[揽瓜阁精读] 294. democracy

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The word democracy may stand for a natural social equality in the body politic or for a constitutional form of government in which power lies more or less directly in the people’s hand. The former may be called social democracy and the latter democratic government. The two differ widely, both in origin and in moral principle. Genetically considered, social democracy is something primitive, unintended, proper to communities where there is general competence and no marked personal eminence. There will be no aristocracy, no prestige, but instead an intelligent readiness to lend a hand and to do in unison whatever is done. In other words, there will be that most democratic of governments—no government at all. But when pressure of circumstances, danger, or inward strife makes recognized and prolonged guidance necessary to a social democracy, the form its government takes is that of a rudimentary monarchy established by election or general consent. A natural leader emerges and is instinctively obeyed. That leader may indeed be freely criticized and will not be screened by any pomp or traditional mystery; he or she will be easy to replace and every citizen will feel essentially his or her equal. Yet such a state is at the beginnings of monarchy and aristocracy.

Political democracy, on the other hand, is a late and artificial product. It arises by a gradual extension of aristocratic privileges, through rebellion against abuses, and in answer to restlessness on the people’s part. Its principle is not the absence of eminence, but the discovery that existing eminence is no longer genuine and representative. It may retain many vestiges of older and less democratic institutions. For under democratic governments the people have not created the state; they merely control it. Their suspicions and jealousies are quieted by assigning to them a voice, perhaps only a veto, in the administration. The people’s liberty consists not in their original responsibility for what exists, but merely in the faculty they have acquired of abolishing any detail that may distress or wound them, and of imposing any new measure, which, seen against the background of existing laws, may commend itself from time to time to their instinct and mind.

If we turn from origins to ideals, the contrast between social and political democracy is no less marked. Social democracy is a general ethical ideal, looking to human equality and brotherhood, and inconsistent, in its radical form, with such institutions as the family and hereditary property. Democratic government, on the contrary, is merely a means to an end, an expedient for the better and smoother government of certain states at certain junctures. It involves no special ideals of life; it is a question of policy, namely, whether the general interest will be better served by granting all people an equal voice in elections. For political democracy must necessarily be a government by deputy, and the questions actually submitted to the people can be only very large rough matters of general policy or of confidence in party leaders.

吱野

Phoenix727

P1 提出 2 个概念：社会民主和民主政府。
介绍社会民主的属性：
        a. 原始
        b. 没有贵族
        c. 当社会遇到危险时，领导者自然产生，且易于替换
P2 介绍民主政府/政治民主的特征：
        a. 后期和人为产物
        b. 因贵族特权和人民的不安而产生
        c. 原则：现有贵族不再具有代表性
        d. 保留旧制度的规则
        e. 人民控制它
P3 两个概念之间的差异
        a. 社会民主：伦理观念
        b. 民主政府：一种手段

吾铜wt

第一段：介绍social democracy和democratic government是有很大去别的，不仅在origin领域，也在moral principle领域。先从origin角度介绍两者不同。介绍了一下social democracy的特点。是原始的民主形态，理想的情况下无eminence，无政府。但是当面临一些压力，比如strife的时候，就会自然而然的出现领导，然后走向monarchy和aristocracy的形态。
第二段：介绍democracy government，新的而且是artificial product。它的诞生来源于人们对某些事物的反抗，他的宗旨不是让eminence缺席，而只是发现现有的eminence不再具有代表性和真实的。不是很彻底的民主，人们保留了旧有的不够民主的机构，没有创建新的state，只是控制这些。人们的反抗被他们所赋予的权利所平息，他们的自由不在于他们有的原始责任，只是有了一些可以废弃让他们受伤害以及实施新方法的能力。
第三段：从ideals角度对比social和politic democracy。Social的更ideal，但是跟他family和hereditary property的机构冲突了。Government one is more like a mean，是一个为了better and smoother政府的权宜之计。他没包含什么特殊的ideals of life，他是一个policy的question，也就是general interest能不能被有效的服务 by 给予每一个人平等的权力去选举。因为政治民主必然是由代表组成的政府，而实际向人民提出的问题只能是关于一般政策或对党领导人的信任的非常大的粗略问题。

