnivore

(C)in Pleistocene carnivore species, older
individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly
as did younger individuals

(D)the methods used to determine animals' ages in
fossil samples tend to misidentify many older
individuals as youngerindividuals

(E)data concerning the ages of fossil samples
cannot provide reliable information about
behavioral differences between extinct
carnivores and present-day carnivores

Logical structure

Begin by looking at the section on demographic
bias. Lines 11-13 state that demographic bias has
been ruled out as an explanation because older
individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil
samples. This implies that older carnivores would
be expected to have more tooth fractures than
younger ones. To answer this question, read each
answer choice to find the one statement that
undermines the researchers' conclusion. If the
method to determine age in the fossil samples is
faulty and older carnivores are misidentified as
younger ones, then demographic bias cannot be
dismissed.

A This statement supports rather than
undermines the researchers' conclusion.

B This comparison between present-day and
Pleistocene carnivores has no bearing on
whether older Pleistocene individuals were
overrepresented or not.

C The comparison between older and younger
individuals is irrelevant to the researchers'
conclusion.

D Correct. If older individuals have been
misidentified as younger ones, then a higher
proportion of older individuals undermines
the researchers' conclusion.

E Neither the differences nor the data are
relevant to the researchers' conclusion about
the proportion of older Pleistocene
carnivores.

The correct answer is D.



8.According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT
found that two extinct carnivore species were free of
tooth breakage, the researchers would have
concluded that

(A)the difference in breakage frequencies could
have been the result of damage to the fossil
remains in the La Brea pits

(B)the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have
higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils
in the La Brea pits

(C)Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved
very similarly to one another with respect to
consumption of carcasses

(D)all Pleistocene carnivore species differed
behaviorally from present-day carnivore species
predator densities during the Pleistocene era
were extremely high
Logical structure

This question refers to the preservational bias
explanation that the researchers reject (lines
13-16). Two extinct species had no tooth fractures.
Thus, the breakage was almost certainly NOT
caused by abrasion in the pits because the teeth
of those two species would have showed fractures
as well. If the researchers had not discovered the
exception of the two species, then they could not
have ruled out the possibility that the tooth
breakage was caused by damage within the pits.

ACorrect. If all species showed tooth

fractures, then the breakage might have
been caused by abrasion in the pits.

BThe extinct species evidence was relevant to
the issue of preservational bias, not local bias.

CWithout the extinct species evidence,

preservational bias is a strong explanation,
and there is little need for the behavioral
explanation.

DThe passage does not say that all Pleistocene
carnivore species were found in the La Brea
pits; consequently no universal conclusion
about all species can be made.

EThe researchers cannot make a conclusion
about the whole era based on one site.

The correct answer is A

h14zpsn

OG 12-1
（第一遍阅读，最后限定时间，一般短的文章3-4min,长的文章4-5min，要求自己只读一遍，宁可慢点也不要一扫而过。读的过程中不要回视，读完之后花2min时间梳理出相对应的文章大概。这里的话，中文，英文都可以。看自己的喜好。我建议大家就是用英文来记忆，然后用中文来理解，在每读完一段之后可以在脑子中用中文概括下上面这段话说了什么。因为并不是每个人的英语记忆能力都那么高，这样用中文概括的话方便给自己在最后留下一个清晰的文章脉络，不会读到最后就忘记了前面在哪里。这也是为了细节题的定位打下基础。）
回忆：
这篇文章主要讲的是ecoefficientindustry 可能导致环境的恶化
1：ecoefficency是全球的一种趋势，很多人认为它可以减少对于环境的污染。
2：其实并不是如此，P和G提出相反的一件。Ecoefficiency其实并不能减少对于环境的污染，而相反可能增加环境的污染
3：因为这么做并没有减少由于产品的使用和丢弃所产生的污染，反而更加加剧
4：更多的是，由于全球经济一体化的关系，许多的企业可能把一些从eco的行业里面生产的钱转投入到uneco的行业里面去
5：有许多大的eco的企业所造成的污染，可能比一些小的企业所造成的污染会更多
6：P和G呼吁如果真的想使得污染减少，那么必须要使人们减少对产品的使用
文章结构：
中心观点:the ecoefficiency cannot reduce the pollution problem. Oppositely, it mayworsen the situation.
原始观点:  The ecoefficiency is good and famous aroundthe world, since this innovation can help the government to reduce the costsignificantly.
反驳观点：(callthe common idea into questions):
see this development as laudable but suggest that simplyadopting ecoefficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental stressesin the future.（这里是文章的主要反驳观点，下面的文章都是围绕这个展开的）
举例1：减少了生产污染，但是没有减少使用和丢弃的污染
举例2：大量公司投入eco的生产，但是由于全球经济的作用，产生的效益可能被转投入到uneco的生产当中
举例3：大型的eco企业可能产生出比小型的uneco企业更多的污染

