【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-2】

daisyの小夢想

hope明天考试噜~^^ 我代hope发。祝hope这次考试顺利，与G说拜拜！


关于练习的问题：
我要说明一下哦呵呵。
计时是计看题干和题目的时间，先不看选项。
精练题的步骤是：
1. 计时看问题和题干，一般在45s内。
2. 不看选项、不看题干按自己的理解写出逻辑链。（逻辑链是需要思考提炼的，不是简单的复制粘贴题干内容哦）
3. 合理推测正确选项的可能方向
4. 看选项，选出正确答案
5. 校对答案，对错误选项给出错误原因和类型的解释，对正确选项分析其与题干逻辑链的关系。


关于练习还有什么不清楚的地方可以跟帖问我们噢，不用害羞哈哈，这里鼓励提出问题。






1. Beverage company representative: The plastic rings
that hold six-packs of beverage cans together
pose a threat to wild animals, which often
become entangled in the discarded rings and
suffocate as a result. Following our lead, all
beverage companies will soon use only those
rings consisting of a new plastic that
disintegrates after only three days’ exposure to
sunlight. Once we all complete the switchover
from the old to the new plastic rings, therefore,
the threat of suffocation that plastic rings pose
to wild animals will be eliminated.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the representative’s argument?  
--BIBLE WEAKEN NO.2
(A) The switchover to the new plastic rings will
take at least two more years to complete.
(B) After the beverage companies have switched
over to the new plastic rings, a substantial
number of the old plastic rings will persist
in most aquatic and woodland environments.
(C) The new plastic rings are slightly less
expensive than the old rings.
(D) The new plastic rings rarely disintegrate
during shipping of beverage six-packs
because most trucks that transport canned
beverages protect their cargo from sunlight.
(E) The new plastic rings disintegrate into
substances that are harmful to aquatic
animals when ingested in substantial
quantities by them.




2.


Tiger sharks are common in the waters surrounding Tenare Island.  Usually tiger sharks feed on smaller sharks, but sometimes they have attacked tourists swimming and surfing at Tenare's beaches.  This has hurt Tenare's tourism industry, which is second only to its fishing industry in annual revenues.  In order to help the economy, therefore, the mayor of the island has proposed an ongoing program to kill any tiger sharks within a mile of the beaches.


Which of the following, if true, most strongly calls into question the likelihood that implementation of the mayor's proposal will have the desired consequence?
-- PREP07 CR1 NO.5

(A) Even if not all the tiger sharks that come close to the beaches are killed, the existence of the program would reassure tourists.
(B) Business owners who depend on tourism are willing to pay most of the cost of implementing the program.
(C) Tourists come to Tenare Island for its beaches, even though the island features a number of other tourist attractions.
(D) The small sharks on which tiger sharks prey feed on fish that are commercially important to the island's fisheries.
(E) Not all tourists who come to Tenare Island enjoy swimming or surfing.


3.


The country of Ertland has never imported apples in any significant quantity because consumers there generally prefer the unique texture of Ertland-grown apples.  Nevertheless, apple growers from Kosolia, a neighboring country, plan to sell their apples in Ertland by selling Kosolia-grown apples at half the price of local apples and promoting them as a nourishing, low-cost alternative.


Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the viability of the plan by Kosolia's apple growers to sell their apples in Ertland?
-- PREP07 CR1 NO.6

(A) Most of the varieties of apples grown in Ertland were originally derived from common Kosolian varieties.
(B) Consumers in Ertland tend to spend about the same proportion of their income on fresh fruits and vegetables as do consumers in Kosolia.
(C) At times in the past, Ertland has exported significant quantities of apples to Kosolia.
(D) Some varieties of apples grown in Kosolia can be harvested throughout most of the year, whereas the varieties grown in Ertland can be harvested only during two months of the year.
(E) Profiles of Ertland-grown apples are high enough in Ertland that growers, wholesalers, and retailers there could easily afford to reduce the price at which these apples are sold.


4.


As part of major renovations to Flowertown's Main Street train station, consultants to the train company proposed moving the station's entrance from its current valuable Main Street location to a low-rent adjoining side street and then leasing the high-rent entrance space to retail businesses.  In that way, the train company could easily pay for those and all other proposed renovations without negative impact on its tight budget.


Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the consultants' proposal?
-- PREP07 CR1 NO.7

(A) More train commuters are employed in businesses located on Main Street than in businesses located on the adjoining side street.
(B) A reliable survey of Flowertown's commuters showed that virtually none of them would use the train any less frequently if the station's entrance were moved.
(C) The high-rent block of Flowertown's Main Street includes several buildings whose owners currently seek to replace long-standing tenants lost in recent months.
(D) If the station's entrance were moved, the train company would need to begin costly renovations to its Main Street entrance space.
(E) Ridership on Flowertown trains declined only slightly from 1970 to 1985 while other train companies lost large numbers of commuters.


