【每日逻辑练习第三季】【1-2】

corneliaflower

很高兴迎来小分队第三季  
有什么不对的地方truf指出一下  大家加油  看到好多新面孔真开心
继续weaken

【bible】
Beverage company representative: The plastic rings
that hold six-packs of beverage cans together
pose a threat to wild animals, which often
become entangled in the discarded rings and
suffocate as a result. Following our lead, all
beverage companies will soon use only those
rings consisting of a new plastic that
disintegrates after only three days’ exposure to
sunlight. Once we all complete the switchover
from the old to the new plastic rings, therefore,
the threat of suffocation that plastic rings pose
to wild animals will be eliminated.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the representative’s argument?
(A) The switchover to the new plastic rings will
take at least two more years to complete.
(B) After the beverage companies have switched
over to the new plastic rings, a substantial
number of the old plastic rings will persist
in most aquatic and woodland environments.
(C) The new plastic rings are slightly less
expensive than the old rings.
(D) The new plastic rings rarely disintegrate
during shipping of beverage six-packs
because most trucks that transport canned
beverages protect their cargo from sunlight.
(E) The new plastic rings disintegrate into
substances that are harmful to aquatic
animals when ingested in substantial
quantities by them.

【prep】
At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables.  However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities.  Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables.  Therefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.
The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to believe that it is likely that
(A) some celebrities come to the Hollywood to be seen, and so might choose to sit at the tall tables if they were available
(B) the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals
(C) a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be an exception to the generalization about lingering
(D) a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically order less expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer
(E) with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables

Herbicides allow cereal crops to be grown very efficiently, with virtually no competition from weeds.  In Britain, partridge populations have been steadily decreasing since herbicide use became widespread.  Some environmentalists claim that these birds, which live in and around cereal crop fields, are being poisoned by the herbicides.  However, tests show no more than trace quantities of herbicides in partridges on herbicide-treated land.  Therefore, something other than herbicide use must be responsible for the population decrease.
Which of the following, if true about Britain, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) The elimination of certain weeds from cereal crop fields has reduced the population of the small insects that live on those weeds and that form a major part of partridge chicks' diet.
(B) Since partridges are valued as game birds, records of their population are more carefully kept than those for many other birds.
(C) Some of the weeds that are eliminated from cereal crop fields by herbicides are much smaller than the crop plants themselves and would have no negative effect on crop yield if they were allowed to grow.
(D) Birds other than partridges that live in or around cereal crop fields have also been suffering population declines.
(E) The toxins contained in herbicides typically used on cereal crops can be readily identified in the tissues of animals that have ingested them.

Traveler:  Southern Airways has a far worse safety record than Air Dacentaria over the past few years, in terms of both the frequency of accidents and the severity of accidents.  Therefore, although Air Dacentaria is slightly more expensive, I will choose it over Southern Airways for my flight from Pederton to Dacenta, since it is worth paying extra to have a safer flight.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the traveler's argument?
(A) Air Dacentaria's flight from Pederton to Dacenta is nonstop, whereas Southern Airways' flight touches down in Gorinda on the way.
(B) Most Southern Airways flights, but not its flight from Pederton to Dacenta, use Sarmouth airport, which because of its mountainous location is one of the world's most dangerous.
(C) For its flights from Pederton to Dacenta, Southern Airways uses a different model of airplane, with a smaller capacity, than the model Air Dacentaria uses for its flights on the same route.
(D) Only in the last few years has the cost of flying from Pederton to Dacenta been more expensive on Air Dacentaria than on Southern Airways.
(E) Although the frequency of accidents is greater on Southern Airways, on both airlines the proportion of flights that have accidents is very small.

Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil.  Therefore, if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.
(B) Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.
(C) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.
(D) Offshore operations usually damage the ocean floor, but tankers rarely cause such damage.
(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.

The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills.  In fact, the quotas will help "mini-mills" flourish in the United States.  Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big American steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the claim made in the last sentence above?

(A) Quality rather than price is a major factor in determining the type of steel to be used for a particular application.
(B) Foreign steel mills have long produced grades of steel comparable in quality to the steel produced by the big American mills.
(C) American quotas on imported goods have often induced other countries to impose similar quotas on American goods.
(D) Domestic "mini-mills" consistently produce better grades of steel than do the big American mills.
(E) Domestic "mini-mills" produce low-volume, specialized types of steel that are not produced by the big American steel mills.