Conclusion：Pand S呼吁寻找一个新途径来解决
猜测可能的题目：
文章的主旨是什么（support？against?Reconcile? Explain?）
三个例子很可能出细节题
例如：为什么说eco的企业makeprofits但是不能解决污染
例如：eco 和 uneco企业之间的关系是什么

h14zpsn

OG 12-2
回忆：
这篇讲的是一个考古发现的研究
1：考古学家的一个发现对于在晚P时代的扑食关系有很大的作用
2：考古学家在一个地方发现捕食者的牙齿断裂率比现在高很多
3：科学家在分析中排除了统计因素，保存因素，和地域因素
4：最后科学家解释是由于那个时候的捕食者的牙齿和猎物的骨头碰撞的比较多
5：因此那些灭绝的动物会争夺尸体。从而体现出可能由于季节性的因素，猎物的存在比较少，或者是因为在同一时期内，捕食者的数量比较多，导致竞争激烈
（这个点，脑子实在是转不快了，回视了几次才写完T.T）
文章结构：
中心观点：古生物的牙齿断裂是由于猎物竞争引起的（讨论古生物高牙齿断裂率的可能性）
现象：A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamicsin the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fracturesin present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits inLos Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species werestrikingly higher than those in the present-day species.（重点！）
（这类文章一般都是开头发现了一个神马东西，或者是一个自然现象，或者是人文社科里面的一个不确定的东西，然后下面进行讨论。可能是陈述多人的观点，也可能是提出不同的研究方向，或者是不同的研究方法都是有可能的。）
论证过程：
这里是通过不同方向来进行研究。
科学家排除
    1： demographicbias
   原因： older individualswere not overrepresented
   in the fossil samples.
   2： preservational bias
   原因： a total absence ofbreakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures      were not the result of abrasion within thepits
   3：local bias
   原因： breakage data
   obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar
   to the La Brea data.
结论：食肉动物的牙齿断裂是由于 （1）theresearchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally（2）therewas intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theftdue to relatively high predator densities.
猜测可能的题目：
文章主旨题：
1：这篇文章讲了什么（讨论一个探索发现的过程？给出一个新的方法？推翻原先就的结论？）
2：在中间容易考细节，特别是在3个排除的地方（可以考inference，比如，根据文章，哪个不是科学家排除的原因，再比如，下面哪个例子可以是符合文章中第三个科学家排除的理由的）
本文是客观陈述，无态度。

h14zpsn

OG 12-1Q1: main idea
通过逻辑链来解题，在OG的解释当中有直接给出了文章的逻辑结构
The passage starts out defining a
goal—ecoerficiency—thathas become popular
among companiesthroughout the world and that
would be expectedto bring overall ecological
benefits. It thenimmediately introduces Senge
and Carstedt, whohave concerns about this idea.
The rest of thepassage is devoted to explaining
their concerns,though the passage does not
present aparticular alternative strategy.

A：这里没有解释为什么说比原来预期的差，而是推测推行这个措施可能会带来的后果
B：虽然在文章的最后提出了希望找寻一个观点，但是在文章当中并没有着重讲
（这里就是一个避重就轻的干扰选项，由于内容文章出现过，所以相当于一个文章的子集，并且作者并没有重点讨论。是相似选项）
C：在开始的时候， Peter Senge andGoran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simplyadopting ecoefficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental
stresses in thefuture.表明了文章的态度，并且文章下面的内容都是对于这个concern的解释
D：文章仅仅focus on了这个经济模式的缺点，并没有说想要扩展开去
（这里属于用文章没有说到的信息来进行论述。这类的强加作者意图的答案一般都是错的。是无关选项）
E：这里讲environment impact 偷换成概念economicimpact
（这里也是属于无关选项，因为对于Economicimpact 作者并没有提及，只是这种economicmodel所对于environment造成的impact而已）
2: 细节题（属于对于例子中的信息的应用）
Supporting ideas
定位：
indeed, most companies
invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to
increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no

