揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队 第124天 海浪与光波

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Imagine that we stand on any ordinary seaside pier, and watch the waves rolling in and striking against the iron columns of the pier. Large waves pay very little attention to the columns—they divide right and left and re-unite after passing each column, much as a regiment of soldiers would if a tree stood in their way; it is almost as though the columns had not been there. But the short waves and ripples find the columns of the pier a much more formidable obstacle. When the short waves impinge on the columns, they are reflected back and spread as new ripples in all directions. To use the technical term, they are “scattered.” The obstacle provided by the iron columns hardly affects the long waves at all, but scatters the short ripples.

We have been watching a working model of the way in which sunlight struggles through the earth’s atmosphere. Between us on earth and outer space the atmosphere interposes innumerable obstacles in the form of molecules of air, tiny droplets of water, and small particles of dust. They are represented by the columns of the pier.

The waves of the sea represent the sunlight. We know that sunlight is a blend of lights of many colors—as we can prove for ourselves by passing it through a prism, or even through a jug of water, or as Nature demonstrates to us when she passes it through the raindrops of a summer shower and produces a rainbow. We also know that light consists of waves, and that the different colors of light are produced by waves of different lengths, red light by long waves and blue light by short waves. The mixture of waves which constitutes sunlight has to struggle through the obstacles it meets in the atmosphere, just as the mixture of waves at the seaside has to struggle past the columns of the pier. And these obstacles treat the light waves much as the columns of the pier treat the sea-waves. The long waves which constitute red light are hardly affected, but the short waves which constitute blue light are scattered in all directions.

Thus, the different constituents of sunlight are treated in different ways as they struggle through the earth’s atmosphere. A wave of blue light may be scattered by a dust particle, and turned out of its course. After a time a second dust particle again turns it out of its course, and so on, until finally it enters our eyes by a path as zigzag as that of a flash of lightning. Consequently, the blue waves of the sunlight enter our eyes from all directions. And that is why the sky looks blue.

1. We know from experience that if we look directly at the sun, we will see red light near the sun. This observation is supported by the passage for which one of the following reasons?
(A) It seems reasonable to assume that red light would surround the sun because the sun is basically a large fireball.
(B) It seems reasonable to assume that the other colors of light would either cancel each other or combine to produce red.
(C) It seems reasonable to assume that red light would not be disturbed by the atmospheric particles and would consequently reach us by a relatively direct path from the sun to our eyes.
(D) It is not supported by the passage. The author does not say what color of light should be near the sun, and he provides no reasons that would allow us to assume that the light would be red.
(E) Gazing directly at the sun forces the eye to focus on the longer red waves.

2. Scientists have observed that shorter wavelength light has more energy than longer wavelength light. From this we can conclude that
(A) red light will exert more energy when it hits the surface of the earth than will blue light.
(B) lightning is caused by the collision of blue light with particles in the air.
(C) red light will travel faster than blue light.
(D) blue light has more energy than red light.
(E) blue light has less energy than red light.

3. A scientist makes new observations and learns that water waves of shorter wavelengths spread in all directions not only because they scatter off piers but also because they interact with previously scattered short water waves. Drawing upon the analogy between water waves and light waves, we might hypothesize which of the following?
(A) Blue light waves act like ripples that other blue light waves meet and scatter from.
(B) Red light waves will be scattered by blue light waves like incoming long water waves are scattered by outgoing ripples.
(C) Red light waves can scatter blue light waves, but blue light waves cannot scatter red.
(D) The analogy between water and light waves cannot be extended to include the way in which short water waves become ripples and scatter one another.
(E) The scattering effect of blue light waves is canceled by that of red.

4. Which one of the following is a reason for assuming that sunlight is constituted of waves of many colors?
(A) The mixture of waves that make up sunlight has to struggle through a variety of obstacles in the atmosphere.
(B) When passing through water in the atmosphere, sunlight is sometimes broken down into an array of colors.
(C) Many different wavelengths of light enter our eyes from all directions.
(D) The mere fact that light waves can be scattered is a reason for assuming that sunlight is constituted of waves of different colors.
(E) When passing through dust in the atmosphere, sunlight is sometimes broken down into an array of colors.