大姚小慧

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

shentao1237

凑热闹。。。

livdl

Background: the p rings…pose a threat to wild animals
Premise: all beverage companies will soon new kind of plastic that integrated after only three days’ exposure to sunlight.
Conclusion: after the switch from old to new plastic, the threat of S.. the old plastic pose will be gone.
思路：换成新的以后 依然会对wild animal有影响

Background: Hollywood restaurant like to offer tall tables because customers can see more celebrities
Premise: but standard tables would make customers stay longer
Conclusion if restaurants replace high tables with standard ones, they will get more profits.
思路 由于人们都是为了看名人才来H 饭店的 所以换成标准的以后人们有可能不来了
C

Background: the use of herbicides will make crops grow efficiently
Premise: but a kind of bird was found decreasing, the scientists claim that the increasing use of herbicides make the birds poisoned
Conclusion: test show there are no trace in … so there must be something else poisoned the birds
思路 有可能原本在bird体内有trace的存在 但是消失了
D

Premise  S.A has worse safety record than A.D by reviewing the frequency of accidents and severity of accidents

Conclusion  though ADis more expensive I will choose it the flight from..to ..

思路 个体与整体的关系 有可能AD所有的不好的安全飞行记录都出在这条航线上
B

Background off-shore drilling has unavoidable risk of oil spill
Premise: but the tanker has more risks than off-shore operations
Conclusion  to reduce the risks, we should invest more on off-shore operations than tanker
思路 如果 off shore每次漏油漏的更多呢
A
Premise the limiting of imported steel will not help the big American mills

Conclusion the limiting of imported steel will help mini mills to take more business from the big American steel mills than from foreign steel mills

思路 没思路。。。。
E

qiuhua01234567

TRUF专栏：
看原文：找出结论和推出该结论的前提。特别注意结论的特殊性和具体性。
找答案：用结论的具体性去区分有关无关，并结合TEST。对于特殊类，先预测出答案，用此预测去找答案
TEST：问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。
几种特殊类型：
原文前提和结论关系不密切：正确选项直接WEAKEN结论
因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论
的方法包括：A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。
D显示因果关系的资料不准确。
条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。
或举反例，或提供有关信息。
原文是类比：WEAKEN方式为两者本质不同
调查：有效性受怀疑（被调查的没代表性等）
第一步：看问题问什么。Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the position of the cable-television spokesperson?
第二步：分析原来文章内容。Conclusion：Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to “free” television.
Premise：“free” television is not really free。It is consumers, in the end, who pay for the costly advertising  that supports “free” television。
第三步：找答案。先排除无关选项（用具体性和特殊性）（A）选型。买不买电视机和题目结论完全没关系，排除。（C）选项，电视机画面质量也没有关系。（E）可以选择电视机频道根本和题目结论没有任何关系
第四步：剩下2个选项。因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论
的方法包括：A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。D显示因果关系的资料不准确。
我们来看：consumers pay advertising  that supports “free” television------------------Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to “free” television.
    两者相比较，只要切断之间因果关系就可以了。如何切断因果？只要将2者比较之间具有相同情况就可以了。我们来看这题。只要两者都 pay for the costly advertising。那么就可以削弱原结论。答案就是D。
TEST：问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。

cherry1102

PS 原谅俺这个来晚的菜鸟吧亲们~~


1 Premise：顾客稀饭高桌子高凳子，呆的时间比坐普通凳子顾客短
Conclusion：换一些桌子profit提高
思路：凳子和时间、利润的关系。否定第3句，坐高凳子的顾客逗留时间不一定短。SO就否定了顾客流动率高，人多。Profit不一定会提高  C


2 Premise：用杀虫剂除草，鸟中毒变少了
Conclusion：鸟的体内木有发现除草剂，所以是别的原因导致鸟少了
思路：加强是除草剂的原因。  A


3 Premise：D航空比S航空安全
Conclusion：所以旅行家为了安全宁愿多花钱坐D航空
思路：S航空有不安全记录是有原因的  B


4 Premise: import oil on tankers比自己开采更危险
Conclusion：所以应该自己多开采少进口
思路：tankers可以改装减少危险   A


5 Premise：限制钢材进口有利于小企业发展
Conclusion：此次限制使小企业从大企业得到business比在木有限制从foreign company得到的多
思路：找小企业和大企业的比较，不一定小企业得到的business多。  E

torisea

补交作业
1，33‘
premise：tall tables with stools will be prefered for a better view at hollywood restaurant
conclusion： table replace will increase profit
weaken： tall table might increase customer flow but reduce the time they spend
answer：b，+60’

