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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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In his seminal work, Israel Rosenfield presents a thought-provoking critique of the long-held belief that memories are fixed entities stored in the brain, a notion that has had a profound influence on the field of neurology since the nineteenth century. This concept, known as the localization hypothesis, suggests that specialized images of the world, such as sounds, shapes, colors, and movements, are permanently recorded in specific areas of the brain. Physicians of the era relied on this hypothesis to explain curious cases where patients could speak but not write, proposing that the information necessary for these tasks was stored separately in the brain.
However, Rosenfield argues that this hypothesis is fundamentally flawed, drawing upon the groundbreaking works of Sigmund Freud, David Marr, and Gerald Edelman, as well as extensive psychological research on perception. He asserts that knowledge does not consist of stored representations, directly contradicting the prevalent model of memory in artificial intelligence (AI) research, exemplified by Ross Ouillian's semantic networks, Marvin Minsky's frames, and Roger Schank's memory organization packets (MOPS), as well as natural language grammars. These models assume that knowledge comprises stored descriptions of the world's appearance and an agent's behavior, which can be selectively indexed, retrieved, reassembled, and translated into outward behavior.
Rosenfield proposes an alternative view, suggesting that perception is not a peripheral process that feeds objective data to a cognitive matcher, but rather an act of categorization and recognition in itself. He argues that learning does not involve fine-tuning, composing, and ordering prestored categories, as is commonly believed in machine learning research. Instead, he posits that perception is not a process of matching internal descriptions of features against sensations, but rather the very act of understanding and recognition.
This perspective challenges the standard AI view that "There is no perception without prior 'learning'..." (p. 7), which suggests that perception relies on the retrieval of prestored descriptions of how the world appears and how an agent behaves. Rosenfield, drawing on the work of Edelman, argues that this view is misguided and that perception is an active process of categorization, not a passive process of matching sensations against internal representations.
The implications of Rosenfield's critique for AI research are significant. If memory is not a storage place for descriptive structures, as he suggests, then the current approaches to knowledge representation and reasoning in AI may need to be fundamentally reconsidered. Rather than focusing on the storage and retrieval of prestored categories and descriptions, AI researchers may need to explore alternative models that better capture the dynamic and interactive nature of perception and understanding.
Moreover, Rosenfield's emphasis on the role of perception as an active process of categorization and recognition suggests that AI systems may need to be designed with greater flexibility and adaptability, able to learn and evolve their understanding of the world through ongoing interaction and experience. This perspective aligns with recent developments in fields such as embodied cognition and situated AI, which emphasize the importance of an agent's physical and social context in shaping its cognitive processes.
In conclusion, Israel Rosenfield's critique of the localization hypothesis and its implications for AI research presents a compelling challenge to long-held assumptions about the nature of memory, knowledge, and perception. By drawing on a wide range of interdisciplinary sources, from neurology and psychology to philosophy and computer science, Rosenfield offers a thought-provoking alternative perspective that has the potential to reshape our understanding of both human and artificial intelligence. As AI continues to advance and play an increasingly important role in our lives, engaging with critiques like Rosenfield's will be essential for ensuring that our technological progress is grounded in a deep understanding of the complexities of the human mind.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The localization hypothesis is a flawed concept.
B. AI research needs to reconsider its approach to knowledge representation.
C. Perception is an active process of categorization and recognition.
D. Israel Rosenfield's critique challenges long-held assumptions about memory and perception.
E. The human mind is too complex for AI to replicate.
2. According to the localization hypothesis, where are specialized images of the world stored?
A. In the hippocampus
B. In specific areas of the brain
C. In the cerebellum
D. In the frontal lobe
E. In the temporal lobe
3. Which of the following does Rosenfield draw upon to support his argument?
A. The works of Sigmund Freud, David Marr, and Gerald Edelman
B. Extensive psychological research on perception
C. The prevalent model of memory in AI research
D. Both A and B
E. Both B and C
4. What does Rosenfield suggest about the nature of perception?
A. It is a peripheral process that feeds objective data to a cognitive matcher.
B. It is an act of categorization and recognition in itself.
C. It relies on the retrieval of prestored descriptions.
D. It is a passive process of matching sensations against internal representations.
E. It is a process of fine-tuning, composing, and ordering prestored categories.
5. Which of the following AI models assume that knowledge comprises stored descriptions of the world's appearance and an agent's behavior?