(15) guarantee that increased economic growth from
ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,
since in today's global markets, greater profits may
be turned into investment capital that could easily be
reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries.
A：没提到，文章外信息，无关选项，排除
B：只是说从内部投资，并没有吸引外来投资，无关选项，排除
C：投资可以通过EFF提升效益，文章只是提到的EFF提高效益，并没有提到再投资的事情，无关选项，排除
D：greater profits may be turnedinto investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-styleeco-inefficient industries. 原文原句重新改写，正确
E：文章没有提到进一步未来的投资计划，所以这个是无关选项，排除
（并且从文章的立场来看，作者是想否定这种重投资的好处，而其他的几项却是增强，所以是错误的）
3：推断题
Inference（通过文章的信息来进行应用）
首先可以确定，文章说的是，接受这种innovation，虽然可以增加收益，但是增加的产品对环境有影响（所以一定要用文章里的信息）
A：文章没有提到说公司以后的发展会怎么样，错误
B：相当于是对于文章内容的一个简述。由于增加了收益，所以会进行再投资，生产的会更多，环境更严重（逻辑链完整，而且所有的信息都是可以从文章里面来的）
C：文章只是提到了接受的公司，并没提到没接受的公司。既然是inference，就应该抓住只有文章里面给的信息
D：没有提到说新旧企业之间的竞争优势问题，所以错误
E：没有说未来的企业会减少投资（错误）
（inference的题目一定要抓住文章的中心，并且也就仅仅用文章给的信息来解题，不要有任何的其他的联想。）

h14zpsn

Q4：
Main idea
文章论调：一个现象，通过排除种种假设，得到结论
OG中的主旨题一般都给出了逻辑线，所以可以查看自己的思路是否正确。
A：well-known是一个攻击点，这里是个未解决的现象。
B：这里的自然现象是个fact,not a debt. 并且也没有alternativemethods
C：同样，并非一个controversialtheory
D：是通过不同方面来解释，并没有question
E: 文章陈述一个事实的种种可能，正确
（这里的其他四项均为与文章无关的选项，所以比较好判断）
Q5：supportingidea（细节题）
定位：Theyruled out local bias because breakage data
obtained from otherPleistocene sites were similar
to the La Breadata.
（这里可以看出，凡是文章中出现了1,2,3这种分类的情况，应该大致要了解每个点讲了什么，随后可以方便定位）
A：没提及
B：从定位可以看出，这也是排除localbias的主要依据
C：没提及
D：在最后第二句的时候给出了这个结论，但是这个是对于整个大整体的结论，并没有细分下去
E：虽然有在最后陈述说是有这个现象，但是并没有提及各个地区之间的比较
Q6：supportingidea (细节题)
这个细节出在了文章的结尾，类似于考结论
定位：.The explanation they consider
(20) most plausible is behavioral differences between
extinct and present-day carnivores—in particular,
more contact between the teeth of predators and
the bones of prey due to more thorough
consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.
A：文章前面已经排出了demographic的因素
B：文章已经排除了preservation的问题
C：取出之后的保管没有提到
D：根据定位的题目改写得到
E：这里是个干扰项，虽然都是牙齿碰到骨头，但是并不是在与其他的动物撕咬中断掉的。最后一句话有给出相关信息，但是不是导致牙齿断掉的直接因素。
（前两个是相反选项，就是说将问题推向了另外一边。第三个是无关选项，最后一个是相似选项，混淆作用。）
Q 7：logicalstructure（应用，类似一道weaken的逻辑题）
定位： demographic biasbecause older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples.
老的个体并没有在化石中明显偏多，意思是说各个化石的行程时间不是主要的因素。要weaken就说明时间是有差异的,或者说发现的时候是有时间差异的现象，但是被覆盖了
A：这个选项没有理解
Quote emmaweng的解释：
首先文中说排除是统计原因是因为样本中的老动物不多。
那么反推，如果老动物多了，即第一段开头给的化石动物的牙齿损坏程度比现在动物大也可能是因为在化石动物的样本中年龄老的数量多。
由此得出老动物多意味着牙齿损坏程度大，即OG的解释。

OG的imply即是A选项，所以不是不是削弱是支持。
（还是不是很理解，希望大牛可以解释一下）
B：现代和古代的比较和本文没有关系
C：年轻和老的个体比较也与本文无关
D：把老的误认为新的，而之前排除的原因是因为老的数量没有更多，现在更多了，说明是因为这个因素的影响，直接weaken
E：同样，古代和现代比较无关系

8 logical structure（对于信息的反推）
定位： Theyrejected preservational
bias because a total absence of breakage in two
extinct species demonstrated that thefractures
were not the result of abrasion within the pits.
反而言之，如果没发现，那么就说是有在保存上的问题，导致有碎片产生
A：是由于对于在LB的化石的损害造成的碎片，bingo
B：这个是来自于其他的bias了，错误
C：如果damage是一个因素的话，那么虽然也可能由于对于尸体的consumption是一个因素，但是不能直接由没有发现的那个事实推导出来
D：无关信息，现代和古代的对比无关文章内容
E：这个是最后的behavioral的区别，相关但不是所述内容。

泾渭不凡

OG12-1
一、回忆
      ecoefficiency成为企业追求的目标，此创新有利于减少可见成本。
     但是有人说不利于未来长远经济发展。就是不是可持续发展，因为没有从根本上减少产品的使用所造成的污染。
     不能保证经济增长带来的效益都用作ecoefficiency经济形式发展资金。
     即便是ecoefficiency，大量发展也会破坏生态环境。
     建议建立新的系统的经济发展模式。
     过多注重ecoefficiency会造成企业对基本商业目标追求偏移，意思是不在追求多样化么。。

