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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
1. A new computer program claims to accurately predict future climate changes based on weather data from the past decades. The program has successfully matched historical weather patterns, leading to the conclusion that its future climate predictions, including a significant temperature increase in the coming years, will be accurate.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument about the program's ability to predict future climate changes accurately?
A) The same computer program has been less accurate in predicting other environmental changes, such as precipitation levels and wind patterns.
B) Other computer programs, using the same historical weather data, have made varying and conflicting predictions about future climate changes.
C) Climate scientists argue that climate change involves complex variables that are not solely dependent on past weather patterns.
D) Recent technological advancements in climate modeling have shown that historical data alone is insufficient for predicting future climate anomalies.
E) The computer program relies on a limited range of climate models that may not account for unexpected future environmental factors.
2. "A supermarket believes that by placing magazines with detailed descriptions of various foods next to the food items, they can increase sales. The rationale is that consumers prefer clear and concise information about the food they are purchasing. However, it is argued that this strategy might not be effective. To weaken this assumption, what factors should be considered?"
A) Consumers primarily visit supermarkets to purchase food items, not magazines.
B) The presence of magazines does not significantly impact the purchasing decisions of consumers.
C) Consumers often find magazine descriptions to be confusing or overwhelming.
D) The cost of the magazines may deter customers from purchasing them along with their food.
E) Supermarkets tend to attract customers who are more interested in quick shopping rather than reading detailed descriptions.
答案:
CB
2.
The advent of book illustration in the 19th century posed a significant challenge to the established norms of both the fine arts and literature. Critics, in an attempt to invalidate illustration's artistic claims, characterized the genre as industrial and mercantile, a lethal combination that threatened the sanctity of high art. Raoul de Croy, a prominent landscape painter, led the charge, criticizing the press for its use of "crude wood engravings" that transformed "beautiful vignettes" into "black ink stains." He established a polarity between wood and metal engraving, with the former being "crude" and "mechanical," and the latter representing "this art so perfect, so difficult, so worthy of encouragement." De Mercey echoed this sentiment, noting the "difficulty" and "length of work" involved with copper and steel engraving, as well as etching, while dismissing lithography and wood engraving as "much less difficult to produce and much less expensive."
Despite the Romantics' championing of lithography as a spontaneous, emotive medium that captured the artist's thoughts and emotions, it was primarily used in the press and for low-end prints, with subject matter ranging from political and social caricature to licentious images. As a result, the medium took on the attributes of its publication venues and content: mechanical, commercial, and destined for a popular audience. The distinction between lithography/wood engraving and metal engraving/etching established a series of dichotomies that corresponded to Bourdieu's breakdown of the cultural field, testifying to the real nature of image reproduction in the 19th century.
Critics reinforced the high-versus-low art dichotomy by adding commercialism, which Bourdieu qualifies as the "generative principle" of the field of cultural production. De Mercey argued that publishers turned to book illustration to produce "bargains" and "common goods," likening literature to a "counter" or "boutique open on the street." Illustration, in his view, was not art but simply a means to "build a fortune." De Mercey and de Croy also expressed fears that wood engraving and lithography contributed to the "democratization of minds," potentially drowning out or homogenizing the visual arts.
The critics' concerns extended to the realm of literature, as they argued that book illustration's attack on the artistic field targeted both visual and literary aesthetics. Elias Regnault warned that publishers must maintain "sureness in judgment" and "purity of taste" to avoid descending into the role of "sketch salesman." He cited cases where publishers filled books with too many images, poor quality images, or images that did not correspond to the text, with the worst offense being the alteration of text to accommodate "illuminated letters." Regnault accused publishers of usurping writers, taking over books via illustration under the guise of "art" while acting as salesmen in artist's clothing.
De Mercey argued that illustration's threat to literature was even greater, as it not only corrupted aesthetics but also distorted the reading process by substituting image for word. He believed that the "vagueness" inherent to "verbal painting" required readers to "call forth its reminiscences and its personal emotions" to interpret the poet's idea. However, illustration made this kind of creative individual reading impossible, as the reader became lazy and the mind weakened from the passive viewing of images. The illustrator, in de Mercey's view, imposed his personal interpretation in place of the reader's own imagination.
Despite the critics' attempts to discredit illustration, their articles actually validated its entry into the cultural field by making it a topic of discussion and interpretation. The fervent attacks suggested that illustration succeeded in destabilizing, however temporarily, the cultural field, and the threat to aesthetic hierarchies was real.