5.


Automobile Dealer's Advertisement:


The Highway Traffic Safety Institute reports that the PZ 1000 has the fewest injuries per accident of any car in its class.  This shows that the PZ 1000 is one of the safest cars available today.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement?
-- PREP07 CR1 NO.8

(A) The Highway Traffic Safety Institute report listed many cars in other classes that had more injuries per accident than did the PZ 1000.
(B) In recent years many more PZ 1000s have been sold than have any other kind of car in its class.
(C) Cars in the class to which the PZ 1000 belongs are more likely to be involved in accidents than are other types of cars.
(D) The difference between the number of injuries per accident for the PZ 1000 and that for other cars in its class is quite pronounced.
(E) The Highway Traffic Safety Institute issues reports only once a year.

anycoa

第一题做错了因为suffocation单词不认识，惭愧惭愧

Lincy123

Bg: the plastic rings pose a threat to wild animals

P: beverage companies use rings that disintegrate after three day’s exposure to sunlight

C: the threat of suffocation will be eliminated

Weaken: what if animal eat within three days

a)     The change will be take more than 2 years. it’s irrelevant

b)     After replacing, the old plastic ring are still causing suffocation. Correct

c)     Strengthen. People will buy cheap plastic rings

d)     Irrelevant. Only explain why during transport the new plastic rings will not disintegrate

e)     Correct the new rings are also harmful to animals

错选E，E只说明了新pr伤害动物，但没有对结论“消除suffocation（窒息）的威胁”做解释

Bg: TS eat sharks and will attack tourist at beaches. But tourism is important to economy

P: kill TS

C: help economy

Weaken: if TS were killed, other factors will rise to affect tourism or economy

a)     Strengthen

b)     Irrelevant. Cost of program is low so it’s more easy for government to do so

c)     Irrelevant. No mention the tourism results

d)     If TS died, the fisheries will hurt. Correct

e)     Irrelevant. Not all is not typical

Bg: E people prefer E apple for the texture

P: K apple plan to sell half price of E apple to E people

C: promote K apple as a cheap alternative

Weaken: people will not be affected by price, only care about texture

a)     Irrelevant. E apple are derived from K

b)     Irrelevant. The passage doesn’t mention people spend income in k

c)     Irrelevant

d)     Irrelevant. Only express k apple harvest more

e)     Correct. E apple can also lower the price

P: move the station’s entrance to a low-rent adjoining side street, and leasing high-rent entrance space to retail business

C: easily pay without negative impact on budget

Support: the revenue after renovations will not decrease

a)     Train commuters live more in main street. Slightly weaken

b)     Means that revenue could remain the same. Correct

c)     High-rent block will not have business. Weaken

d)     The cost of renovations will be high. Can’t prove it will bring lost

e)     Ridership decline from 1970-1985 irrelevant.

P: PZ 1000 has the fewest injures per accident of any car in its class

C: PZ 1000 is one of the safest cars

Weaken: maybe PZ 1000 has high possibility to get in an accident, more frequently to be broken. And it doesn’t say it has fewest injures among all cars

a)     Other car had more injuries. Strengthen

b)     The number of sales is high. Irrelevant

c)     PZ 1000 are more likely to in accident. Correct

d)     Strengthen

e)     irrelevant

云栈

1.        38s
B：饮料易拉罐上的rings对野生动物有害，有一种可降解的rings暴露在太阳下三年就可被分解。
P：所有的公司都换上这种可降解的rings
C：对野生动物的伤害将会消失
推测：新的rings在被分解之前依然对野生动物有害；更换掉rings会带来危害
选项分析：B
A：无关选项，题中没说时间的问题，如果两年后更换完成后就会有效，也符合结论
B：表明更换rings也会对动物带来危害
C：无关，结论中没提到价格，即使贵，只要有效就可以
D：在shipping的时候不能disintegrate，在被人们使用之后依然有可能disintegrate。
E: 吃到大量的rings才会有危害，这是小概率事件，题中提到了窒息，这里没说