A. Ross Ouillian's semantic networks
B. Marvin Minsky's frames
C. Roger Schank's memory organization packets (MOPS)
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
6. According to Rosenfield, what does learning not involve?
A. Fine-tuning prestored categories
B. Composing prestored categories
C. Ordering prestored categories
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
7. Which recent developments in AI align with Rosenfield's perspective on perception?
A. Embodied cognition
B. Situated AI
C. Natural language processing
D. Both A and B
E. Both B and C
8. What does Rosenfield's critique suggest about the future of AI research?
A. AI researchers should focus on storing and retrieving prestored categories and descriptions.
B. AI systems should be designed with less flexibility and adaptability.
C. AI research should explore alternative models that capture the dynamic nature of perception and understanding.
D. AI research should prioritize replicating the complexities of the human mind.
E. AI research should abandon the pursuit of understanding human intelligence.
1.D
2.B
3. D
4. B
5.D
6.D
7. D
8. C
2.CR
After implementing a device in fishing nets to allow sea turtles to escape, a country reported a significant decrease in sea turtle mortality for four years. However, in the fifth year, the mortality of sea turtles unexpectedly rose by a substantial percentage. It was concluded that many fishermen had stopped using the device, leading to the increase in turtle deaths.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A) The number of sea turtles in that region has sharply increased in recent years due to successful conservation efforts.
B) The device used in fishing nets is known to be highly durable and rarely requires replacement or maintenance.
C) In neighboring regions without the device, the mortality rate of sea turtles also increased in the same year.
D) The increase in mortality rate coincided with a significant rise in illegal fishing activities in the area.
E) Recent studies have shown that sea turtles in the region have developed a natural adaptation to avoid fishing nets.
In an effort to combat obesity, it has been suggested that restaurants offer high-calorie meals, leading people to gain weight. Therefore, people should eat home-cooked meals based on modern, healthy recipes. However, nutrition experts argue that this approach will still lead to weight gain. Explain why this might be the case.
A) People have become accustomed to the large portion sizes offered in restaurants and tend to replicate these at home.
B) Modern, healthy recipes often include ingredients that are high in calories.
C) Many people lack the skills to cook healthy meals at home and end up preparing high-calorie dishes.
D) The availability of high-calorie snacks at home leads people to consume more calories than they would in a restaurant.
E) People tend to eat more frequently when they are at home compared to when they dine out.
答案:
AA
3.DI
Passage:
The Kamakura period (1185-1333) marked a pivotal turning point in Japan's history, characterized by a significant shift in the country's political, social, and economic landscape. This era saw the rise of the samurai class and the establishment of a feudal system under the Kamakura shogunate, led by the powerful warlord Minamoto no Yoritomo. The shogunate, a hereditary military dictatorship, effectively usurped power from the imperial court in Kyoto, relegating the emperor to a mere figurehead with little more than symbolic authority. This power structure, known as the bakufu, would shape Japanese politics for centuries to come, marking a dramatic departure from the previous system of imperial rule.
Under the bakufu system, the shogun granted land to loyal vassals, known as daimyo, who in turn provided military service and were required to maintain a certain number of warriors. This complex hierarchy of land ownership and military obligation formed the backbone of the feudal system, with the daimyo at the top, followed by the samurai who served under them, and finally the peasantry, artisans, and merchants who occupied the lower rungs of the social ladder. The samurai, bound by a strict code of conduct known as bushido, became the ruling class, enjoying privileges and status far above those of the common people. This code emphasized loyalty, self-discipline, and martial prowess, and would come to define the samurai way of life for generations.
The Kamakura period also witnessed significant cultural and religious developments, particularly with the introduction of Zen Buddhism from China. This new form of Buddhism had a profound impact on Japanese aesthetics, art, and philosophy, and found particular favor among the samurai class. Zen emphasized self-discipline, meditation, and the pursuit of enlightenment through direct experience rather than scriptural study, values that resonated strongly with the martial ideals of the samurai. The austere simplicity of Zen also found expression in art forms such as ink painting, rock gardens, and the tea ceremony, which would become enduring symbols of Japanese culture.
