[揽瓜阁精读] 311.金矿

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Metals found in lake mud in the central Peruvian Andes have revealed the first evidence for pre-Colonial metalsmithing there.

These findings illustrate a way that archaeologists can recreate the past even when looters have destroyed the valuable artifacts that would ordinarily be relied upon to reveal historical secrets. For instance, the new research hints at a tax imposed on local villages by ancient Inca rulers to force a switch from production of copper to silver.

Pre-Colonial bronze artifacts have previously been found in the central Peruvian Andes dating back to about 1000 AD, after the fall of the Wari or Huari civilization , the largest empire in the Andes before the Incas . However, it has been unclear how metallurgy had developed there, or whether or not these artifacts even came from the Andes, instead perhaps coming from trading with coastal villages.

"There's a lot you can't tell about history from the metal artifacts here because there's been a lot of looting, during both modern times and when the Spanish first arrived to melt down what silver and other metals were there to send back to the Spanish crown," said researcher Colin Cooke, an environmental scientist at the University of Alberta in Canada.

Curious emergence of metallurgy

To recreate a millennium of metallurgical history, the scientists measured the concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, antimony, bismuth, silver and titanium in sediments from Laguna Pirhuacocha , a lake in the mining region of Morococha in Peru that metal pollutants from furnace smoke contaminated. Collecting these samples over two summers in the extremely high, remote Andes was physically challenging, Cooke recalled, "with the occasional blown tire and truck getting stuck for a day."

The metals that Cooke, University of Pittsburgh environmental scientist Mark Abbott and their colleagues focused on are each linked with certain metallurgical practices. For instance, a large rise in zinc and copper levels relative to lead concentrations suggest copper smelting, while increases in lead, antimony and bismuth hint at silver metallurgy. They used carbon dating and lead isotope dating to figure out when the metals inside mud samples from the bottom of the lake were deposited.

The scientists found the earliest evidence for metallurgy dated back to between 1000 and 1200 AD, after the fall of the Wari but well before the rise of the Inca. Metallurgy then seemed aimed toward copper and copper alloys.

"It's very curious. You normally associate metals and technological development with large states and empires," Cooke told LiveScience. "It's rather strange that the onset of metallurgy occurred just as the Wari Empire disappeared from the scene."

Transition to silver

The Wari collapsed at the same time as the Tiwanaku, another empire in the Andes, both due possibly to a massive drought that, among other things, dropped Lake Titicaca by 20 feet. "Ideas and technology concerning metallurgy might have spread after these collapses, but it's still a mystery of where metallurgy came from here," Cooke said.

After 1450 AD, the villages switched from copper to silver, according to findings to be detailed in the May 15 issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology. The researchers noted this coincided with Inca control, when rulers imposed a tax, payable in silver. The precious metal had ceremonial status among the Inca.

"We're hoping to really help reconstruct the history of metallurgy in the New World," Cooke said. They have so far collected samples from some 30 other sites throughout the Andes that await further analysis, he added.

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在PA发现的metal是pre-C时期矿物冶炼的首个证据
这些发现使得考古学家在缺失artifacts的情况下仍能重塑过去。e.g.tax: copper to silver的转变
AD1000 的Pre-C artifacts之前在PA被发现 但是也不能确定是不是本地的，也可能是贸易买过来的
CC：也有一些历史不能从metal artifacts得知

冶金出现
为了重现冶金史，科学家们融合LP的沉积物，从很远的地方搞samples。很辛苦
MA研究的金属与特定的冶金活动有关。e.g. 会使用碳和铅xx来追溯研究
1000-1200AD 是最早的冶金术，之后冶金术重点是cooper

向银转变
Cooke觉得冶金术出现正好是Wari王朝消亡的时候，这很奇怪
W和T一起消失的，可能都是因为干旱；之后冶金术可能开始传播，但不知道究竟是从哪里来的
1450AD后，从copper转变到silver，这个与Inca统治时用银付税同时发生。贵金属在Inca很有地位很重要
Cooke希望能重现冶金史，目前已经从其他30多个site收集了很多samples等待研究

