揽瓜阁训练营第196天（含CR，RC和DI题目)

小白斩鸡 · 发表于 2024-8-19 09:30:01

之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡

每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新

RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
CR题源：本月中文JJ改编
IR题源： 往届鸡精改编

打卡内容：
一周打卡五篇，科目不限。
每天上午管理员群内发布题目，群成员做完提交打卡，第二天发布解析

打卡内容建议：
阅读：写文章结构、笔记
逻辑：写逻辑链分析
IR：写做题思路和选项分析

【现在你的笔记越全，越能帮助你捋清思路，之后回顾总结。】
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1.CR

in the town of Healthville, hospitals are overcrowded with patients seeking medical care, even for minor illnesses. Many patients visit hospitals just to obtain prescriptions for medication. The limited number of doctors has led to poor service quality. To address this issue, the government is considering relaxing policies to allow people to purchase certain prescription drugs at pharmacies without a prescription, hoping to reduce the number of unnecessary hospital visits.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the government's plan to reduce hospital overcrowding in Healthville?
(A) The government's health insurance reimburses patients for prescription drugs obtained with a prescription, but does not cover drugs purchased directly from pharmacies without a prescription.
(B) Many patients visiting hospitals for minor illnesses require a professional medical consultation to determine the appropriate medication and dosage.
(C) Pharmacies in Healthville are not equipped with the necessary facilities and staff to handle a significant increase in demand for prescription drugs.
(D) The government has launched an awareness campaign to educate the public about the importance of visiting hospitals only for serious health concerns.
(E) Some prescription drugs, if misused or taken without proper medical supervision, may lead to adverse health effects or drug dependence.

A reader writes a letter to a newspaper, criticizing the paper's endorsement of a mayoral candidate, Mr. M. The reader argues that the newspaper's support for Mr. M is motivated by the fact that the publisher owns numerous properties in an area where Mr. M promotes development. The reader concludes that the newspaper's endorsement is biased and inappropriate. Which of the following, if true, would most effectively undermine the reader's criticism?
(A) The newspaper has consistently endorsed candidates who support development, regardless of the publisher's personal interests.
(B) The newspaper's editorial board, not the publisher, is responsible for making endorsement decisions.
(C) The publisher's properties in the area promoted by Mr. M represent only a small fraction of the publisher's total assets.
(D) The newspaper has previously criticized Mr. M's stance on issues unrelated to development.
(E) The publisher's other assets could be negatively affected by the development promoted by Mr. M

答案：

AA

2.RC

Downsizing has transformed the management of corporate philanthropy in the United States. Forced to explain why businesses should give away money while laying off workers, contributions managers at hundreds of companies, including AT&T, IBM, and Levi Strauss, have come up with an approach that ties corporate giving directly to strategy. In those and other companies, philanthropic and business units have joined forces to develop giving strategies that increase their name recognition among consumers, boost employee productivity, reduce R&D costs, overcome regulatory obstacles, and foster synergy among business units. In short, the strategic use of philanthropy has begun to give companies a powerful competitive edge.
The outcome of this new model is not, as many had feared, an array of programs that benefit only business. True, there is no shortage of self-serving philanthropic initiatives that lend themselves to photo opportunities without effecting real change. But the new paradigm encourages corporations to play a leadership role in social problem solving by funding long-term initiatives, like school reform and AIDS awareness, that incorporate the best thinking of governments and nonprofit institutions. (See the insert “How Corporate Philanthropy Promotes Causes.”) For the first time, businesses are backing philanthropic initiatives with real corporate muscle. In addition to cash, they are providing nonprofits with managerial advice, technological and communications support, and teams of employee volunteers. And they are funding those initiatives not only from philanthropy budgets but also from business units, such as marketing and human resources. In the process, companies are forming strategic alliances with nonprofits and emerging as important partners in movements for social change while advancing their business goals.
In other words, these companies have become corporate citizens. Like citizens in the classical sense, corporate citizens cultivate a broad view of their own self-interest while instinctively searching for ways to align self-interest with the larger good. That is, they hunt for a reconciliation of their companies’ profit-making strategies with the welfare of society, and they search for ways to steer all parts of the company on a socially engaged course. So far, philanthropy programs have been overhauled along these lines in many large corporations, such as Eastman Kodak, Allstate, Chrysler, Whirlpool, Citicorp, Reebok, Johnson & Johnson, Philip Morris, Merck, DuPont, and Coca-Cola, to name just a few.
Already powerful in the United States, corporate citizenship promises to bring even more success to U.S. companies internationally, particularly in emerging markets like Taiwan, Brazil, and Hungary. In such countries, which are still uncluttered by social initiatives, even small well-conceived grant programs can have a large impact. Given their experience with strategic philanthropy at home, U.S. companies are in the best position to reap the rewards abroad. But they may be sabotaging their own position. Noting that U.S. businesses donate more than their foreign rivals, many CEOs are cutting their philanthropy budgets and downgrading their staffs just as their companies are about to export philanthropy to overseas subsidiaries. Thus, non-U.S. companies may ultimately gain the competitive edge. Japan is already studying the new paradigm of corporate philanthropy, and Korea and Taiwan are taking good notes. U.S. companies must act now or risk missing out on the benefits of the model they developed.