5. From the information presented in the passage, what can we conclude about the color of the sky on a day with a large quantity of dust in the air?
(A) The sky would be even bluer
(B) The sky would be redder
(C) The sky would not change colors
(D) We do not have enough information to determine a change in color
(E) The sky would assume a violet hue

6. We all know that when there is a clear sky, the western sky appears red as the sun sets. From the information presented in the passage, this phenomenon would seem to be explained by which of the following?
I. Light meets more obstacles when passing parallel to the earth’s surface than when traveling perpendicular. Consequently, even red light is diffused.
II. The blue light may not make it through the denser pathway of the evening sky, leaving only the long light waves of red.
III. The short red light waves have more energy and are the only waves that can make it through the thick atmosphere of the evening sky.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

7. Which one of the following does the author seem to imply?
(A) Waves of light and waves of water are identical.
(B) Waves of light have the same physical shape as waves of water.
(C) Waves of light and waves of water do not have very much in common.
(D) Waves of water are only models of waves of light.
(E) There are colors of light waves just as there are colors of water waves.

参考答案：

CDDBDCD

BLAZEBLAZE

BLAZEBLAZE 发表于 2023-9-22 20:16

不好意思发错了

BLAZEBLAZE

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屯个名字

P1:iron columns of the pier对大/小波浪的影响
The obstacle provided by the iron columns hardly affects the long waves at all, but scatters the short ripples.

P2:air particles= columns of the pier

P3: air particles怎么影响light waves
1.waves of the sea represent the sunlight
2.Colorful waves<—— rainbow
3.waves with different color has different lengths
4.Red-large waves; blue-short waves
5. The long waves which constitute red light are hardly affected, but the short waves which constitute blue light are scattered in all directions.

P4:光线如何被air particles处理
Blue light- frequently scattered——>blue sky

CDABACD 11'13"

NikitaHan

海浪与光波
一段：设想我们站在码头上，看海浪冲向码头的柱子上。大海浪根本就不管柱子在不在那里，直接冲上来，然后在柱子的两边分开之后又合在一起。就像是纪律严明的士兵，面对一棵树在他的面前，海浪根本就当作柱子不存在一样。但是小海浪和涟漪面对柱子的反应就不一样，他们会把柱子当作是障碍物，当撞上柱子时，涟漪会被反弹回去，并向四面八方形成新的涟漪。专业术语就是被分散了。大的海浪则不会被分散。
二段：我们一直在观察太阳光是如何传播到地球上的，地球有着厚厚的大气层，包括灰尘，水滴，以及空气都是障碍物。这些障碍物就像是码头上的柱子一样的效果。

三段：我们都知道太阳光是由不同的颜色组成的，同样不同颜色的光是由不同波长的光波形成的。这些不同波长的光波被大气里的这些障碍物所阻挡，长波长的光波很少受到影响，而波长短的光波则会受到阻碍。

四段：红光的波长比较长，蓝光的波长短。所以，蓝光将会被分散，经过不同的障碍物，则会被不断的分散到各个方向，最终传播到我们的眼睛。这也是为什么我们看到的天空是蓝色的。

作者观点：由我们可见的海浪引出太阳光的传播，并解释了我们看到的天空是蓝色的原因。

程畅2001

Introduce the phenomenon: columns, large waves vs short waves and ripples. No effects on long waves, but scatters the short ripples.

Sunlight through the atmosphere. Light-waves, air/water/dust-columns.


Sunlight has different lights of colors, light consists of waves. So when passing through the atmosphere, the long wave (red)not affected, short waves (blue) are scattered in all directions.

Consequently, the blue waves of the sunlight enter our eyes
from all directions. And that is why the sky looks blue.

ArielWen

第五题解析：
5. From the information presented in the passage, what can we conclude about the color of the sky on a day with a large quantity of dust in the air?

Explanation

(A): No. Although dust is mentioned as one of the three important obstacles (lines 16–17), we simply do not have enough information to conclude how dust density would change sky color.