吱野

查不喜欢

文章三个部分，引入-分析-结论
1、Archaeologists可以揭示史前文明金属使用；
2、Pre-Colonial bronze artifacts被用于发现Andes使用metallurgy，但是机制不明白
3、检测各种元素含量，C关注实际使用，发现的结论，metallurgy适用于1000 and 1200 AD，主要是copper——结论：一般来说随着王朝兴盛起来，但是奇怪的是技术是在Wari Empire消失后才出现；
4、Wari 消失后，metallurgy继续传播，但是不知道具体怎么出现的
5、转：Inca期间，因为税收政策铜转向银
5、结尾：希望重塑历史，还在继续搜集证据

未知数xy

在湖泥中发现的金属是金属锻造的证据。
发现表明，即使文物摧毁，考古学家也可以重现过去+例子：铜——白银
发现了青铜制品但不清楚冶金是何发展起来的，这些文物可能来自安第斯山脉，可能来自贸易。
库克说：金属文物中无法了解历史，因为抢劫事件。

冶金的奇特出现
科学家测量+过程辛苦
库克发现金属变化和冶金相关
科学家们发现了最早的冶金证据，是针对铜和铜合金。
库克：常把金属和技术发展与大国和帝国联系起来，但技术在帝国消失后出现

向银色过渡
干旱导致灭国，但技术起源存疑
铜变银，与印加统治时期不谋而合，当时统治者征收以白银支付的税款。
库克：“希望还原冶金历史。继续采集样本做分析。

xixio

311---描述一个findings，并介绍通过这个findings scientists发现了什么
生词：looter 掠夺者  metallurgy治金学  alloy合金
---介绍背景---
Metals in PA---first evidence
---illustrate a way to recreate the past even when looters have destroyed the artifacts (for instance, a tax to force a switch (from copper to silver))

---插入说一下artifacts不足以证明history---
Artifacts previously have been found, but unclear about how PA developed, or whether or not artifacts came from PA.
CC: “there’re a lot cannot tell because there’re a lot looting.”

---回归说明如何recreate, 并发现metallurgy---
To recreate: scientists measure xxx, xxx ---collecting samples over two summers=== remote PA was challenging
The mentals(findings): each linked with metallurgical practices
Use carbon dating and lead isotope dating---when---found the earliest dated back to 1000-1200AD---aimed toward copper and copper alloy
CC:“ it’s curious and strange about when it occur”

----transition to silver---
Wari collapsed, metallurgy spread after collapse, but where it came from still unknown
After 1450AD, villages switch from copper to silver—when rules imposed a tax

最后就是CC讲希望能help reconstruct the history of metallurgy----也就是说他们还没有完全完成研究，只完成了一部分。

毛甲鱼

P1 介绍背景：因为Andes地区经历过西班牙殖民和掠夺，因此无法从金属制品中分析（通常做法），考古学家们研究湖底泥土中的金属成分，获得殖民前时期当地

P2 奇怪的出现：科学家们从湖底沉积物中测量金属的浓度，用C和铅同位素定年来确定这些金属沉积的年份。科学家们找到最早的证据是在1000-1200AD，在the Wari灭亡之后和印加王朝崛起之前 -- 这很奇怪，违背于我们通常认为的金属和技术发展和大国崛起有关

P3 转变到炼银：The Wari和Tiwanaku差不多时间由于干旱水平面下降灭亡，可以确定冶金在这些王朝灭亡后出现并扩张，但冶金术从哪里传来依旧成谜。在1450AD后冶金从铜转为银，研究员们注意到这个时间和印加人要求用银来支付tax吻合。Cooke团队已经收集了很多样本，表示希望能重现新大陆的炼金史。

Bella可以700+

框架：sector1：发现了pre-colonial 金属锻造的证据
考古学家用某种方法可以重塑过去
工艺品之前被发现过，但不清楚两个事情（怎样发展，是否来自）
Sector2：Curious emergence of metallurgy
为了重塑，科学家测量浓度，但该方法很困难
测量的金属与金属锻造实践有关，如用碳追踪法和同位素标记法
很奇怪的一点是应该有联系，但是实验说明却不同时存在
Sector3：Transition to silver
仍然存疑关于冶金从哪来的
转向银与税收有关