1. The passage suggests that the new approach to corporate philanthropy is primarily driven by:
   (A) Government regulations mandating corporate social responsibility
   (B) Increased public scrutiny of corporate layoffs and downsizing
   (C) The need to justify charitable giving in the face of workforce reductions
   (D) A desire to improve the efficiency of nonprofit organizations
   (E) Pressure from employees to align corporate values with personal beliefs
2. According to the passage, which of the following is a potential benefit of the strategic use of corporate philanthropy?
   (A) Increased employee productivity and reduced turnover rates
   (B) Improved relationships with regulatory agencies and easier compliance with regulations
   (C) Greater independence from government and nonprofit partnerships in addressing social issues
   (D) Enhanced ability to attract top talent from competing firms
   (E) Reduced expenditure on traditional forms of advertising and marketing
3. The author's description of "corporate citizens" suggests that:
   (A) Companies should prioritize societal welfare over profit-making
   (B) Corporate philanthropy is the sole responsibility of a company's citizenship efforts
   (C) Aligning business interests with social good is a natural instinct for most companies
   (D) Companies can simultaneously pursue profit and contribute to the larger good
   (E) Corporate citizenship is a legal requirement for businesses operating in multiple countries
4. Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the philanthropic initiatives of non-U.S. companies?
   (A) They are likely to surpass U.S. companies in terms of impact and effectiveness
   (B) They are primarily focused on education and healthcare-related causes
   (C) They are less sophisticated and strategic compared to U.S. corporate philanthropy
   (D) They are driven by a desire to gain political influence in their respective countries
   (E) They are unlikely to succeed without collaborating with U.S. companies
5. The author's stance on the future of corporate philanthropy in the United States can best be described as:
   (A) Optimistic about the continued growth and impact of strategic philanthropy
   (B) Concerned that U.S. companies may lose their competitive edge to foreign firms
   (C) Doubtful about the sincerity and long-term commitment of companies to social causes
   (D) Convinced that government regulations will hinder the effectiveness of corporate philanthropy
   (E) Uncertain about the ability of U.S. companies to adapt their philanthropic strategies to emerging markets
6. The passage mentions all of the following as examples of how companies are supporting their philanthropic initiatives EXCEPT:
   (A) Providing financial support through cash donations
   (B) Offering expertise and advice to nonprofit organizations
   (C) Assisting with technology and communication needs
   (D) Encouraging employee participation through volunteer programs
   (E) Collaborating with government agencies to shape public policies

答案是C。根据文章第一段,企业慈善的新方法主要是由于裁员和精简导致的,公司需要在裁员的同时解释为什么还要捐款。这迫使他们调整策略,将慈善与业务目标直接挂钩。
答案是B。文章提到战略性慈善可以帮助企业克服监管障碍。这表明慈善有助于改善与监管机构的关系,更容易符合规定要求。
答案是D。作者对"企业公民"的描述表明,企业可以在追求利润的同时为更大的社会利益做出贡献。他们寻求将盈利策略与社会福利相协调。
答案是A。根据文章最后一段,美国公司可能会在企业慈善方面失去竞争优势,因为其他国家正在学习这一新模式。这表明非美国公司的慈善举措可能会在影响力和效果方面超过美国公司。
答案是B。作者对美国企业慈善事业的未来持担忧态度。最后一段提到,许多CEO正在削减慈善预算和人员,这可能会导致美国公司在海外市场失去竞争优势。
答案是E。文章没有提到企业与政府机构合作制定公共政策作为支持慈善举措的方式。文中提到的是提供资金、管理建议、技术支持和鼓励员工志愿服务等。

3.DI

The Peloponnesian War, a protracted conflict between the city-states of Athens and Sparta that lasted from 431 to 404 BCE, marked a pivotal moment in ancient Greek history. The war, which pitted Athens' maritime empire against Sparta's land-based hegemony, reshaped the political, social, and cultural landscape of the Greek world and had far-reaching consequences for Western civilization.