2， 33‘
premise： herbcide no more than traced quantities in  birds
conclusion：birds population not decrease because of herbcide
weaken：other indirect impact
answer：A，+40’
3，30’
premise：D has fewer frequency of accidents and less in severity than B
conclusion： it worth to pay more to have a safety flight with D
weaken：sth prove D is not more safety than B
answer：B，+50‘

4，60’
premise：offshore operation has less risk than import
conclusion：more offshore and less import could reduce risk
weaken：other solution to reduce risk
answer：A，+60‘

5’
premise：small domestic will take more for big than foreign small
conclusion： quota will not help big  
weaken：other aspect of foreign harm big
answer：B，+40‘

daisyの小夢想

我做的答案应该没对几个，在哪看答案和分析啊？   求助求助求助

-- by 会员 annjn (2012/2/23 23:06:22)

答案在6楼。分析只有bible的分析。
PREP没有专门的解释。大家每晚10点都会在q群上讨论当天的题目，欢迎加入哈。

annjn

我做的答案应该没对几个，在哪看答案和分析啊？   求助求助求助

annjn

1
1) 计时：
2) 逻辑链：
Background Information: The plastic rings that hold six-packs of beverage cans together pose a threat to wild animals
Premise: switchover from the old to the new plastic rings
Conclusion: the threat will be eliminated.
3) 推测：在太阳下三分钟会消失的拉环，还是会危害动物
4) 选项分析：选E
A,B与新拉环是否有保护动物的作用无关；C拉环的成本与动物保护无关；D新拉环在运输过程中是否会分解，与威胁动物无关；E 新拉环不会使动物们entangled in the discarded rings，但是分解物会危害动物，最终还是不能解决拉环危害动物的问题。

2
1) 计时：
2) 逻辑链：
Background Information: Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables.
Premise: many customers would prefer tall tables with stools； diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long
Conclusion: 改为all tables with stools后，利润会增长。
3) 推测：改后利润不变或降低
4) 选项分析：选D
AC赞同两个前提：喜欢高桌子；不会在高桌子上待很久。
B 如果占用桌子时间过长，会收费，所以高桌子、标准桌子，虽会影响客人占用时间，但不会增加或降低商家利益。
E 和Hollywood Restaurant的利益无关。
D坐的时间短的人，点菜也会便宜些。高桌子坐的时间短，点的菜会便宜些，减少商家收入，所以高桌子不好。


3
1) 计时：
2) 逻辑链：
Background Information: partridge populations have been steadily decreasing since herbicide use became widespread.
Premise: ests show no more than trace quantities of herbicides in partridges on herbicide-treated land.
Conclusion: something other than herbicide use must be responsible for the population decrease.

3) 推测：Herbicides通过别的方法使the population decrease.
4) 选项分析：选A，间接导致鸟的死亡
D别的鸟也decrease，但没说是除草剂影响的，也没说准确不是除草剂影响的。
BCE无关

4
1) 计时：
2) 逻辑链：
Background Information: Southern Airways has a far worse safety record than Air Dacentaria
Premise:
Conclusion: I will choose it over Southern Airways for my flight from Pederton to Dacenta
3) 推测：from Pederton to Dacenta的安全系数高

4) 选项分析：选E, 猜的大意是在这条航线上两家公司的安全都差不多。
C赞同了AD公司安全系数高 ABD无关

5
1) 计时：
2) 逻辑链：
Background Information: Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an risk，importing oil on tankers entails an greater risk
Premise: without curtailing our use of oil
Conclusion: we must invest more in offshore operations
3) 推测：研究tankers能更减少risk
4) 选项分析：选A
B 同意tanker的风险比Offshore oil-drilling大

6
1) 计时：
2) 逻辑链：
Background Information: 限制进口配额不能帮助美国大钢铁厂
但能帮助美国小钢铁厂
Premise:
Conclusion:  
3) 推测：
4) 选项分析：选B
意思没太看懂  ，只知道题目是让找出反驳文章中最后一句话的选项。
猜的DE的意思都差不多是说小钢铁厂能生产出大钢铁厂不能生产的特殊、grade好的产品，所以排除。
AC无关