However, despite its many achievements, the Kamakura shogunate faced numerous challenges throughout its reign. The Jōkyū War of 1221, a failed attempt by the imperial court to regain power, exposed the growing tensions between the shogunate and the nobility, highlighting the precarious nature of the bakufu's authority. Economic pressures also took their toll, including the rising cost of maintaining a standing army and the increasing concentration of land ownership among a few powerful families. This led to growing social unrest, as the gap between rich and poor widened and many samurai found themselves without land or employment.
The most significant threat to the Kamakura shogunate, however, came in the form of two devastating Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281. Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan and the ruler of the vast Yuan Dynasty in China, sought to extend his empire to Japan and bring the island nation under his control. The Mongol forces, equipped with advanced weaponry and battle tactics honed on the steppes of Central Asia, landed on the island of Kyushu and engaged the samurai in fierce battles. Despite being vastly outnumbered and facing an enemy unlike any they had encountered before, the Japanese defenders managed to hold their ground, aided by the fortuitous arrival of powerful typhoons, which scattered the Mongol fleets and forced them to retreat. These storms, dubbed "kamikaze" or "divine winds," were seen as a sign of divine protection and became a symbol of Japanese resilience in the face of foreign aggression.
The Mongol invasions, while ultimately unsuccessful, had far-reaching consequences for the Kamakura shogunate and Japan as a whole. The cost of mobilizing and maintaining a defense against the Mongols placed a severe strain on the economy, exacerbating existing social and political tensions. The invasions also exposed the limitations of the samurai's traditional combat techniques against a foreign enemy armed with superior technology and tactics. This realization would spur significant changes in Japanese warfare, including the adoption of new weapons and strategies, and a greater emphasis on naval power.
In the aftermath of the Mongol invasions, the Kamakura shogunate found itself increasingly weakened by internal strife, as powerful clans vied for control and influence. The Hōjō clan, which had served as regents to the shogun, became the de facto rulers of Japan, further eroding the authority of the shogunate and undermining the legitimacy of the bakufu system. This power struggle, combined with a series of natural disasters, famines, and peasant uprisings, ultimately led to the downfall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, when the emperor Go-Daigo launched a successful rebellion against the Hōjō regency.
The collapse of the Kamakura shogunate ushered in a period of political instability known as the Nanboku-chō period (1336-1392), characterized by a split imperial court and competing claims to the throne. This tumultuous era saw the rise of the Ashikaga shogunate, which would rule Japan for nearly two centuries, and laid the groundwork for the country's eventual unification under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 17th century. The legacy of the Kamakura period, however, would endure, shaping Japanese society, culture, and politics for generations to come.
The Kamakura period also saw significant developments in Japanese literature and the arts. The Tale of the Heike, an epic account of the struggle between the Taira and Minamoto clans, was compiled during this time, becoming a cornerstone of Japanese literary tradition. The period also witnessed the emergence of new forms of poetry, such as the tanka and renga, which would become essential elements of Japanese cultural expression. In the visual arts, the Kamakura period saw the rise of realistic sculptural styles, exemplified by the works of Unkei and Kaikei, as well as the development of new techniques in painting and calligraphy.
The economic changes of the Kamakura period had far-reaching effects on Japanese society. The growth of a money economy, fueled by the expansion of trade and the introduction of Chinese copper coins, led to the emergence of a merchant class and the decline of the traditional barter system. This shift in economic power would eventually challenge the dominance of the samurai class and lay the foundation for the rise of the merchant class in later periods.
In conclusion, the Kamakura period represents a critical juncture in Japanese history, marking the transition from imperial rule to a feudal system dominated by the samurai class. The political, social, economic, and cultural changes of this era would shape the course of Japanese history for centuries to come, leaving an indelible mark on the nation's identity and traditions. The legacy of the Kamakura period continues to resonate in modern Japan, influencing everything from politics and social hierarchies to art, literature, and religion.