At the heart of the conflict lay the divergent political systems and values of Athens and Sparta. Athens, a democracy that embraced individual liberty, free speech, and intellectual pursuits, stood in stark contrast to Sparta, an oligarchy that prioritized military discipline, social hierarchy, and conformity. These differences, coupled with Athens' growing power and influence following its victories in the Persian Wars, set the stage for a confrontation between the two city-states.

Thucydides, an Athenian historian and general who chronicled the Peloponnesian War in his seminal work "History of the Peloponnesian War," argues that the war was inevitable due to the shifting balance of power in the Greek world. He asserts that Sparta, alarmed by Athens' expanding empire and its potential to undermine Spartan hegemony, was compelled to take action. The immediate catalyst for the war, according to Thucydides, was a dispute between Athens and Corinth, a Spartan ally, over the city of Potidaea, which had defected from the Athenian empire.

As the war unfolded, both Athens and Sparta played to their respective strengths. Sparta, renowned for its formidable land army, launched repeated invasions of Attica, the region surrounding Athens, in an effort to cripple the Athenian economy and break its will to fight. Thucydides provides a detailed account of the first such invasion in 431 BCE, led by the Spartan king Archidamus. According to Thucydides, Archidamus commanded a force of 60,000 men, including 16,000 Spartan hoplites, and laid waste to the Athenian countryside, burning crops and destroying property.

Athens, meanwhile, relied on its powerful navy to maintain its empire and strike at Sparta's allies. The Athenian strategy, masterminded by the statesman Pericles, involved withdrawing the rural population behind the city walls and using the navy to secure vital trade routes and launch raids on the Peloponnesian coast. This strategy, while effective in the short term, had significant drawbacks, as the overcrowded conditions within Athens led to a devastating outbreak of plague in 430 BCE, which claimed the life of Pericles himself.

Throughout the war, both sides experienced major setbacks and victories. In 425 BCE, the Athenian general Demosthenes achieved a stunning success with the capture of Spartan forces on the island of Sphacteria, a blow that shook Spartan confidence and prestige. However, Athens suffered its own reversal of fortune in 413 BCE during the Sicilian Expedition, a disastrous attempt to conquer the island of Sicily. The expedition, which Thucydides describes in harrowing detail, resulted in the loss of over 200 Athenian ships and thousands of soldiers, severely weakening Athens' military and economic power.

The Peloponnesian War also had a profound impact on Greek intellectual life, as the conflict and its aftermath sparked intense debates about morality, justice, and the nature of political systems. Socrates, the enigmatic philosopher who questioned conventional wisdom and challenged the Athenian status quo, found himself at odds with the city's leadership during and after the war. His trial and execution in 399 BCE, on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth, reflected the deep divisions and anxieties that plagued Athenian society in the war's wake.

Plato, Socrates' student and one of the most influential philosophers in Western history, grappled with the implications of the Peloponnesian War in his writings. In his masterpiece, "The Republic," Plato presents a vision of an ideal state governed by philosopher-kings, a direct response to what he saw as the failings of Athenian democracy and the excesses of Spartan militarism. Aristotle, another towering figure in Greek philosophy, also drew lessons from the Peloponnesian War in his political and ethical works. In his "Politics," Aristotle analyzes various forms of government and their potential for stability and success, drawing on the experiences of Athens and Sparta during the war.

The legacy of the Peloponnesian War extended far beyond the realm of philosophy, shaping the course of Greek history for generations to come. The war left both Athens and Sparta weakened and vulnerable, setting the stage for the rise of Macedon under Philip II and his son, Alexander the Great. Alexander's conquests, which spread Greek culture and language across vast swathes of the ancient world, would not have been possible without the political and military vacuum created by the Peloponnesian War.