1. What was the primary reason critics sought to invalidate book illustration's artistic claims?
A) Illustration challenged the fine arts through their shared visual medium
B) Illustration challenged literature through the shared pages of the book
C) Illustration was characterized as industrial and mercantile
D) Illustration was seen as a threat to the established norms of both fine arts and literature
E) Illustration was considered too crude and mechanical compared to metal engraving
2. According to Raoul de Croy, what was the key difference between wood and metal engraving?
A) Wood engraving was more difficult and time-consuming than metal engraving
B) Metal engraving was considered crude and mechanical compared to wood engraving
C) Wood engraving was seen as crude and mechanical, while metal engraving was perfect and artistic
D) The Romantics championed wood engraving over metal engraving
E) There was no significant difference between wood and metal engraving
3.How did lithography come to be associated with "popular" art in the 1840s?
A) It was primarily used in the press and for low-end prints
B) Its subject matter ranged from political and social caricature to licentious images
C) It took on the attributes of its publication venues and content
D) It was championed by the Romantics as a spontaneous, emotive medium
E) All of the above
4. According to Bourdieu, what is the "generative principle" of the field of cultural production?
A) Industrialization
B) Individualism
C) Commercialism
D) Democratization
E) Aestheticism
5. What did critics like de Mercey and de Croy fear about the impact of wood engraving and lithography?
A) They would contribute to the "democratization of minds"
B) They would drown out or homogenize the visual arts
C) They would corrupt literary aesthetics
D) They would lead to the proliferation of low-quality images
E) Both A and B
6. According to Elias Regnault, what was the worst offense committed by publishers in relation to book illustration?
A) Filling books with too many images
B) Including poor quality images
C) Using images that did not correspond to the text
D) Altering text to accommodate "illuminated letters"
E) Usurping writers by taking over books via illustration
7. How did de Mercey believe illustration distorted the reading process?
A) By making reading a more passive activity
B) By weakening the reader's mind through the viewing of images
C) By imposing the illustrator's personal interpretation on the reader
D) By eliminating the need for the reader to use their own imagination
E) All of the above
8. What does the author suggest about the critics' attempts to discredit illustration?
A) They were ultimately successful in invalidating illustration's artistic claims
B) They unintentionally validated illustration's entry into the cultural field
C) They had no impact on the public's perception of illustration
D) They led to a complete rejection of illustration by the artistic community
E) They resulted in the establishment of new aesthetic hierarchies
答案 。D
答案:C。
答案:E。
答案:C。
答案:E。
答案。D
答案:E。
答案:B。
The Tarim Basin, located in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, bears striking similarities to the Tularosa Basin in the United States. Both basins were formed by tectonic forces and have undergone significant climatic changes over millions of years. The Tarim Basin, covering an area of approximately 906,500 square kilometers, is home to the Taklamakan Desert, the second-largest shifting sand desert in the world.
Geological studies suggest that the Tarim Basin was once a vast inland sea during the Eocene epoch, around 55 to 33.9 million years ago. As the climate became more arid, the sea gradually receded, leaving behind large salt and mineral deposits. Today, the basin is characterized by its arid climate, with annual precipitation ranging from 50 to 100 millimeters and potential evaporation exceeding 2,000 millimeters per year.
The Tarim Basin has been inhabited by various cultures throughout history, including:
• Neolithic Cultures (5000 BC – 2000 BC): Early settlers who engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry along the rivers that flowed into the basin.
• Xiaohe Culture (2000 BC – 1500 BC): A Bronze Age culture known for their well-preserved mummies and unique burial practices.
• Silk Road Civilizations (200 BC – 1400 AD): The basin served as a crucial link along the ancient Silk Road, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between China and the West.
• Modern Ethnic Groups (1400 AD – Present): The Tarim Basin is currently inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Uyghur, Han Chinese, Kazakh, and Hui.
Recent studies have revealed the presence of valuable resources in the Tarim Basin, such as oil, natural gas, and minerals. The estimated oil reserves in the basin are 5.4 billion tons, while natural gas reserves are estimated at 8.4 trillion cubic meters. These resources have attracted significant investment and development in the region.
1. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Tarim Basin is most supported by the information provided in the passage?
