督促自己写OG阅读分析

阿尔的阳光

我会在这里写自己做的OG上面的阅读框架，开帖子是为了督促自己，有兴趣的战友可以参加分析，提出意见和分析

2018-5-6

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

翻译和结构分析：

第一段

Clark的study对一个包含两种观点的争辩有巨大贡献

提出Clark的观点：the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization

也就是说technology是社会和管理组织的决定性因素，但是这种可能性被最近的一个主流观点所掩盖了。举B的例子来证明：B认为technological system的形成是从属于manager’s desire。technology被认为是利益parities向technology植入自己利益的结果。

第二段

constructivists获取接纳的手段是通过错误地假设和理解对方观点的方式来达到。也就是说，取代constructivism的观点（T观点）是视technology as existing outside societycapable of directly influencing skills and work organization。

Clark对constructivists的极端观点进行理论和实验性的反驳。理论上他以social和technical variables的关系来定义"technology”。实验性方面Clark shows maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems 的改变如何发生。后者改变了工作，技巧，培训机会。。。

有些变革Clark归因于unions引进technology的特殊方式造成，而其他的则是 technology 自身的能力和属性造成。

这样Clark回答了这个问题："When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

GMAT必须800

谢谢！

阿尔的阳光

    GWD

In American Genesis, which covers the century of technological innovation in the United States beginning in 1876, Thomas Hughes assigns special prominence to Thomas Edison as archetype of the independent nineteenth-century inventor. However, Hughes virtually ignores Edison’s famous contemporary and notorious adversary in the field of electric light and power, George Westinghouse. This comparative neglect of Westinghouse is consistent with other recent historians’ works, although it marks an intriguing departure from the prevailing view during the inventors’ lifetimes (and for decades afterward) of Edison and Westinghouse as the two “pioneer innovators ” of the electrical industry.

    My recent reevaluation of Westin-house, facilitated by materials found in railroad archives, suggests that while Westinghouse and Edison shared important traits as inventors, they differed markedly in their approach to the business aspects of innovation. For Edison as an inventor, novelty was always paramount: the overriding goal of the business of innovation was simply to generate funding for new inventions. Edison therefore undertook just enough sales, product development, and manufacturing to accomplish this. Westinghouse, however, shared the attitudes of the railroads and other industries for whom he developed innovations: product development standardization, system and order were top priorities. Westinghouse thus better exemplifies the systematic approach to technological development that would become a hallmark of modern corporate research and development.

阿尔的阳光

GMAT_800 发表于 2018-6-28 23:47
哈哈 我和你一样也是之前听别人说这考试不注重单词 但是我有试过背一个个 list 那样的单词 但是觉得实在 ...

欧洲商学院没有那么重视MBA学生的GMAT，可能美国竞争激烈所以要求高一些。如果你能上得了760自然是最好的。MBA都是看你综合能力，工作背景的啊。不像研究生成绩是主要衡量标准

GMAT_800

阿尔的阳光 发表于 2018-6-28 15:11
没办法 上了几年班的人劣势就是这里。不过还好商学院不会过于重视GMAT成绩，相对于研究生来说
我就是自己 ...

哈哈 我和你一样也是之前听别人说这考试不注重单词 但是我有试过背一个个 list 那样的单词 但是觉得实在是不行 而且时间成本太大 所以我也是只是记一下做过的逻辑和阅读里的单词

商学院不注重 GMAT 成绩吗？ 我怎么感觉这个年代不上750 感觉就会是一个短板啊 ！

阿尔的阳光

GMAT_800 发表于 2018-6-28 13:39
我才开始复习阅读几天 之前一直都在搞SC和CR
看来还是我做题不够多诶。。。

没办法 上了几年班的人劣势就是这里。不过还好商学院不会过于重视GMAT成绩，相对于研究生来说
我就是自己做过的题目尤其阅读和逻辑里的单词进行积累。就是最常见的那些，但是不背名词。背单词太无聊，我坚持的很差，但是我觉得很重要。一开始我是看了别人说GMAT是不重视考察单词的，但是这是个谬论，因为你如果单词量太小，题目几乎看不懂，尤其不认识的词如果是表达态度的，形容词或者动词。所以我后来才开始重视单词。。but...还是懒。
我建议就是把单词代入句子进行意议理解。不要去记汉语意思。

GMAT_800

阿尔的阳光 发表于 2018-6-27 14:51
我重点分析OG,然后GWD PREP 都做，但是不重点分析。背单词也是一个基础工作的，不知道你复习多久了。反正 ...

我才开始复习阅读几天 之前一直都在搞SC和CR
看来还是我做题不够多诶。。。

我觉得我注意力和记忆力下降是真的 所以背单词我都基本没有进行 以前上下班的路上有试过背单词 但是我发现现在背了单词跟本就记不住！！！ 我深深地感受到了大脑的衰老！

你是用什么资料背单词呢？每天背多久呢？ 有没有什么比较EFFICIENT的方法推荐的？

阿尔的阳光

GMAT_800 发表于 2018-6-27 13:44
所以你现在是在用什么材料刷题呢？ 一起加油吧

我现在分析完了OG 18， 然后准备弄OG 18 VERBAL 的阅读 每 ...

我重点分析OG,然后GWD PREP 都做，但是不重点分析。背单词也是一个基础工作的，不知道你复习多久了。反正我能感受到自己量变到质变的一些变化，只是大龄考生的问题就是反应速度慢，注意力不容易长时间集中。很多文章现在读下来分析错题的时候都捶胸顿足的想 做题的时候怎么没立刻读懂。其实就是在要求的时间内注意力和反应速度慢了。。
我不知道你的问题和我是否一样。不过阅读个人认为是最重要的，每天一定要坚持背单词和做文章详细分析结果和错题

GMAT_800

阿尔的阳光 发表于 2018-6-27 09:52
这种文章肯定是700以上难度，遇到了只能尽量争取做对几道。。我觉得阅读没有捷径的。只能量变到质变 ...

所以你现在是在用什么材料刷题呢？ 一起加油吧

我现在分析完了OG 18， 然后准备弄OG 18 VERBAL 的阅读 每天花1个多小时做4篇阅读+分析
完了之后就不知道该用什么素材来量变了

至少现在我没有感受到质变 因为遇到CONODONTS 或者GWD里好像有一篇关于地理的这种学科生词很多 又多描述现象/非论证的这种题就感觉被打回原形了 所以对阅读非常非常迷茫... 不知道怎么办才好啊

还有想问一下 感觉小安阅读法的分析有强调要大量地集中起来暴力地分析 比如花上3天整天时间那样集中地分析  你有这样暴力地刷吗？ 感觉我没有这个条件 因为是全职狗 每天最多2-3个小时给GMAT 我考前有请一周的假 但是感觉那一周应该重点刷JJ 而且感觉等到考前一周再来那样弄阅读太RISKY了 万一没有提高就完蛋了。。。 所以现在很纠结。。。

阿尔的阳光

GWD

     Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pin-nipped family, use a different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals and sea lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocids species, by contrast, use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However, recent studies on harbor seals, a phocids species, found that lactating females commenced foraging approximately 6 days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period.
     The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may have to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller than many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids. In addition, there is already some evidence suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocids species that is similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a maternal foraging strategy.



Old views by zoologists: phocids use a different maternal strategy than do otariids(O uses a foraging strategy which includes a long lactation period and foraging trips during lactation),but females of all phocids species, by contrast, accumulated large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites and fasted during lactation.


New findings suggest: a phocids species made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period


Explain the finding: to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation,Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller than many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids.That's why this phocids uses the same maternal strategy as most of otariids do ,so dose the ringed seal