2.        36s
B：虎鲸一般吃小的鲨鱼，但是有时候会攻击在沙滩边的人。这影响到了旅游业。旅游业是除了fishing以外的第二收入的产业。
P：决定捕杀出现在海滩1mile以内的虎鲸
C：to help economy
推测：捕杀可能会影响到fishing的收入；
选项分析；D
A: 不全捕杀，不代表不捕杀
B：opposite answer，有人愿意投资，更加支持了捕杀的program
C：opposite answer，人们为了海滩而来，更说明维护沙滩安全的重要性
D: 捕杀虎鲸会间接影响到fish的数量，从而影响fishing industry
E: not all不代表全都不enjoy

3 40s
B：E国从来不进口苹果，因为本国人喜欢吃当地的苹果
P：K国就决定降低他们本国的苹果的价格到E国的一半
C: 这样可以出口苹果到E，作为低成本的选择
推测：E国人不缺钱，就喜欢吃本地苹果；E的苹果的其他优势
选项分析E
A：无关，E的苹果从K起源，更说明E的人可能会喜欢K的苹果
B：与消费无关，题中没提到K国人的消费水准
C：无关，E出口苹果到K也没说销量好不好
D：some成熟的慢，但是可以出口成熟的快的。
E: 说明E的苹果产量大，降价很容易，K的价格低不足以成为竞争力

4:32s
P: 建议把station的主要入口从有价值的主街挪到租金较低的附近街道，把主街的位置出租给零售商。
C：这样可以解决翻新station的预算问题
推测：挪了入口之后降低的收入比 出租给零售商得到的收入要低。或者地铁的收入不会变
选项分析：B
A: opposite answer
B: 乘地铁人数不会被影响说明收入不会变
C：无关
D：opposite answer，cost more
E: 无关

5：14s
P：PZ1000 有比它这个class中别的car更少的事故受伤数量
C：PZ1000是最安全的车
推测：PZ1000跑的路程时间比别的car都短得多；PZ1000比同class的车事故率低不代表比其他class的车事故率低。
选项分析：C
A：opposite answer 支持conclusion的
B：无关，买的多与安全系数没关系
C：class中其他的车更容易出事故，所以衬托出PZ1000安全，但不代表它比其他class的车安全
D：opposite answer
E: 无关，只report今年的也说明PZ1000是今年最安全的

yolo`

1 E 02:30---B
2 D 01:36
3 E 01:43
4 B 01:58
5 C 01:29
1. BG: old plastic rings cause threat to the wild animal
P: new plastic disintegrate after three days’ exposure to sunlight
C: once we finish switchover, the threat of suffocate to wild animal will be eliminated
Weaken---- before plastic disintegrate, wild animals are hurt by the rings
         The new plastic will cause other threat to the animal
A. the time period of switchover is irrelated
B. old plastic will persist and continue to hurt animals---contender
C. the price is irrelated
D. irrelated
E. we don’t concern about whether the substances into which new plastic integrated are harmful. We only concern about whether the threat of suffocate can be eliminated.
Thus, the right answer is B
2. BG: tiger sharks feed on small sharks but sometimes attack tourists, hurting tourism industry, which is second to fishing industry.
P: kill tiger sharks
C: this program can help the economy
Weaken: killing tiger sharks may have other indirect bad effect that is harmful to economy
3. BG: E never imported apples because E prefer native apples.
P: K sell cheaper apples than native apples to E
Weaken: although the imported apples are cheap, E still don’t buy them.
4. P: change entrance from high-rent location to low-rent location
C: this change won’t produce negative impact on the tight budget
Support: this change won’t have other indirect negative effect on the financial budget;
This change truly will cause positive effect on the financial budget.
5. P: P has fewest injuries per accident of any car in its class
C: P is safest
GAP: the fact that P is safest in its class won’t mean that P is safest in all the cars.

tinatang1116

为啥我没有看到题目的选项，是需要自己找的么？

tinatang1116

        1. 36s
        p: the plastic ring will bring push danger in endangered animals
        P: plastic companies have decided to limit use of plastic
        C: the threat  from plastic ring to animals will eliminate
        2. 25s
        P:tiger shark may eat visitots
        P:tourism of tiger shark is the second important business
        C:pose prohibition of existance of tiger shark within 1mile of beaches
        3. 36s
        P:people in country E only eat apple planted in country E for its special texture
        P:apple planted in country K sell people in country E at half price
        C:there is a coutrovesy between price and texture choice of people in country E
        4. 31s
        P:someone suggest the station entrance should be moved to low-fee stataion
        P:move retatil business to high-rent entrance space
        C:solve the problem of tight budget without negative effect
        5. 20s
        P:the car has lowest accident per car of the same class
C: the car is most safety car today

喜皮

3.--->26s
premise:using half the price of the local apples
conclusion:K plans to sell apples in E as an low-price alternative
bg info:E never import apples because the citizens like the special texture of the local apples.
prephrase:weaken--->E citizen is care about the texture and taste of the apple but not the money it costs.