二、文章类型及结构
      （一）文章类型：新老观点对比型。
                判断标志：1、开始处出现：has become....worldwide.
                                  2、中间出现强转折：but......worsen....
       （二）文章结构：
                                1、老观点：ecoefficiency+（略）
                                2、新观点：ecoefficiency-（详）：（1）ecoefficiency破坏环境：A. ecoefficiency本身过多生产造成环境破坏。B. ecoefficiency产生盈利不能保证继续投入到该产业中，投入旧式产业加速环境破坏。（2）企业过多重视ecoefficiency，会造成企业根本目标偏离。
                               3、建议：一种新的系统的减少成本和废物的方法。

三、prephase-出题点
     （一）主旨
     （二）作者态度：除了全篇文章态度之外，可能在but强转折前后贴出相应句子变形问态度。
     （三）问对比题：对比新老观点的不同之处。
     （四）细节比较：可能考取非题。。。例：问如果ecoefficiency经济产出能保证继续投入到ecoefficency相同产业，并且保证产出产品不增多的情况下，作者会是什么态度。。
      （五）对本文最后一句话会考逻辑顺承：问如果作者继续论述，下文会阐述神马。

泾渭不凡

OG12-2
一、回忆：
     一个关于P纪元晚期的研究对捕食动力学学术有帮助。
    研究者对某地区化石进行研究：古时候和现在的牙齿磨损比较。（时间记不住，有相关题的时候回来定位。）
    发现古时候的化石牙齿磨损程度高，寻求解释，若干解释开始罗列：
    解释一：年龄分布不均理论吧——被否认：因为老年个体数量没有过多。
    解释二：保存不善——被否认：因为有完好无损的样本。
    解释三：地域差异——被否认：因为不同地域一致。
    解释四：行为差异——赞成：逻辑链：猎物相对于捕食者少——》捕食者对猎物啃食更彻底——》损伤牙齿。

二、文章类型及结构
    （一）文章类型：现象解释型
           判断标准：起始出现一现象或是发现
                            套路词：。。。这里不明显。
                                       解释部分：explanation
    （二）文章结构：
           科学发现——解释1-N(被否认)——解释第N+1(被赞同)——进一步解释。

三、prephrase-出题点
     （一）主旨：现象解释有关
     （二）态度：可能提炼某一观点问作者态度。
     （三）假设题：将某一现象假设其解释部分错误，问次解释能否应用。
     （四）细节对比题：根据时间轴或是地域分布来问。
     （五）特殊对比题：不同解释之间差异对比。
     （六）并列题型：问被否认的解释有哪些，或是问哪个解释是作者没有提到的。

泾渭不凡

OG12-1-（Q1-Q3）

Q1：
主题题型：有TS，定位TS，特别注意TN中的NP，无TS看CS，CS=TS；无CS再综合各段TS。
注意：AW态度错误；NP错误；片面KW错误；行文顺序错误。

A. 掌握整篇文章的语气很重要，全文是一种“预期预测”而不是“已经产生的结果”。
B. a particular business strategy饭饭理解即使较为贴近 a new systematic approach，也不能选择，因为全文阐述重心并非是此，这个只是一个细节。
C. 之前纠结于a concern，后来理解（一个漫长的自我说服过程），全文整体是“一种担忧”。
D. 这个实在是太无关了，提醒错误选项的一种：无关比较。
E. 此处NP错。

Q2: 细节定位题
注意题干问的是profits，但是到达定位句子的时候关键词是growth，这里就要注意“牵手”的感觉。题目和文章定位或是正确选项往往是同义词转换。要保持嗅觉敏感。
定位line14-line17.正确选项D。

Q3：推论题。
推论题一直掌握不准，这里只有小感受：推论题的正确选项不是从原文中可以一句话转换同义词句子。也不是几句话合并出来，而是要根据原问进行推断出来，意思上要有所引申。但是注意，如果有几个引申选项，饭饭一向选择是对原文进行一步逻辑递进的，多步递进含义引申过多，自我小感受，正确率还行。

泾渭不凡

OG12-2（Q4-Q7）

Q4: 主题题型：饭饭在本楼后面有分析，需要同学翻翻页，饭饭回复Bob同学的贴纸~主旨题型注意事项楼上有解说~

Q5：
细节比较题：定位很重要。注意比较元素和比较对象。冰冻亲分析的很详细了，饭饭这里就不赘述了。饭饭愿意犯一个错误，这里作为提醒：定位准确之后总是容易漏掉前面或后面涉及一些相关信息，这里要明确题目考的是文章中的细节，不能脱离文章。

今天先分析到这里，一会儿起来补充。