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【阅读】2019/03/02起樾都寂静整理(03/10日更新, 34篇原始,34篇考古)

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发表于 2019-3-3 01:42:56 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |正序浏览 |阅读模式
目录
一、【考古】working memory
二、【考古】ecological art
三、【考古】市场策略
四、【考古】free market
五、【考古】伽利略水泵
六、【考古】伦敦桥
七、【考古】Wage gap
八、【考古】服务调研
九、【考古】日美企业对比
十、【考古】原始人
十一、        【考古】鸡骨头
十二、        【考古】东京铁路
十三、        【考古】苹果
十四、        【考古】Lava
十五、        【考古】Pluto
十六、        【考古】Haloeffect
十七、        【考古】妇女选举           【0113没有】
十八、        【考古】女性创业
十九、        【考古】Cotton                 【0113没有】
二十、        【考古】地图
二十一、   【考古】环保的标准
二十二、   【考古】女权与附属品     【0113没有】
二十三、   【考古】小孩实验           【0113没有】
二十四、   【考古】Cement
二十五、   【考古】Boaters
二十六、   【考古】纳米科技
二十七、   【考古】Oralbias
二十八、   【考古】Deregulation
二十九、   【考古】女性制陶
三十、      【考古】瑞士电力
三十一、【考古】捕食行为
三十二、【考古】广告
三十三、【考古】超市摆放         【0113没有】
三十四、【考古】土壤吸收二氧化碳


相似库0113放附件里了。
----------------
2019/03/02起寂静整理汇总
【数学】2019/03/02起数学寂静原始稿 by qv0518
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1341102-1-1.html
【数学讨论稿1-100】2019/03/02起数学讨论稿 by sxkbb
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1341106-1-1.html
【阅读】2019/03/02起阅读整理 by huajiananhai
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1341092-1-1.html
【语法】2019/03/02起语法寂静整理 by Florrra
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1341112-1-1.html
【作文】2019/03/02起作文寂静整理 by qv0518
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1341103-1-1.html

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21#
发表于 2019-3-9 12:56:43 | 只看该作者
https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/13/science/disputed-medieval-map-called-genuine-after-all.html

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/questions-origin

Questions of Origin
Vikings, Vinland, and the veracity of a map
BY JESSICA GORMAN

Scientists lined up on opposing sides of a decades-old controversy this month, after the publication of two new studies concerning the authenticity of one of the world's most famous maps. If it's not a forgery, the Vinland Map contains the first known cartographic representation of the Americas. The world map, which surfaced in the 1950s, identifies a region called Vinland that resembles coastal Canada. Latin text on the map describes Vinland's discovery by the Vikings.

Both archeological evidence and ancient Viking sagas suggest that Norse explorers reached the New World around A.D. 1000, long before Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492. Historians have wondered whether medieval Europeans were familiar with these Viking travels, and there's evidence that a scribe may have made the Vinland Map for the Council of Basel, a meeting of bishops in Switzerland in the 1430s and 1440s.

"We always assume Columbus set out on his voyages without any knowledge" of the Western Hemisphere, says Garman Harbottle of Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, N.Y. "Had he had a look at the Vinland Map, he would have seen it on there."

The two new reports appear to be on opposite sides of the debate but don't actually contradict each other. The authors of one report claim that the map's inks contain a 20th-century substance, making the map a modern forgery. The authors of the other say that the map's parchment dates clearly to the time of the Council of Basel.

The map could be a convincing fake drawn on old parchment. Yet the studies have renewed 4 decades of hot debate.

Ink and parchment

To investigate whether the map is authentic, Robin J. H. Clark and Katherine L. Brown of the University College London used a technique called Raman microprobe spectroscopy to look for signatures of certain molecules in its ink.

第二段反驳上面的观点,说其实中世纪造墨水的过程也产生这种物质 并且经过测量这种物质在这个地图的ink里含量很低 很接近与中世纪的那种方法制造的墨水

Yellow lines run under the map's flaking black ink, as they do in many documents from the Middle Ages. A widely used medieval ink called iron gallotannate can leave behind similar yellow stains containing anatase, a type of titanium dioxide.
一个map很有价值因为它确认了一个什么地方曾经被维京人explore过,但是Mc说这个map用的ink含有一种物质在1920(?)年才有,另一个人也觉得这个map不靠谱。第二段反驳上面的观点,具体内容忘了。

In the Aug. 1 Analytical Chemistry, Clark and Brown report that the Vinland Map's yellow lines do, in fact, contain anatase. Yet they found no iron, only carbon, in the black ink. From these results, Clark and Brown suggest that the map's ink is carbon-based and so would have been incapable of producing anatase naturally. In an attempt to give the map authentic-looking yellow stains, a forger probably applied anatase lines before laying down carbon-ink ones, says Clark. Synthetic anatase first became available in the 1920s.