Eunice12

文章结构
P1 overview
1、引出对象：世界民主分为自然社会平等、宪法形式的政府，前者被称为社会民主，后者被称为民主政府
2、总论点：两者在起源和道理准则方面都大有不同
3、分论点：从起源上阐述社会民主
（1）原始、无计划、适于普遍能力和没有个人杰出的社会
（2）没有贵族、没有特权，而是一种智慧的准备以伸出援手和团结处事
（3）即这将是最民主的政府—无政府
（4）当环境的压力、威胁和内部斗争让辨认和延长指导成为社会民主所必需的东西，采取的政府形式是初级君主制，由选举或者普遍同意而建立。自然的领导者产生并内在遵循
（5）但是这种国家是君主制和贵族制的开端
P2
1、分论点：从起源上阐述民主政府/政治民主
（1）政治民主是后来的人工的产物：从逐渐扩展的贵族特权中产生
（2）理念：不是杰出的缺席，而是现存杰出不再是真实和具有代表性的
（3）可能会保留旧的和不太民主的机构
（4）人民不是创造国家，而是控制国家。他们的怀疑和嫉妒通过赋予他们发声而平息。人民的自由不在于对现存事物的责任，而在于他们获得废除细节和实施新措施的能力
P3 从理想方面阐述两者的不同
1、社会民主是普遍道德理想，关注人类平等和手足之情，和家庭财产和继承财产不统一
2、民主政府只是通往终点的途径，一种在某个节点某个国家的更好更顺畅的政府的权宜之计。它不包含特殊的生活理想，它是政策的质疑，即能否通过授予全体人民在选举中平等的发声来服务普遍的利益。因为政治民主必然是代表执政，而实际向人民提出的问题只能是总政策或对党的领导人的信任的非常大的粗略问题。

guan777www

Defination:
-Social democracy is equality in body politic.Democraccy government is constitutional form with equal politic power.
-the differencerigin and moral principle.
-relationship:
Political democracy:
late and artificial prodcuct;people have acquired of a power of controling .
Summary contrast:
social d-ideal,human equality;d g-serve the general interst;p d- with deputy

yurifromcanada

P1：提出democracy的两种类别
democracy这个单词代表着在身体政治上自然的社会平等性和权利落在人民手中的政府的机构形态。
前者—— social democracy；后者——democratic government：两者在origin and moral principle的区别很显著。
social democracy：
- 正常运作时 no government at all
- 压力和危险时，the form its government takes is that of a rudimentary monarchy established by election or general consent
- leader is natural

P2：
Political democracy: late and artificial product
principle：discovery that existing eminence is no longer genuine and representative
特点：人民不创造，而控制（如bolishing法律，发布新规等）

P3：总结，二者的比较
Social democracy：ethical ideal
Democratic government：question of policy

Yyyy冲

Social: general accpetance,no prestige, do in unison, no gov at all
When bad things happen: by election or general consent >> natural leader emerge.
Leader: freely criticized, easy replace and equal
Above: beginning of monarchy（君主） and aristocracy （贵族）

Political：gradual extension of aris privileges.
Less democratic institutions.
Control the state, not create.
Liberty not there, is from acquire or abolish details, and impose new measure

Social: ethical ideal
Political: better and smoother government, question of policy.

橙皮冰美式

P1:
民主分为两种，一种是social democracy，另一种是democratic government。
social democracy:
是一种比较原始的民主，对存在竞争且没有杰出领袖的环境比较适用。这样的环境中没有贵族统治，而是以整体的方式做事，也就是说根本没有government。不过当面对外来压力，通过选举和全体一致形成的政府担任着基本君主的角色。 同时，领袖会随着出现，他可能会收到批评，也很容易被取代。然而，这样的状态是君主制和贵族统治的开端。

P2:
Political democracy (democratic government)
是人工产物，是对贵族统治的不满。它的原则不再是领袖的缺失，而是在位领袖不再genuine and representative。对于民主政府，人民并没有创造国家，他们只是控制国家。他们被赋予废除任何让他们痛苦的细节并实施新的措施。

P3:
对比两种民主：
Social democracy更倾向于道德理想，追求人民平等和兄弟情义。而democratic government不涉及任何对生活的理想主义，它是一个政策问题，即在选举中给予所有人平等的发言权，是否能更好地满足普遍利益。实际像是一种代议制政府，提交给人们的议题通常比较粗略。

feijinbufeijin

294. Democracy
The world democracy may stand in the body political or constitutional form of government, and the description of difference between A and B, what’s social democracy like
What’s political democracy like, which is an artificial and late product, compares with social democracy
The main difference between A and B, A focus on equality among people, whereas B pursues more smoother and faster society development.