揽瓜阁做题小分队 第6天 非洲裔美国人的起源

小白斩鸡

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When they first arrived in America as slaves in the 1600s, Africans joined a society that was divided between master and white servants brought from Europe. In most parts of the South, some of these first African slaves became free either through escape or through emancipation by their owners. It is therefore a misconception that all African Americans in the pre-Civil War South were slaves. Many researchers have also assumed that these free African Americans were the offspring of white slave owners who took advantage of their female slaves. However, these cases represent only a small minority of free African Americans in the South. Most free African Americans were actually the descendants of African American men and white servant women.

In fact, despite the efforts of the various colonial legislatures, white servant women continued to bear children by African American fathers through the late seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth century. It appears that such births were the primary source of the increase in the free African American population for this period. Over two hundred African American families in Virginia descended from white women. Forty-six families descended from freed slaves, twenty-nine from Indians, and sixteen from white men who married or had children by free African American women. It is likely that the majority of the remaining families descended from white women since they first appear in court records in the mid-eighteenth century, when slaves could not be freed without legislative approval, and there is no record of legislative approval for their emancipations.

The history of free African Americans families in colonial New York and New Jersey, by contrast, is quite different from that of free African Americans in the South. Most were descended from slaves freed by the Dutch West India Company between 1644 and 1664 or by individual owners. Researchers have studied these families, especially a group of fourteen families that scholars have traced through at least three generations. None of the fourteen families appears to be descended from a white servant woman and an African American man. However, Lutheran church records from the eighteenth century show that a few such couples had children baptized.

[1] The author of the passage is primarily interested in
(A) defending an accepted position on colonial history
(B) analyzing an unproven hypothesis regarding slavery
(C) presenting an alternate view of a historical period
(D) critiquing an outdated theory of colonial development
(E) describing the culmination of a historical trend.

[2] The passage suggests which of the following about African American families in colonial New York and New Jersey?
(A) They were not descended from white servant women and African American men.
(B) They were less numerous than African American families in the colonial South.
(C) Most of them were started between 1644 and 1664.
(D) They began with an initial group of fourteen families.
(E) Some of them may have descended from white servant women.

[3] Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(A) No free African Americans in the American colonies were the offspring of white slave owners.
(B) Some colonial legislatures passed laws to prevent interbreeding between white colonists and African Americans.
(C) White servants were not as numerous as African American slaves in early America.
(D) Most African Americans in the South were born into slavery.
(E) Records exist to document all births of free African Americans in colonial America.

[4] According to the passage, which of the following is a difference between free African Americans in colonial New York and New Jersey and free African Americans in the colonial South?
A. Those in New York and New Jersey were primarily descended from freed slaves while those in the South were primarily descended from white women.
B. Those in New York and New Jersey were primarily descended from white women while those in the South were primarily descended from freed slaves
C. Both groups of African Americans were primarily descended from freed slaves, but those in the North had been freed earlier.
D. Both groups of African Americans were primarily descended from freed slaves, but those in the South had been freed earlier.
E. Those in the South could be freed only with legislative permission.

参考答案，做完才看 ：）

CEBA

joliajjj

新老观点
作者对某一历史时期提出另一种看法
P1：认为内战前南方所有非美都是奴隶是误解。且大多数非美是非男和白女的后代
P2：立法机构没能阻止白女生下非美
P3:殖民地纽约和新的自由非美和南方非美不同，少有白女的后裔
CEBA

木柚籽

P1
Misconception: all AA were slaves
Researcher: AA=white owner men + female slave
Challenge：most AA = AA men + white female servant "       
P2
white servant female continue bear children (despite law）--the resource of free AA （over 200）--first court record       
P3
New York vs South
Researcher: 14 family no from white female slave& AA man
Challenge: a few yes

13659111111

CABA
P1: free African American应该来自黑人男和白人女的后代
P2: 南部的free man 来自黑人男和白人女的后代
P3： NY,NJ这两个地方的free man应该来自被Dutch公司解放的奴隶的后代

B及站士

P1. 美國南部首批黑人奴隸有些人透過逃跑或解放方式獲得自由身分,導致大眾普遍誤解非裔美國人在內戰前都是奴隸, 甚至有學者認為具有自由身分的黑人是白人奴隸主與黑人奴隸女性生下來。作者提出修正, 事實上黑人自由民是由黑人男性與白人女侍從生下
P2. 即便法律試圖禁止不同膚色人種繁衍後代, 但白人女性養育黑人小孩的情形從17世紀晚期到18世紀都有。黑男+白女的後代是黑人自由民增長的主力(當時黑人無法透過法律保障獲得自由, 也沒有對黑人解放的法律紀錄)。
P3. 對比南部的黑人自由民, 紐約和紐澤西的自由民多來自於被荷蘭印度公司釋放的奴隸。有個研究追蹤14個黑人家庭三代都沒有像南部那樣黑男+白女的組成。
     但作者提醒, 在紐約和紐澤西的教堂還是有黑男+白女的小孩受洗受洗的紀錄。
-
P1
1. Misconception: free African Americans – the offspring of white slave owners + female slaves
2. Argument: Most free African Americans – African American men + white servant women