"The Clark results agree almost completely with our results, which indicate that the ink is 20th century," comments chemist Lucy B.c of the McCrone Research Institute in Chicago. Her late husband Walter McCrone studied the map during the 1970s and published micrographs of seemingly synthetic anatase crystals in the ink.

Other researchers couldn't disagree more. The new ink work is "a rather austere little study from which there were a lot of conclusions drawn," comments Thomas Cahill of the University of California, Davis, who examined the Vinland Map in the 1980s. For example, the technique used by Clark and Brown wasn't sensitive enough to detect iron, Cahill asserts.

Jacqueline Olin of the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education in Suitland, Md., says that although the map's ink might contain carbon, "I think it's an iron [gallotannate] ink."

Harbottle is more blunt. "I think the London people are wrong," he says. "There are 30 meters of writing on the Vinland map, and you mean to tell me that a person could have done all that, with the dips and twists and turns of his pen, and he did it twice and had almost no errors to something like a hundredth of a millimeter? It's preposterous."

In the second new study, published in the August Radiocarbon, Olin, Harbottle, and Douglas J. Donahue of the University of Arizona in Tucson report that the map's parchment dates to about 1432. To determine this, the researchers cut a small strip from the bottom of the map and determined its content of carbon-14–an isotope that decreases predictably with time in material from a living organism.

The researchers acknowledge that this parchment date can't prove the map is legitimate. However, "the hypothesis of a forgery is requiring more and more cleverness and insight on the part of the forger," says Cahill.

McCrone disputes this. "The Council of Basel has a known date, and that would have been known to a 20th-century forger," she says.

What's more, blank sheets of old parchment are easy to obtain in Europe, adds Clark. The carbon-14 dating is "a good piece of work," he says, "but it's not particularly relevant."

Yale University, which owns the map, takes no position on its authenticity, says Robert G. Babcock, the university's curator of rare books and manuscripts. "We preserve the manuscript, make it available for research, and that's our job," he says.


20#
发表于 2019-3-8 08:37:53 | 只看该作者
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41111573_Rules_for_Biologically_Inspired_Adaptive_Network_Design

东京铁路原文,science文章,不能复制,有需要的可以去读读,挺长的。。。。
19#
发表于 2019-3-8 07:53:30 | 只看该作者
1/13 附件没有, 这个是链接:
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1336789-1-1.html
18#
发表于 2019-3-7 20:36:26 | 只看该作者
妇女选举 1月13那期有考到
17#
发表于 2019-3-7 16:53:11 | 只看该作者
附件里面没有113的基经啊!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
16#
发表于 2019-3-7 16:37:48 | 只看该作者
轻微的况且我们店里看我去年
15#
发表于 2019-3-7 12:08:22 | 只看该作者
感谢分享!               
14#
发表于 2019-3-7 10:03:47 | 只看该作者
对比老的寂静,发现本次阅读已出现的基本全部都可以在今年1月13号的考古里找到,数学倒是没有
13#
发表于 2019-3-4 22:37:48 | 只看该作者



The Norm of Reciprocity in Western History

第一段: 亚当斯密和另外两个人提出了自由市场经济理论,也遭到很多人的反对~然后说这个自由市场经济理论最重要的的就是"norm of reciprocal"(应该是这么拼的,但是看不懂那个reciprocal,郁闷死了)
第二段 就讲这个norm of reciprocal不仅仅是***(好像是说不仅仅是支撑着自由市场经济理论) 而且还是人类natural的什么什么。然后还讲了亚当斯密的invisble hand~
记得第一题是说: 下面关于自由市场经济理论那个是对的? 我选啥给忘了



Beginning with Thomas Hobbes's observations that individuals give up part of their autonomy in return for protection, the notion in political philosophy of a norm of reciprocity as a fundamental principle in human society entered into these speculations to justify the rise of a free-market economy without state interventions. John Locke's seventeenth-century view of private property set out in the second treatise and, in the next century, Adam Smith's notion of the "invisible hand" that keeps the market secure from external controls, are only two among many philosophical theories of the times in which the norm of reciprocity was fundamental to how the market could operate autonomously.

Reciprocity was elevated to a moving force in these discussions. If reciprocity was natural to economic endeavors, then the give and take of market interests eventually would balance out, regardless of individual greed or misappropriation. The Scots economist, Sir James Steuart, who predated Durkheim by more than a century, proclaimed that the economic ties that linked people through the division of labor as producers of different commodities were the "cement binding society together." If any adjustments were needed, a "statesman" would only have to create "reciprocal wants" by "gently" loading the opposite scale. Reciprocity continued to hold this privileged place because it remained the key to the market's stability which, at best, needed only slight encouragement. Adam Smith sustained the most powerful argument for the absence of external intervention precisely because Smith believed, even more than Steuart, that the reciprocal give and take of the marketplace would accommodate its own adjustments without need for even gentle control. His philosophy was that when people enter into reciprocal exchange they become better people.


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