A. The Tarim Basin was formed by glacial activity during the last ice age.
B. The formation of the Tarim Basin was primarily influenced by volcanic eruptions.
C. Tectonic forces played a significant role in the formation of the Tarim Basin.
D. The Tarim Basin was formed by the gradual erosion of the surrounding mountain ranges.
2. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the climate of the Tarim Basin?
A. The basin receives abundant rainfall throughout the year.
B. The basin experiences a humid subtropical climate.
C. The basin has an arid climate with low precipitation and high evaporation rates.
D. The climate of the basin is characterized by cold, snowy winters and mild summers.
3. Based on the information provided, which of the following cultures inhabited the Tarim Basin during the Bronze Age?
A. Neolithic Cultures
B. Xiaohe Culture
C. Silk Road Civilizations
D. Modern Ethnic Groups
4. The passage suggests that the Tarim Basin played a significant role in which of the following historical developments?
A. The rise of the Mongol Empire
B. The spread of Buddhism from India to China
C. The establishment of maritime trade routes between Asia and Europe
D. The facilitation of trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road
5. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the estimated oil reserves in the Tarim Basin?
A. 2.4 billion tons
B. 4.5 billion tons
C. 5.4 billion tons
D. 8.4 billion tons
6. The natural gas reserves in the Tarim Basin are estimated to be:
A. 4.8 trillion cubic meters
B. 5.4 trillion cubic meters
C. 8.4 trillion cubic meters
D. 10.2 trillion cubic meters
7. Which of the following can be inferred about the economic significance of the Tarim Basin based on the information provided in the passage?
A. The basin's resources have attracted little interest from investors and developers.
B. The basin's oil and natural gas reserves are expected to be depleted within the next decade.
C. The presence of valuable resources has led to significant investment and development in the region.
D. The basin's economic potential is limited due to its remote location and harsh climate.
8. The passage mentions that the Taklamakan Desert is the second-largest shifting sand desert in the world. Based on this information, which of the following can be inferred about the Tarim Basin?
A. The basin is entirely covered by the Taklamakan Desert.
B. The Taklamakan Desert occupies a significant portion of the Tarim Basin.
C. The size of the Taklamakan Desert is gradually decreasing due to climate change.
D. The Taklamakan Desert has no impact on the climate of the Tarim Basin.
9. Which of the following statements about the ancient Silk Road and the Tarim Basin is most supported by the information provided in the passage?
A. The Silk Road had little impact on the cultural development of the Tarim Basin.
B. The Tarim Basin was the only region through which the Silk Road passed.
C. The Tarim Basin served as an important link along the Silk Road, facilitating trade and cultural exchange.
D. The Silk Road was primarily used for military purposes rather than trade.
10. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between the Tularosa Basin and the Tarim Basin?
A. The two basins have no significant similarities in terms of their formation and climate.
B. The Tularosa Basin is significantly larger in size compared to the Tarim Basin.
C. The Tarim Basin has a longer history of human inhabitation than the Tularosa Basin.
D. Both basins were formed by similar tectonic forces and have undergone climatic changes over millions of years.
1. 根据题干中提供的信息,选项C最符合题意。题干提到塔里木盆地的形成与构造力有关,而非冰川活动、火山喷发或山脉侵蚀。
2. 题干明确提到塔里木盆地气候干旱,年降水量低,蒸发量高,因此选项C最符合题意。
3. 题干提到小河文化是青铜时代的文化,因此选项B正确。
4. 题干提到塔里木盆地在古丝绸之路上扮演了重要角色,促进了中国与西方之间的贸易和文化交流,因此选项D最符合题意。
5. 题干提到塔里木盆地的估计石油储量为54亿吨,因此选项C正确。
6. 题干提到塔里木盆地的天然气储量估计为8.4万亿立方米,因此选项C正确。
7. 根据题干提供的信息,塔里木盆地的资源吸引了大量投资和开发,因此可以推断选项C最符合题意。
8. 题干提到塔克拉玛干沙漠是世界第二大流动沙漠,据此可以推断塔克拉玛干沙漠占据了塔里木盆地的很大一部分,因此选项B最符合题意。
9. 题干明确提到塔里木盆地在古丝绸之路上served as a crucial link,促进了贸易和文化交流,因此选项C最符合题意。
10. 根据题干提供的信息,图拉罗萨盆地和塔里木盆地都是由相似的构造力形成的,并且经历了数百万年的气候变化,因此可以推断选项D最符合题意。
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发表于 2024-3-22 09:37:51
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