Asupport
Bthe budget of the two places citizens are not related to the topic
Cexport of E is not related
Dsupport
Eright

4.--->33s
这一块premise没有理解透彻——应该是铁道公司为了节约资金用以升级，可以将入口从高租金的地方挪到低租金的地方。我的错误显然是被business等带跑了。而且A的选项也理解错了，这里的意思是：通勤者在高租金的地方更多，也就是说是weaken的一个选项。
premise:leasing high rent entrance to the retailers
conclusion:so that the company can have enough money to renovation
bg info:the company needs money to renovation, and consultants give suggestions
prephrase:support--->retailer can earn money to support company's operation or take full advantage of the space or recruit less people.

Akept for the first round.right
Bsupport but show no relevence to the profit growth
Cirrelevent
Dweaken
Eirrelevent
正解是B

5.--->14s
这道题提供了一个思路：团体的平均水平可以代表一个个体！虽然说一直以来这样的选项都是错的，但是这里反过来考了！
premise:the car has the fewest car accident in the world
conclusion:it is the safest car in the world
prephrase:weaken--->1.what is the standard of safety---the accident number/the quality 2.the number of accidents is no use if the car is newly produced that there are very few case of driving as well.

Asupport
Bsupport
Cright.这个选项有点意外，需要看看解释。
Dirrelevent. not mentioning less or more
Eirrelevent
pronounced 明显的

喜皮

E选项我也纠结了很久，勉勉强强猜对了，bible上讲的确实有道理，要细抠conclusion！
This is the most commonly chosen answer, and it is a
perfect example of a Shell Game. In this case, the answer preys upon test takers
who fail to heed Primary Objective #4: “Read closely and know precisely what
the author said. Do not generalize!” Many test takers read the conclusion and
think, “So when they start using these new rings, it will make things better for
the animals.” When these test takers get to answer choice (E), the answer looks
extremely attractive because it indicates that the implementation of the new
rings will also have a harmful effect. With this thinking in mind, many test
takers select answer choice (E) thinking it undermines the conclusion and they
are certain they have nailed the question. However, the conclusion is
specifically about suffocation, and answer choice (E) does not address
suffocation. Instead, answer choice (E) is a shell game that attacks a conclusion
that is similar but different than the actual conclusion. Remember, one of the
rules for weakening arguments is to focus on the conclusion, and knowing the
details of the conclusion is part of that focus.

喜皮

1.---41s
premise:because the new rings are eviornmentally friendly, so once all the plastic rings have changed.
conclusion:the eviormental problems caused by old rings will be eliminated.
bg info:the manufacturer claim that the old rings will cause serious eviornment problem.
prephrase:weaken--->there will be other obstacles even if they changed the rings.

Airrelevent. the time it takes to switch is not related to the topic
Bkept for the first right
Csupport
Dirrelevent. the selection is some kind related to the solution of the old rings
Ekept for the first round. rather less relevent than B

2.--->20s
premise:in order to develop economy
conclusion: the mayor decided to kill the sharks with one mile of the beach
bg info:the tiger shark usually prey on small sharks but sometimes they will also kill humans, which badly influenced the tourism of that place.
prephrase:weaken--->the solution is not helpful for developing economy.

Asupport
Bsupport and irrelevent
Cit distort the bg info
Dirrelevent to the small sharks
Eright

小花儿绽放

1. 2.59  0:45
B: new rings disappear in 3 days
P: Switch over all old to new rings
C: no wild animals will be harmed threaten by suffocation
H: the 3days appearance won’t cause suffocation. The old will not be available to animals.
Suffocation: 窒息
A: E B—what about the old rings?
E said nothing about the treated of suffocation, so irrelevant!
Lesson: Read closely and know precisely what the author said. Do not  generalize! Remember, one of the rules for weakening arguments is to focus on the conclusion, and knowing the details of the conclusion is part of that focus.

2. 2:00 0:32
P: kill tiger shark to cause tourist back
C: help the second industry income
H: this won’ have negative economic effect on other area, such as the first industry.
A: D

3. 2:12 1:18
P: though E people love E apple, sell the K apple in half price
C: it can earn profit
H: some reason E people will buy K apple low price will attract E people to buy
A: E

4. 2:25 1:02
P: move 车站入口 from expansive area to cheap
C: save money & no negative impact
H: the movement won’t affect passagers— won’t affect the income.
A: B

5. 1:38 0:32
P: PZ 每车事故最少受伤
C：PZ最安全
H：受伤最少=最安全，没有其他安全隐患
A: C