1. The bakufu system, as described in the passage, primarily involved:
A. The emperor granting land to loyal vassals in exchange for military service
B. The shogun granting land to loyal vassals in exchange for military service
C. The imperial court in Kyoto maintaining a standing army
D. The samurai class serving as a figurehead while the emperor held real power
2. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Zen Buddhism and the samurai class during the Kamakura period?
A. The samurai rejected Zen Buddhism in favor of traditional Shinto beliefs
B. Zen Buddhism had little influence on the samurai class
C. The samurai found parallels between Zen teachings and their own martial ideals
D. Zen Buddhism was the official religion of the Kamakura shogunate
3. The Mongol invasions of Japan during the Kamakura period were ultimately unsuccessful due to:
A. The superior military tactics and weaponry of the samurai
B. The intervention of powerful typhoons, known as "kamikaze"
C. The diplomatic efforts of the imperial court in Kyoto
D. The withdrawal of Mongol forces due to internal conflicts within the Yuan Dynasty
4. The Jōkyū War of 1221 was:
A. A successful attempt by the imperial court to regain power from the Kamakura shogunate
B. A failed attempt by the imperial court to regain power from the Kamakura shogunate
C. A conflict between the Kamakura shogunate and the Mongol invaders
D. A civil war between rival samurai clans
5. The collapse of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 led to:
A. The reunification of Japan under a centralized imperial government
B. The beginning of the Nanboku-chō period, characterized by a split imperial court
C. The immediate establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate
D. The end of the samurai class
6. The Tale of the Heike, a significant work of Japanese literature, was compiled during:
A. The Nara period
B. The Heian period
C. The Kamakura period
D. The Muromachi period
7. The economic changes during the Kamakura period, such as the growth of a money economy and the emergence of a merchant class, were primarily driven by:
A. The expansion of trade and the introduction of Chinese copper coins
B. The decline of the samurai class and the rise of the peasantry
C. The adoption of Zen Buddhism as the official religion of Japan
D. The Mongol invasions and the subsequent need for economic reform
8. The Kamakura period saw the development of new artistic styles and techniques, such as:
A. Realistic sculptural styles exemplified by the works of Unkei and Kaikei
B. The tanka and renga forms of poetry
C. Innovations in painting and calligraphy
D. All of the above
9. The legacy of the Kamakura period in shaping Japanese society and culture is best described as:
A. Insignificant, as the period was marked by constant warfare and political instability
B. Limited to the samurai class and their martial traditions
C. Far-reaching and enduring, influencing politics, social hierarchies, art, literature, and religion
D. Largely overshadowed by the achievements of later periods, such as the Tokugawa shogunate
10. The power struggle within the Kamakura shogunate that contributed to its downfall involved:
A. The Hōjō clan serving as regents to the shogun and becoming the de facto rulers of Japan
B. The Ashikaga clan seizing control and establishing a new shogunate
C. The Taira and Minamoto clans vying for control of the imperial court
D. The emperor Go-Daigo launching a successful rebellion against the shogunate
1. B - 根据文章,幕府系统主要涉及将军将土地授予忠诚的诸侯以换取军事服务。
2. C - 文章提到,禅宗强调的价值观与武士阶层的武术理念产生了共鸣。
3. B - 蒙古入侵最终因强大台风"神风"的干预而失败。
4. B - 文章明确指出,承久之乱是朝廷试图从镰仓幕府手中夺回权力的一次失败尝试。
5. B - 镰仓幕府的崩溃导致了南北朝时期的开始,其特点是分裂的朝廷。
6. C - 根据文章,《平家物语》编撰于镰仓时代。
7. A - 经济变化主要由贸易扩张和引入中国铜币推动。
8. D - 文章提到了镰仓时期在雕塑、诗歌、绘画和书法方面的所有新发展。
9. C - 文章强调,镰仓时期在塑造日本社会和文化方面具有深远而持久的影响。
10. A - 文章提到北条氏担任将军的摄政,成为日本的实际统治者,削弱了幕府的权威。
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发表于 2024-4-12 11:37:53
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