(B): No. While this idea may fit with the common lore that a lot of dust in the air creates great, red sunsets, the passage itself gives no basis to any conclusion regarding color change.

(C): No. Same reason as in (A) and (B).

(D): Yes. There is not enough information in the passage to determine a relationship between color change and dust density. The dust may give off a certain color of its own—we can’t say for certain.

The answer is (D).

ArielWen

Official Explanation:
3. A scientist makes new observations and learns that water waves of shorter wavelengths spread in all directions not only because they scatter off piers but also because they interact with previously scattered short water waves. Drawing upon the analogy between water waves and light waves, we might hypothesize which of the following?

Explanation

This is an application question since it introduces new information about water waves and asks us to conclude how the behavior of light waves might be similarly affected. Given this information, however, we can justify no conclusion about whether light waves imitate water waves in this new regard. The analogy might hold or it might break down. We don’t yet know. (To find out we would have to do an experiment using light.)

The answer is (D).

ArielWen

ArielWen 发表于 2022-10-26 15:13
全文翻译：
想象一下，我们站在任何一个普通的海边码头，看着海浪翻滚，撞击码头的铁柱。大浪很少注意纵队 ...

Mark一下！               

ArielWen

全文翻译：
想象一下，我们站在任何一个普通的海边码头，看着海浪翻滚，撞击码头的铁柱。大浪很少注意纵队——它们分开左右并在经过每一个纵队后重新汇合，就像一棵树挡住他们的路时，一群士兵会这样做；就好像柱子不存在一样。但短波和涟漪发现码头的柱子是一个更强大的障碍。当短波撞击柱子时，它们被反射回来并作为新的涟漪向各个方向传播。用技术术语来说，它们是“分散的”。铁柱提供的障碍对长波几乎没有影响，而是将短波分散开来。

我们一直在观察阳光在地球大气层中挣扎的方式的工作模型。在我们地球和外太空之间，大气层以空气分子、微小的水滴和微小的尘埃颗粒的形式设置了无数障碍。它们由码头的柱子代表。

海的波浪代表阳光。我们知道阳光是多种颜色的光的混合体——我们可以通过让阳光穿过棱镜，甚至穿过一壶水来证明自己，或者就像大自然通过夏天的雨滴向我们展示的那样淋浴并产生彩虹。我们也知道光是由波组成的，不同长度的波产生不同颜色的光，长波产生红光，短波产生蓝光。构成阳光的波浪混合物必须挣扎通过它在大气中遇到的障碍，就像海边的波浪混合物必须挣扎通过码头的柱子一样。这些障碍物对待光波就像码头的柱子对待海浪一样。构成红光的长波几乎不受影响，而构成蓝光的短波则向各个方向散射。

因此，当阳光的不同成分在地球大气层中挣扎时，它们会以不同的方式被处理。一波蓝光可能会被尘埃粒子散射，并偏离其路线。过了一段时间，第二颗尘埃粒子再次使它偏离轨道，以此类推，直到最后它以闪电一样曲折的路径进入我们的眼睛。因此，阳光的蓝色波浪从各个方向进入我们的眼睛。这就是为什么天空看起来很蓝的原因。

文章脉络梳理：
第一段：介绍water waves 的运动规律（large water waves 会穿过columns并重新汇合；short water waves会被反弹回来并四处传播，也即"scattered"）
第二段：sunlight穿过大气层会经过很多障碍：innumerable obstacles in the form of molecules of air, tiny droplets of water, and small particles of dust.这些障碍扮演者水中的columns类似的角色。
第三段：太阳光是由很多颜色的光组成的（列举了三件事证实：棱镜；自然光穿过水散射；彩虹的形成），不同颜色的光的光波长度不同（红光是long waves;蓝光是short waves)；long waves不会受到障碍物的影响,short waves遇到障碍物会scattered.
第四段：太阳光的不同光波在穿过大气层的反应不同。蓝光遇到障碍物会不断反弹，改变原本的轨迹，所以最后我们可以看到天空是蓝色的。