In the centuries that followed, the Peloponnesian War continued to capture the imagination of historians, writers, and thinkers. The Roman historian Polybius, writing in the 2nd century BCE, saw the war as a cautionary tale about the dangers of imperial overreach and the importance of maintaining a balance of power between competing states. The Florentine philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli, in his classic work "The Prince," drew upon the examples of Athens and Sparta to illustrate the challenges of statecraft and the necessity of adapting to changing political circumstances.

Today, the Peloponnesian War remains a subject of intense scholarly interest and debate. Historians continue to grapple with the complex web of causes and consequences that shaped the conflict, from the ideological tensions between Athens and Sparta to the economic and social pressures that fueled the war. The war's enduring fascination is a testament to its significance not only for the ancient Greek world but for the development of Western political thought and culture.

In a broader sense, the Peloponnesian War serves as a powerful reminder of the fragility of human societies and the devastating impact of prolonged conflict. The war's toll on the Greek city-states, both in terms of human lives and cultural heritage, was immense. The destruction of art, architecture, and literature during the war was a tragic loss for all of humanity, underscoring the importance of preserving and protecting cultural treasures in times of crisis.

Moreover, the Peloponnesian War highlights the complex interplay between ideology, power, and human nature that lies at the heart of all political systems. The war's outcome was determined not only by the military strengths and weaknesses of Athens and Sparta but also by the choices and actions of individual leaders, from Pericles and Alcibiades to Lysander and Agesilaus. The war's legacy serves as a sobering reminder of the responsibilities and challenges faced by those who wield power and the consequences of their decisions for the societies they govern.

In conclusion, the Peloponnesian War was a defining moment in ancient Greek history, a conflict that reshaped the political, social, and cultural landscape of the Mediterranean world. Its impact on Western civilization, from the realm of philosophy and literature to the development of political systems and international relations, cannot be overstated. As we continue to grapple with the challenges and complexities of our own time, the lessons of the Peloponnesian War remain as relevant and compelling as ever, a testament to the enduring power of history to inform and inspire the human experience.

问题:

1. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the relationship between the Peloponnesian War and the rise of Macedon under Philip II and Alexander the Great?
   (A) The Peloponnesian War directly led to the rise of Macedon by weakening the Greek city-states.
   (B) The rise of Macedon was unrelated to the outcomes of the Peloponnesian War.
   (C) Philip II and Alexander the Great played crucial roles in the Peloponnesian War, leading to their rise to power.
   (D) The Peloponnesian War delayed the rise of Macedon by focusing Greek attention on internal conflicts.
   (E) The weakening of Athens and Sparta during the Peloponnesian War created a power vacuum that facilitated the rise of Macedon.
2. The passage suggests that the Peloponnesian War had a significant impact on which of the following aspects of Greek society?
   (A) The development of Greek philosophy and political thought
   (B) The spread of Greek culture and language through Alexander the Great's conquests
   (C) The preservation of Greek art, architecture, and literature
   (D) The economic and social pressures that fueled the conflict
   (E) All of the above
3. According to the passage, which of the following philosophers drew upon the examples of Athens and Sparta during the Peloponnesian War to illustrate political concepts?
   (A) Socrates
   (B) Plato
   (C) Aristotle
   (D) Polybius
   (E) Niccolò Machiavelli
4. The author's discussion of the destruction of art, architecture, and literature during the Peloponnesian War serves to:
   (A) Highlight the cultural superiority of Athens over Sparta
   (B) Demonstrate the military strategies employed by both sides during the war
   (C) Emphasize the tragic loss of cultural heritage as a consequence of prolonged conflict
   (D) Argue for the necessity of preserving cultural treasures during times of peace
   (E) Suggest that the Peloponnesian War was primarily a cultural conflict rather than a political one
5. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following statements best reflects the author's view of the Peloponnesian War's significance?
   (A) The Peloponnesian War was a minor conflict with limited impact on the ancient Greek world.
   (B) The Peloponnesian War's influence was confined to the realm of military strategy and tactics.
   (C) The Peloponnesian War had far-reaching consequences for Western civilization, shaping political thought and culture.
   (D) The Peloponnesian War's impact was primarily felt in the short term, with little long-term significance.
   (E) The Peloponnesian War's significance has been overstated by historians and scholars.
6. The passage implies that the outcome of the Peloponnesian War was determined by:
   (A) The military strengths and weaknesses of Athens and Sparta alone
   (B) The actions and decisions of individual leaders such as Pericles and Lysander
   (C) The economic resources available to each side during the conflict
   (D) The ideological differences between Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy
   (E) A combination of military, political, and individual factors
7. The author's reference to the Peloponnesian War as a "powerful reminder of the fragility of human societies" suggests that:
   (A) The war demonstrated the inherent weakness of Greek city-states
   (B) The war highlighted the importance of maintaining a strong military defense
   (C) The war serves as a cautionary tale about the potential for conflict to destroy civilizations
   (D) The war showed that human societies are inherently prone to violence and aggression
   (E) The war proved that cultural achievements are more enduring than political systems
8. The passage's conclusion emphasizes the Peloponnesian War's:
   (A) Role in shaping the modern world
   (B) Impact on the development of democracy
   (C) Influence on the spread of Greek language and culture
   (D) Enduring lessons and relevance for understanding human experience
   (E) Contribution to the advancement of military technology and strategy
9. 答案:(E)。文章中提到,"伯罗奔尼撒战争留下了被削弱和变得脆弱的雅典和斯巴达,为腓力二世和他的儿子亚历山大大帝统治下马其顿的崛起创造了条件"。这表明战争导致的权力真空促进了马其顿的崛起。
10. 答案:(E)。文章讨论了伯罗奔尼撒战争对希腊哲学和政治思想(A)、亚历山大大帝征服传播希腊文化和语言(B)、希腊艺术、建筑和文学的破坏(C)以及导致冲突的经济和社会压力(D)的影响。因此,(E)选项"以上所有"是正确答案。
11. 答案:(E)。文章提到,尼科洛·马基雅维利在其著作《君主论》中借鉴了雅典和斯巴达的例子来阐明政治概念。
12. 答案:(C)。作者讨论伯罗奔尼撒战争期间艺术、建筑和文学的破坏,强调了长期冲突导致文化遗产的悲惨损失。
13. 答案:(C)。根据文章的信息,作者认为伯罗奔尼撒战争对西方文明有深远的影响,塑造了政治思想和文化。
14. 答案:(E)。文章暗示战争的结果是由军事、政治和个人因素的综合决定的,而不仅仅是雅典和斯巴达的军事优势和劣势。
15. 答案:(C)。作者提到伯罗奔尼撒战争是"人类社会脆弱性的有力提醒",表明战争是一个关于冲突可能摧毁文明的警示故事。
16. 答案:(D)。文章的结论强调伯罗奔尼撒战争对理解人类经验的持久教训和意义。

dyiyi2023 · 发表于 2024-8-24 00:34:00

CR1
H小镇医院挤满了病人，哪怕是小病也要来用medical care，有些是来取药的。医生人手不足，导致service quality下降。政府为了应对这个情况，让病人可以对于一些处方药，不用来医院开处方也可以在药店买到。
问weaken。
答案：A。没处方价格会变高，那病人肯定还是要来医院去处方。

CR2:
读者写信给报社批评他们支持M。读者认为报社之所以支持M，是因为在M支持的地方，publisher有很多产业，所以报社的支持是biased。问削弱。
答案：A。如果这家报纸一贯支持支持development的候选人，那么它们对 M 先生的支持就显得是一种一致的编辑立场。

杨翠花 · 发表于 2024-8-26 21:09:11

CR，我的选项AA，答案：AA
1. P：医院非常拥挤，很多人小病也要去看，而且有许多人是为了开处方药
C：政府决定允许一些药店可以不需要处方就能买处方药。
削弱，立场：政府的这个策略并不能减少拥挤。
我选A：人们去医院开处方药是因为保险可以报销，但是去药店买药不能通过保险。【直接说明人们去医院是因为别的原因，而不是开处方本身】

2. P：有读者批判报社说他们给M先生背书是因为在M先生主张发展的区域有很多财产
C：这位读者认为报社的背书行为是有偏向的
削弱题，立场：报社的背书行为并没有偏向
我选A：报社也给其他人背书了，无论报社的个人兴趣。【直接说明跟报社的个人行为偏向没有关系】

揽瓜阁训练营第196天（含CR，RC和DI题目)

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揽瓜阁训练营 第196天（含CR，RC和DI题目)

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揽瓜阁训练营第196天（含CR，RC和DI题目)