P2
1. Elaborate: (despite laws prevent interbreeding between white and African) white servant women continued to bear children by African American fathers through the late 17th~ 18th
2. Intermediate: such births were the primary source of the increase in the free African American population for this period – court records appear in mid-18th century (slaves be freed legally X) (legal emancipation X)

P3
1. Comparison: free African Americans in New York and New Jersy – descended from slaves freed by DWIC
2. Elaborate: None of the fourteen families appears to be descended from a white servant woman
3. Reminder: Lutheran church records show that a few such couples had children baptized

屯个名字

P1:提出观点
（引子）美国南部一些第一批非洲奴隶获得自由——>并不是所有非洲裔美国人在内战前是奴隶——>科学家认为AA是白人奴隶主后代——>(反驳，提出观点)大部分AA是AA男性和白人奴隶女性的后代

P2:解释原因——南部
直到17世纪末18世纪，白人奴隶女性一直为AA孕育后代——>primary source of the increase in the free African American population——>(数据论证)>200个AA家庭来自白人女性，46来自freed slaves,29来自Indian,16来自白人男性

P3:解释原因——New York and New Jersey
AA来自 slaves freed by the Dutch West India Company between 1644 and 1664 or by individual owners
——>(证据) a group of fourteen families三代中没有人来自白人女性——>但是有这样的孩子接受洗礼（说明New York and New Jersey还是有人来自白人女性）

CEDA 9’17”

lt_run

P1 关于美国南方自由黑人奴隶的祖先的misconception，以及文章的观点
p2 支撑文章观点的证据
P3 New York的自由黑人奴隶的祖先
BABA

NikitaHan

非洲裔美国人的起源
P1: in most parts of the south, most slaves become free either through escape or through emancipation. So it is a misconception that all African Americans in the south pre-civil war are slaves. Some researchers assume that these free African Americans are offspring of white slave owners and their female slaves. However, most free African Americans are descendants of African males and white servant women.

P2: more details that this way becomes the majority of free African Americans.

P3: in New York and New Jersey, the case is different. Most are descendants from slaves freed by a company and individual owners. Only small proportion is descendants from white servant women and African American men.

Author's opinion: introduced a new opinion about what is the origin of free African Americans instead of the old one. Then explain the details and differences between south New York areas.

CYJ_

First paragraph2:27)
1960年前非洲人首次以奴隸的身份來到美國
很多人誤以為在南北戰爭前，所有非裔民族都是奴隸，但其實早有部分非裔族群已經是自由身，而非裔美國人擁有自有的方式不外乎是自己逃離的不然就是由雇主釋放。
而許多擁有自由的非裔族群其實是非裔奴隸與白人的後代，有一部分研究認為是白人雇主以及非裔女奴隸。但實際上更多的是非裔男奴隸與白人女奴隸的後裔。
Second（2:55)
許多白人女奴在17世紀末期到18世紀初期生下與非裔美國男人的小孩。這樣的情況對於雇主是增加免費的私人勞工資源，且在這段時期非裔人口也上升。
超過200個家庭屬於白人女人後裔家庭數量，46家庭是自由奴隸的後裔，29家庭是印第安人後裔，與非裔美國人結婚或有小孩的白人男人有16家
從此可以看出自有法庭記錄以來，白人家庭佔大宗，也由於殖民法規的原因，若沒有得到法律允許，奴隸無法獲得自由因為沒有法規證明他們被釋放。
Third(3:00)
然而非裔奴隸在紐約與紐澤西有著跟南邊不一樣的情況，大多數自由黑奴是荷蘭西印度公司或私人雇主的奴隸的後裔。儘管學者調查這些奴隸的家庭，甚至特別挑出14個黑奴家庭回溯過去三代，但沒有證據表示他們是非裔美國男人與白人女奴結婚的後代；然而在某教堂的紀錄裡，確實有這樣的家庭的孩子在他們教堂接受受洗。
答案：BEDB

Haiying668

P1一个错误的观点是认为内战前的南方非裔黑人都是奴隶。许多研究人员也认为这些自由的非裔黑人是因为白人奴隶主占了黑人女奴的便宜而出生的后代。但是南方绝大部分非裔美国人是非裔美国男人和白人女佣的后代。
P2 尽管有当时的殖民地立法禁止，但是在17世纪末和18世纪初依然有不少白人妇女和非洲裔美国男的娃出生。这期间自由的黑人人口的增长主要就来自于此。佛吉尼亚就有超过两百多个黑人家庭是来自白人妇女的后代。
P3 自由的非裔美国人发展历史在纽约和新泽西的则与南方的很不同。他们绝大部分是在1644和
1664年期间经由东印度公司或者奴隶主解放的黑奴的后代。分析研究当地家庭的溯源结果论证与南方的不同：14个家庭没有白人女佣与非裔美国男人的后代。但18世纪的教会资料显示曾有这样的家庭出生的孩子受洗。
AEBA